• 마케팅과학연구
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• 제19권2호
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• pp.53-67
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• 2009

For the last decades, service quality has been studied as one of the most important tools for a service company to compete with the other companies. Based on these past researches, it has been agreed that the service quality is a basic and powerful tool to create the competitive advantage. Due to similar reason, many service marketing practitioners have been also focused on the service quality to retain the existing consumers and collect the new consumers. However, service quality is subjectively perceived by individual consumers. Consumer evaluation of service quality can be different from each other. Especially consumers with one life-style may evaluate the service quality differently from the consumers with the other life-styles. Therefore we need to know whether there are differences in service quality perception on the categories of life-style. Life-style refers to a distinctive mode of living in its aggregate and broadest sense. It embodies the patterns that were developed and emerged from the dynamics of living in a society. Since the concept of life-style and its relationship to marketing was introduced in 1963 by William Lazer, methods of measuring the life-style and their application have been developed. Life-style has been usually used to segment the marketplace because it offers marketers a unique and important view of the market. When Life-style is combined with clustering methods, life-style segmentation can generate identifiable whole persons rather than isolated fragment. Life-style segmentation begins with people instead of products and classifies them into different life-style types, each characterized by a unique style of living based on a wide range of activities, interests, and opinions(Plummer, 1974). In this study we applies the life-style segmentation based on the AIO(Activities, Interests, and Opinions) to the consumers of the large discount stores. In Korea, the large discount store market has entered into maturity stage so that the market differentiation strategy is becoming a more critical issue to the marketing practitioners. One of the most important tools to differentiate from the competitors in large discount store market is continuously to provide service of better quality than competitors. This study tries to find answers about the following questions: 1) How can we categorize the consumer life-styles in the large discount store? 2) What are the characteristics of the categorized groups? 3) Are there any differences in service quality perception among the consumers with different life-styles 4) Are there any differences in consumer behavior among them in the large discount store? For the purpose, we collected survey data from consumers and analyzed the data with the SPSS package where we had $X^2$-test, factor analysis, ANOVA, MANOVA, and cluster analysis. The survey was made during one month in the April of 2008. Among the collected 306 copies of questionnaires, 281 copies were chosen as the effective samples for empirical analysis except 25 copies with wrong responses. To identify the life-style patterns, we used the measures employed by Kim and Kwon(1999), where 44 items on a seven-point scale were used to measure factors of the life-style patterns. The Principal Component Method was used for factor extraction, and the VARIMAX orthogonal factor rotation was employed. The 7 items showing low factor loading were eliminated. The results of the factor analysis suggested that nine factors of the life-style patterns were identified as follows: 1) the equality-of-sexes and pursuit-of-independence tendency 2) self-management tendency 3) sociable tendency 4) self-display tendency 5) degree of a dilettante life 6) pursuit-of-information tendency 7) bargain hunter tendency 8) TV preference tendency 9) pursuit-of-leisure tendency. Next, after the K-means cluster analysis was performed with nine factors of the life-style patterns, the life-styles of the respondents were classified into four groups which are named as the 'progressive practicality-oriented group', 'positive success-oriented group', 'sociable ostentation-oriented group', 'stable conservation-oriented group'. The analysis results for usage behavior between the market segments showed statistically significant differences in the frequency of usage, duration time in the store, consumer satisfaction, and loyalty. Also, we tried to investigate whether the large discount store consumers differently perceive the quality of service based upon the types of life-style. To measure the service quality of large discount store, we adapted several measurement models measuring the service quality such as SERVPERF, BCP, R-SERVPERF, R-BCP. MANOVA and One-Way ANOVA were performed to confirm the difference in service quality perception based on the market segments. The results have also shown significant differences between life-style types in service quality perception. These findings show that the large discount store marketers should consider consumer life-style as one of the most important market segments for marketing and understand the difference in service quality perception between life-style types. Our findings give important implications to marketers of large discount stores as well as life-style researchers. First, this study showed there were significant differences in consumer's service quality perception and usage behavior between the types of life-style. It provides evidence that the life-style approach can be a important basis in segmenting the large discount store market and will make consumers perceive the service quality high. Second, most previous researches on service quality have been in aggregate level. However, our results imply that the future research on service quality have to focus on segment level.

• 대한간호학회지
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• 제23권4호
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• pp.631-648
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• 1993

This study is a descriptive study to provide basic data related to types of uniforms worn by nurses. Nurses, other medical center personnel, patients and their famillies were asked for their opinion on changing nurses’ uniforms and how the image of nurses is 1 elated to the type of uniform worn by the nurses. The data for this study were collected during the period from Feb. 25, 1993 to Mar. 26, 1993 at Y-University Medical Center from 132 nurses, 137 other medical center personnel, 117 patients and their families. The instruments used for this study were the Nurses’ Image Scale(NIS) developed by Bown(1986), and an instrument to measure opinions of uniform and cap using photographs of nurses’ uniforms that was developed by the researcher through a literture review. Data were analyzed using the SPPS / PC package, Statistics used for analysis were frequencies, percentages, paired t -test, and oneway ANOVA The results of this study are summarized as follows ; 1. Of the nurses, 84.3%, along with, 51.5% of the medical center personnel, 39.1% of the patients and their families agreed to a change in the color of nurses uniforms. 2. Similarly, 87.4% of the nurses,27.7% of the medical center personnel, 19.3% of the patients and their families were in favor of nurses not wearing caps. 3. Only 11.8% of nurses answered that a white uniform was important to the professional image of nursing. Only 2.4% of the nurses answered that a cap was very important to the professional image of nursing. 4. Only 1.6% of the nurses answered that a white uniform and cap were important to show the role of nurses in the twenty first century. 5. About 1/3, 36.5%, of the medical center personnel, the patient and their families answered that changing the color of the nurses' uniform will make a change in the image of nurses. 6. A White uniform and cap were seen as being im-portant in distinguishing nurses from other medical personnel in the hospital by 76.5% of the medical personnel, the patients and their families. 7. Nurses gave high marks to the idea of no cap regardless of the color of the uniform which would still portray the symbol of the nurses’ role, identity and would differentiate the role from other jobs. The patients and their families gave high marks to a white uniform with cap. 8. Generally, nurses, medical center personnel and patients and their families thought that a colored uniform with cap presented a good image of nurses. 9. There was a significant difference in the response among the three groups(F=24.65, P〈.001) to the figure in a white uniform with a cap, and the patients and their families thought it was the best portrayal of the image of nurses. There was a significant difference among the three groups(F=9.03, P〈.001) to the figure in a white uniform with no cap and the nurses indicated that it was the beat portrayed of the image of nurses. There was no significant difference among the three groups to the figure in a colored uniform with cap. There was a significant difference(F=17.50, P〈. 001) to the figure in a colored uniform with no cap, and the nurses indicated that it was the best portrayal of the image of nurses. In summary, the nurses wanted to change the color of uniform and not to wear a cap. But many of the medical center personnel, patients and their families indicated they did not agree with this idea. Therefore, changing the type of uniform worn by nurses should be done only after consideration has been given to the relation of the change to the professional role of nurses and the image of nurses held people in general. Suggestions arising from this study are as follows : 1. The relation between the role of nurses and their uniform was surveyed, and these results can be used as data when considering a change in uniforms. 2. A change in uniforms should be tried based on the norm established about uniforms. 3. The nurses did not want to wear a cap, but before a decision is definitely made it is necessary to study the philosophy related to the symbol of the cap because the figure of a nurse with a cap portrayed a positive image of the nurses. If the cap is kept, the symbol of the cap should be redefined. 4. In this study, only the image related to the uniform was examined, but in future studies it will be necessary to examine the practicality of various types of uniforms.

• 대한치과교정학회지
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• 제28권2호
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• pp.329-341
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• 1998

간염이나 AIDS의 영향으로 멸균에 대한 관심이 높아지고 있으며, 교정 진료실에서도 교정용 플라이어의 멸균이 필요하게 되었다. 제조회사에서는 멸균 과정의 열이 교정용 플라이어에서의 야금학적 변화를 야기하지 않는다고 하지만 교정치과의사들은 가압 증기 멸균기나 대류식 건열 멸균기를 이용하여 반복적으로 멸균을 시행한 경우에 ligature cutter의 날이 쉽게 무디어져서 ligature cutter의 수명이 짧아진다는 것을 임상적 경험으로 알고 있다. 본 연구는 멸균과정이 교정용 플라이어의 물성에 미치는 영향을 알아보기 위하여 시행되었다. 본 연구에 사용된 교정용 플라이어는 멸균 과정을 견딜 수 있도록 개발했다고 주장하는 AEZ, Unitek과 Dentronix ligature cutter이었고, 멸균기는 대류식 건열 멸균기인 Bowmar RHT-1000과 Dentronix DDS-5000와 가압 증기 멸균기 인 Eschmann SES-2000이었다. 멸균하기 전과 200회와 400회 멸균한 후의 ligature cutter의 날 부위의 표면과 파단면의 상태는 주사 저자 현미경으로, 미세 조직은 광학 현미경으로 관찰하고, micro-Vickers와 Rockwell 경도 시험기로 경도를 측정하고, SEM-EDX로 조성 분석을 시행하여 다음과 같은 결론을 얻었다. 1. 주사 전자 현미경을 이용한 교정용 플라이어의 날 부위의 표면과 파단면의 관찰에 의하면 멸균 횟수의 증가에 따라서 표면 조직에서 검은 반점 형태의 부식 생성물의 수와 크기가 증가하는 경향이 있었으며 파단면의 관찰에서도 멸균 횟수의 증가에 따라서 전형적인 취성 파면인 벽개면의 분포율이 증가하는 경향이 있었다. 이러한 부식 현상과 금속 조직의 취성화로 기계적 특성이 저하될 것으로 사료되었다. 2. 광학 현미경을 이용한 미세 조직 사진의 관찰에서도 멸균 횟수의 증가에 따라서 Cr계 탄화물의 수와 크기가 증가하는 경향이 있었다. 이러한 금속 조직의 조대화에 따라서 기계적 특성이 저하된 것으로 생각되었다. 3. 교정용 플라이어의 날 부위의 경도는 멸균 횟수의 증가에 따라서 감소되었는데 경도의 감소는 멸균에 의한 부식생성물과 표면 조직의 변화에 따른 것으로 생각되었다. 4. SEM-EDX를 이용한 조성 분석의 결과에 의하면 AEZ과 Unitek ligature cutter는 Fe-Cr계 stainless steel이었고, Dentronix ligature cutter는 Co-Cr계 합금이었는데, 제조 회사에 따라서 금속의 조성은 달랐지만 멸균 전후의 비교에서는 큰 차이가 없었다. 5. 반복적으로 멸균을 하면서 실제 임상에서 사용한 교정용 플라이어의 날의 표면 조직을 주사 전자 현미경으로 관찰한 결과, 미세 균열을 발견할 수 있었다.

• 한국과학교육학회지
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• 제22권4호
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• pp.872-881
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• 2002

질문은 학생들에게 문제의 탐색과 의사소통, 지식의 구조화를 통해서 문제해결이 가능하도록 하므로, 과학 교육에서 큰 의미를 가진다. 또한 학생 질문은 사고와 학습 사이를 연결해 준다는 점에서도 중요한 의미를 가진다. 그러나 학생의 질문에 대해서 분석하고 연구한 연구는 그렇게 많지 않았다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 질문 수준 강화 수업이 전통적인 수업에 비해 학생들의 질문 수준과 학업 성취도에 어떤 효과가 있는지 알아보았다. 또한 논리적 사고력, 과학 성적, 흥미, 성별과 같은 여러 변인들이 학생의 질문 수준에 미치는 영향에 대해서도 알아보았다. 연구 대상은 중학교 2학년 학생 182명으로, 통제집단은 전통적인 수업을 하였고, 실헙집단은 질문 수준 강화 수업을 하였다. 연구단원은 중학교 과학 2 "식물의 구조와 기능"으로 약 7주 동안 15차시에 걸쳐 수업 처치를 하였다. 학생들의 논리적 사고력 수준을 파악하기 위하여 GALT 축소본 검사지를 사용하였고 학업 성취도 검사는 17문항의 오지선다형문항을 개발하여 사용하였다. 질문 수준에 대한 여러 변인(수업방법, 과학 성적, 논리적 사고력, 흥미, 성별)의 효과를 분석하기 위해 오원 분산분석(ANOVA), 공변량 분석(ANCOVA), 다중회귀분석(Multiple regression analysis)을 하였다. 학생들의 질문 수준을 분석해 본 결과, 질문 강화 수업이 전통적인 수업에 비해 학생들의 질문 수준을 향상시키는데 효과적이었다(p< .01). 학생의 질문 수준과 상관 관계가 가장 높은 것은 수업 방법(r= .640)이었으며, 질문 수준은 과학 성적(r= .311)과 논리적 사고력(r= .212)에도 상관이 있었다. 그러나 질문 수준은 흥미와 성별에는 상관이 거의 없었다. 질문 강화 수업은 학생들의 학업 성취도를 향상시키는데 전통적인 학습보다 효과적이었다(p< .01). 따라서 질문 강화 수업은 학생들의 질문 수준뿐만 아니라 학업 성취도에도 높은 효과를 나타내었으므로 바람직한 수업방법이라고 생각된다.

• 한국환경성돌연변이발암원학회지
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• 제23권4호
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• pp.131-134
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• 2003

There are significant differences in the extent of drug interactions between subjects. The influence of the genetic make up of drug metabolizing enzyme activities (CYP3A5, CYP2C19 and UDP-glucuronosyl transferase) on the pharmacokinetic drug interaction potential were studied in vivo. Nineteen healthy volunteers were grouped with regard to the $CYP3A5^{*}3$ allele, into homozygous wild-type (CYP3A5^{*}1/1^{*}1$, n=6), heterozygous $(CYP3A5^{*}1/^{*}3$, n=6), and homozygous variant-type $(CYP3A5^{*}3/^{*}3$, n=7) subject groups. The pharmacokinetic profile of intravenous midazolam was characterized before and after itraconazole administration (200 mg once daily for 4 days), and also following rifampin pretreatment (600 mg once daily for 10 days), with a washout period of 2 weeks in between. For omeprazole and moclobemide pharmacokinetic interaction study 16 healthy volunteers were recruited. The volunteer group comprised 8 extensive metabolizers and 8 poor metabolizers of CYP2C19, which was confirmed by genotyping. Subjects were randomly allocated into two sequence groups, and a single-blind, placebo-controlled, two-period crossover study was performed. In study I, a placebo was orally administered for 7 days. On the eighth morning, 300 mg of moclobemide and 40 mg of placebo were coadministered with 200 mL of water, and a pharmacokinetic study was performed. During study n, 40 mg of omeprazole was given each morning instead of placebo, and pharmacokinetic studies were performed on the first and eighth day with 300 mg of moclobemide coadministration. In the UGT study pharmacokinetics and dynamics of 2 mg intravenous lorazepam were evaluated before and after rifampin pretreatment (600 mg once daily for 10 days), with a washout period of 2 weeks in between. The subjective and objective pharmacodynamic tests were done before and 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, and 12 hrs after lorazepam administration. The pharmacokinetic profiles of midazolam and of its hydroxy metabolites did not show differences between the genotype groups under basal and induced metabolic conditions. However, during the inhibited metabolic state, the $CYP3A5^{*}3/^{*}3$ group showed a greater decrease in systemic clearance than the $CYP3A5^{*}1/^{*}1$ group $(8.5\pm3.8$ L/h/70 kg vs. $13.5\pm2.7$ L/h/70 kg, P=0.027). The 1'-hydroxymidazolam to midazolam AUC ratio was also significantly lower in the $CYP3A5^{*}3/^{*}3$,/TEX> group $(0.58\pm0.35,$ vs. $1.09\pm0.37$ for the homozygous wild-type group, P=0.026). The inhibition of moclo-bemide metabolism was significant in extensive metabolizers even after a single dose of omeprazole. After daily administration of omeprazole for 1 week, the pharmacokinetic parameters of moclobemide and its metabolites in extensive metabolizers changed to values similar to those in poor metabolizers. In poor meta-bolizers, no remarkable changes in the pharmacokinetic parameters were observed. The area under the time-effect curves of visual analog scale(VAS), choice reaction time, and continuous line tracking test results of lorazepam was reduced by 20%, 7%, 23% respectively in induced state, and in spite of large interindividual variablity, significant statistical difference was shown in VAS(repeated measures ANOVA, p=0.0027).

• Journal of Gastric Cancer
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• 제5권4호
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• pp.281-287
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• 2005

목적: UICC 분류에 의한 2기 위암환자의 임상병리학적 특징에 대하여 알아보고 수술 후 보조요법으로서의 항암, 방사선 치료가 5년 생존율에 미치는 효과에 대하여 알아보고자 하였다. 대상 및 방법: UICC에 의한 병리학적 분류로 병기2기로 판정된 954명을 대상으로 하였다. 항암치료는 수술 후 3주째부터 5-Fluorouracil $400mg/m^2/day$와 Leucovorin $20mg/m^2/day$를 사용하였으며 방사선 치료는 총 4,500 cGy를 25회로 나누어 시행하였다. 결과: 임상병리학적 인자들의 생존율분석에서 환자의 나이, 수술방법, 종양의 크기와 항암 및 방사선 치료가 의미 있는 예후 인자로 분석되었다. 수술 후 항암 방사선 치료에 따른 생존율 분석에서 보조요법을 시행하지 않은 425예의 5년 생존율은 67.9%, 항암 치료 군 187예는 79.8%, 항암방사선 치료 군 342예는 83.6%로 조사되어 통계적으로 유의한 차이를 보였으며(P<0.0001) 항암치료 군과 항암방사선 치료 군과의 생존율 비교에서는 항암방사선 치료 군에서 생존율의 향상을 보여주기는 하였으나 통계적으로 유의하지는 않았다(P=0.1264). 결론: 2기 위암환자에서 환자의 나이, 수술방법, 종양의 크기 및 수술 후 보조적인 항암 및 방사선 치료가 5년 생존율에 영향을 주는 의미 있는 예후인자로 조사되었다. 수술 후 보조요법의 시행이 통계적으로 의미 있는 생존율을 보였으나 임상병리학적 인자들을 고려한 무작위 연구를 통해 그 의미를 검증해야 할 것으로 생각된다.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• 제53권4호
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• pp.369-378
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• 2002

연구배경 : 폐암환자는 폐암자체 뿐만 아니라 만성기도질환을 비롯한 기존의 폐질환 및 심질환 등으로 폐기능이 감소한 경우가 많으며, 전신항암치료는 약제에 의한 부작용으로 환자들의 신체활동능력이 급격히 감소되는 것이 일반적이다. 운동은 안정상태에서는 알 수 없는심 폐기능 이상을 확인할 수 있는 좋은 방법으로 심혈관계 및 폐기능 이상은 이들 환자의 삶의 질을 결정하는 중요한 원인으로 작용할 수 있다. 본 연구는 전신항암치료 중인 국소진행성 폐암환자의 심 폐기능 변화를 안정시, 그리고 운동시 각각 측정하여 전신항암치료가 환자의 운동 능력에 미치는 영향을 평가하는 것이 목적이다. 방 법 : 조직화적으로 임상적 병기 IIIA의 비소세포암으로 진단되고 전신항암치료를 받고 있는 11명을 대상으로 치료 전, 그리고 매 주기 전신항암치료 직전 안정시 폐기능검사, Karnofsky performance scale, 체성분검사, 그리고 운동부하 심 폐기능검사를 실시하였다. 결 과 : 안정시 폐기능은 전신항암치료 전 후 유의한 변화는 없었으나 폐확산능의 경우 통계적인 의미는 없었지만 치료 전 기대값의 $89.7{\pm}34.1%$에서 치료 후 기대값의 $71.9{\pm}20.5%$로 상당히 감소하는 경향이 있었다. 호흡근의 기능을 평가하는 최대흡기압 및 최대호 기압 역시 전신항암치료 전 후 차이가 없었다. 전신 항암치료전 후 체성분 및 신체활동능력의 변화는 없었다. 3주기 전신항암화학치료 후 운동부하 심 폐 기능은 최대산소섭취량은 치료 전 기대값의 64.8%(17.9ml/kg/$m^2$)에서 치료 후 44.7% (12.6ml/kg/$m^2$)로 감소하였고 (p<0.05), 산소맥은 치료 전 기대값의 63.5% ($7.0{\pm}1.7ml$/beat)에서 치료 후 46.3% ($5.2{\pm}2.1ml$/beat)로 감소하였다(p<0.05). 결 론 : 전신항암치료 후 짧은 기간 내 체성분 변화와 안정시 폐기능의 저하는 없지만 최대산소섭취량 및 산소맥은 감소하여 운동에 대한 심기능 및 폐기능의 허용한계는 감소한다. 그러나 이러한 결론은 전신항암치료 후 짧은 기간 내의 변화로 장기적인 전향적인 연구가 필요하리라 생각한다.

• Journal of Korean Biological Nursing Science
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• 제7권1호
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• pp.69-87
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• 2005

Purpose : The purpose of this study was to identify pediatric nurses's knowledge related to children's pain and pediatric nurses' career including educational experience and to examine whether there is a difference of their knowledge according to their career. Method : Subjects of this study was 115 pediatric nurses of one university hospital who understood purpose of this study and accepted to participate in this study. Subjects responded questionnaire by self report. The data were gathered for 7 days during the period from October 20 to October '2:7, 2003. The pediatric nurses' knowledge and attitude survey regarding pain developed by Manworren(2001) was used to identify the knowledge related to children's pain of pediatric nurses. Nurses' career consisted of level of education, presently working ward, duration of experience at clinic, pediatric clinic and presently working ward and educational experience related to children's pain during undergraduate courses, ward orientation and continuing education. Educational experience regarding children's pain was measured by whether they had education related to children's pain during undergraduate courses, ward orientation and continuing education or not and their perception on the contents of education was measured by 5 point Likert type scale. SPSS Windows was used to analyze the data. Scores of the knowledge regarding children's pain and career including educational experience of pediatric nurses were presented as mean and standard deviation. Mean percentage of correct answers responded by the subjects was presented under the category of introduction, assessment, pharmacological and nonpharmacological intervention for children's pain. The difference of scores of the knowledge regarding children's pain according to nurses' career was analyzed using t-test, ANOVA and Tukey as a post hoc. Statistical significance was accepted at the level of p<.05. Result : Pediatric nurses had deficient knowledge related to children's pain on the whole and did not trust pain complaint and underestimated the pain. They were short of concrete practical knowledge about pain assessment and pharmacological and nonpharmacological intervention for children's pain. They were excessively concerned with side effect and addiction of analgesic drugs and had a negative view point on nonpharmacological pain intervention. About 50% of the subjects received education regarding children's pain while their undergraduate courses. The number of nurses who received education regarding children's pain while their undergraduate courses was found to be greater among the recently graduated nurses. In ward orientation and continuing education, only less than 10% of the nurses received education regarding children's pain. Nurses perceived their experienced educational content deficient; experienced educational content consisted of pain introduction, assessment and pharmacological and nonpharmacological intervention for children's pain while their undergraduate course, ward orientation and continuing education. There were no significant differences of the knowledge regarding children's pain of pediatric nurses according to level of education, duration of experience at clinic, pediatric clinic and presently working ward. Scores of the knowledge regarding children's pain of nurses at neonatal ward were significantly greater than those of nurses at pediatric intensive care unit. Scores of the knowledge regarding children's pain of pediatric nurses who received education during their undergraduate course were significantly greater than those who did not receive it during their undergraduate courses. Also scores of the knowledge regarding children's pain of pediatric nurses who received one kind of educational experience were significantly greater than those who had no educational experience. Conclusion : Pediatric nurses had deficient knowledge of children's pain and underestimated the pain of children. Also they were short of concrete practical knowledge on pain assessment and intervention for children's pain.

• 근관절건강학회지
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• 제1권1호
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• pp.1-30
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• 1994

Rheumatoid arthritis is a chronic systematic disease with unpredictable course of exacerbation and remission, characterized by pain, joint deformity and reduced activity by joint limitation. The growing public awareness of the need for health management of chronic illnesses, provides impetus for nursing to demonstrate social effectiveness by active nursing intervention in this vast area in general, and with rheumatoid condition in particular. However, nursing interventions to date have not demonstrated its active participation in the management of chronic conditions. Nursing intervention for the patients having rheumatoid arthritis is one such area that needs to be studied intensively and to demonstrate their effectiveness empirically. The purposes of this study were two fold : first, to develop a comprehensive program that was intensified with therapeutic joint exercises in water, self-help group activities and utilization of self-efficacy promoting strategies : and secondly, to determine the effect of aquatic exercise program on pain, physiological changes and quality of life in the rheumatoid arthritis patients. Thirty five female subjects participating in this study were selected from outpatients in the Rheumatism Center, Hanyang University hospital. The period of data collection was from December, 1992 to March, 1993 in seoul and Taejeon. Subjects in Taejeon were assigned to the experimental group. The comprehensive aquatic exercise program for the experimental group was carried out three times a week for 6 weeks in regular swimming pool. Subjects in Seoul did not participated in the program, and treated as the control group. Data were analyzed with repeated measure MANCOVA, t-test, ANCOVA, percentage of change, Kruskal-Wallis 1-Way ANOVA using SPSS $PC^+$ program. Results were obtained as follows : 1) Scores on Korean pain scale, Numeric pain score, and RAI score of the experimental group were significantly lower than those of the control group (t=2.11, p=0.022 ; F=4.40, p=0.044 : t=3.10, p=0.002). 2) There was significant improvement in the physiological parameters (higher joint movement parameters, F=15.64, p=0.024 ; higher lean body mass, percentage of change=+12.2, lower body weight, t=1.01, p=0.026 : lower ESR, t=1.69, p=0.001) in the experimental group compaired with subjects In the control group. 3) There was significant improvement in the specific self-efficacy score through the comprehensive aquatic exercise program(t=2.73, p=0.011), but not in the general self- efficacy score(t=0.62, p=0.113). 4) The quality of life failed to show significant improvement in the experimental group as compaired with the control group (F=3.69, p=0.064). 5) In the experimental group, findings from additional analysis showed no significant difference in the specific self-efficacy between those who continued to aquatic exercise after completing 6 week program and those who stopped (X2=0.086, p=0.690). Therefore, adherence to aquatic exercise program for 6 weeks seem to be affected mainly by self-help group activities. An indepth study to delve into articulation of mechanisms affecting the effect of aquatic exercise program be recommended. A further study is necessary to determine the difference in the effect of group and individual aquatic exercise program, to assess factors affecting adherence to exercise for an extended length of time.

• Asia pacific journal of information systems
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• 제21권3호
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• pp.71-96
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• 2011

Within the traditional medical delivery system, patients residing in medically vulnerable areas, those with body movement difficulties, and nursing facility residents have had limited access to good healthcare services. However, Information and Communication Technology (ICT) provides us with a convenient and useful means of overcoming distance and time constraints. ICT is integrated with biomedical science and technology in a way that offers a new high-quality medical service. As a result, rapid technological advancement is expected to play a pivotal role bringing about innovation in a wide range of medical service areas, such as medical management, testing, diagnosis, and treatment; offering new and improved healthcare services; and effecting dramatic changes in current medical services. The increase in aging population and chronic diseases has caused an increase in medical expenses. In response to the increasing demand for efficient healthcare services, a telehealth service based on ICT is being emphasized on a global level. Telehealth services have been implemented especially in pilot projects and system development and technological research. With the service about to be implemented in earnest, it is necessary to study its overall acceptance by consumers, which is expected to contribute to the development and activation of a variety of services. In this sense, the study aims at positively examining the structural relationship among the acceptance factors for telehealth services based on the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM). Data were collected by showing audiovisual material on telehealth services to online panels and requesting them to respond to a structured questionnaire sheet, which is known as the information acceleration method. Among the 1,165 adult respondents, 608 valid samples were finally chosen, while the remaining were excluded because of incomplete answers or allotted time overrun. In order to test the reliability and validity of the assessment scale items, we carried out reliability and factor analyses, and in order to explore the causal relation among potential variables, we conducted a structural equation modeling analysis using AMOS 7.0 and SPSS 17.0. The research outcomes are as follows. First, service quality, innovativeness of medical technology, and social influence were shown to affect perceived ease of use and perceived usefulness of the telehealth service, which was statistically significant, and the two factors had a positive impact on willingness to accept the telehealth service. In addition, social influence had a direct, significant effect on intention to use, which is paralleled by the TAM used in previous research on technology acceptance. This shows that the research model proposed in the study effectively explains the acceptance of the telehealth service. Second, the research model reveals that information privacy concerns had a insignificant impact on perceived ease of use of the telehealth service. From this, it can be gathered that the concerns over information protection and security are reduced further due to advancements in information technology compared to the initial period in the information technology industry, and thus the improvement in quality of medical services appeared to ensure that information privacy concerns did not act as a prohibiting factor in the acceptance of the telehealth service. Thus, if other factors have an enormous impact on ease of use and usefulness, concerns over these results in the initial period of technology acceptance may become irrelevant. However, it is clear that users' information privacy concerns, as other studies have revealed, is a major factor affecting technology acceptance. Thus, caution must be exercised while interpreting the result, and further study is required on the issue. Numerous information technologies with outstanding performance and innovativeness often attract few consumers. A revised bill for those urgently in need of telehealth services is about to be approved in the national assembly. As telemedicine is implemented between doctors and patients, a wide range of systems that will improve the quality of healthcare services will be designed. In this sense, the study on the consumer acceptance of telehealth services is meaningful and offers strong academic evidence. Based on the implications, it can be expected to contribute to the activation of telehealth services. Further study is needed to assess the acceptance factors for telehealth services, such as motivation to remain healthy, health care involvement, knowledge on health, and control of health-related behavior, in order to develop unique services according to the categorization of customers based on health factors. In addition, further study may focus on various theoretical cognitive behavior models other than the TAM, such as the health belief model.