• Journal of Family Resource Management and Policy Review
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.65-81
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• 2007

The purpose of this study is to analyze income and consumption expenditure patterns over the family life cycle. The data used in this study is the 2004 Survey data from the Annual Report on the Family Income and Expenditure Survey data which are included salary and wage earners' households living in urban areas. The income and expenditure data of 20,383 households are analyzed. The family life cycle is classified into six stages and the items of expenditure are classified into 12 categories. The data are analyzed by descriptive statistics, $X^2$ test, F-test, and Duncan's multiple range test using SAS 8.0 package program. The major findings of this study are as fellows: First, the average monthly family income of the total sample is 3,480,000 won. The proportion of regular and irregular income among the total family income is 95.5% and 4.5% respectively. Second, the amount and ratio of monthly regular income fur each category are significantly different over the family life cycle. Third, the average monthly family expenditure of the total sample is 2,250,000 won. The amount and ratio of monthly expenditure of all items are significantly different over the family life cycle. The highest expenditure item is the traffic expanse and phone charge.

• Journal of the Korea Fashion and Costume Design Association
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• v.10 no.3
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• pp.37-46
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• 2008

The purposes of this article are segmenting consumers by brand attachment motives and discovering the differences among the segmented groups in relation to clothing involvement and clothing behavior (ready-to-wear satisfaction, brand loyalty, purchased items, and purchased places). The subjects of this study were male and female consumers, who were residents in Seoul, Korea. The data had been collected during May, 2007, and statistical analyses used for the study were factor analysis, cluster analysis, t-test, and chi-square test. The results showed that brand attachment motive is composed of two factors: brand personality/individuality expression and conformity/status improvement. Based on cluster analysis, there were two brand attachment motive groups: individuality expression and status improvement segments. T-test showed that brand attachment motive segments were significantly different in terms of clothing involvement and clothing behavior (ready-to-wear satisfaction, brand loyalty and purchased items). For example, the individuality expression group was more interested in clothing, was more satisfied with ready-to-wear clothing, had higher brand loyalty, and usually purchased casual wear. Meanwhile, the status improvement group had a higher perceived risk in clothing involvement, was less satisfied with ready-to-wear clothing, had a lower degree of brand loyalty, and preferred to purchase formal wear. The results implied that brand attachment motive is an important variable in market segmentation, in which specific marketing strategies should be implemented for each targeted consumers.

• Proceedings of the KSR Conference
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• 2010.06a
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• pp.810-815
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• 2010

Since a long time ago, many railway engineers analyze and discuss the interface between the sub-system of railway, such as a wheel/rail interface, pantograph/catenary interface etc. The verifying of the system interface could help to achive the optimized performance and safety of the railway system considering that the railway system is constructed by various engineerings, such as civil, mechanical, electrical, etc. A rolling stock with distributed drive system, which will be developed by HEMU-400x project, is capable of running on high speed line and conventional line in Korea. To verify the performance of rolling stock, test run will be done with revenue service line. And the test items of the system interface have to be selected to verify a functional compatibility and physical force between rolling stock and infrastructure. In this paper, the authors will indicates the test items to verify system interface. To achive the conclusion, the authors analyze a specification of the development train and the design value of Seoul-Busan high speed line, which will be used for testing of the development train, and also, study the various case of high speed train commissioning.

• Korean Journal of Biological Psychiatry
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.36-45
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• 2011

Objectives : Though a proportion of Alzheimer's disease(AD) patients treated with donepezil have shown positive response on cognition, but the responders' characteristics are still uncertain. This study attempts to identify whether a single oral dose of donepezil(5mg) can change cognition and the relationship between single dose responder items and long-term responder are examined. Methods : Twenty-three AD patients for single donepezil challenge study group and eleven AD patients for controls were participated in the study. Seven days after baseline study for neuropsychological test and EEG, same studies were rechecked after donepezil medication in study group. In donepezil study groups, 12 weeks after donepezil medication, neuropsychological test and EEG were rechecked. Results : After single donepezil challenge, forward digit span, Rey-Osterrieth Complex Figure Test copy, SVLT delayed recall were significantly improved, and beta spectra power in anterior, theta spectra power in posterior field were significantly decreased. According to linear regression analysis, forward digit span after single donepezil challenge was significantly positive correlated with long-term responders. Conclusions : This study suggests that single donepezil medication can significantly change cognitive functions and EEG in AD patients. Among these responsive items, forward digit span was significantly correlated with long-term responder.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.37 no.3
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• pp.286-294
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• 2007

Purpose: The aim of this study was to develop a performance measurement scale for nurses in the hospital setting and to test the reliability and validity of the scale. Methods: This study was conducted in three phases including an application of conceptual framework, development of scale items, and test of validity and reliability of the scale. In order to test validity and reliability, data was collected from 1,966 nurses who work in twenty eight hospitals nation-wide. The data was analyzed by the SAS 8.0 program using descriptive statistics, factor analysis, and reliability coefficients. Results: The Performance measurement scale consisted of 4 factors which included competency, attitude, willingness to improve, and application of nursing process, and a total of 17 items. The Four factors explained 63.45% of the total variance, and Cronbach's alpha of the scale was.92. Conclusion: The performance measurement scale developed by this study is a reliable and valid instrument that is utilized effectively to evaluate the performance of hospital nurses. Furthermore, it could be used as a sloping stone to assess educational needs of nurses, develop professionalism among nurses, and improve quality of nursing care in the hospital setting.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Inherited Metabolic disease
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.24-31
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• 2006

Purpose : The Ministry of Health and Social Affairs adopted newborn screening for the low-income families in 1991 and expanded in 1997 to cover all newborns. At the beginning of the program 6 diseases were selected for screening but the number of screening items had been reduced to two (congenital hypothyroidism and phenylketonuria) from the year 1995. Now, the government program has a fifteen year history. The purpose of this study was to analyze results of neonatal screening tests and prevalence at birth of phenylketonuria and congenital hypothyroidism in Korea. Methods : The results of neonatal screening tests were collected from public health centers during 15 years from 1991 to 2005. These data were analyzed for number of tested newborns and prevalence at birth of the inborn errors of metabolism. Results : Neonatal screening test for inborn error of metabolism was performed for 3,707,773 newborns for 15 years. Among newborns who were screened 718 congenital hypothyroidisms and 86 phenylketonurias were detected, and these presented an prevalence at bith of congenital hypothyroidism 1/5,164 and that of phenylketonuria 1/43,114. The total prevalence of two diseases was 1/4,612. Conclusion : National screening program should be expanded to include all items of screening tests for whole newborns and established correct prevalence of other inherited metabolic diseases in Korea.

• The Journal of Korean Academic Society of Nursing Education
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.120-128
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• 2011

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to test the validity and reliability of a life respect instrument for elementary school students. Method: The study was conducted as follows: identification of the tentative content domains, items generation, test of content validity, and data collecting with a preliminary questionnaire. Descriptive statistics, factor analysis, Cronbach's alpha, Guttman split-half, and Pearson correlation coefficients were used to analyze the data. Results: Two factors were extracted through factor analysis: 'Value about life respect', and 'Attitude about life respect.' These factors explained 58.82% of all factors. A total of 16 items belonging to 2 domains were generated. Cronbach's alpha and Guttman split-half coefficient were .82, and .84 respectively. Conclusion: The life respect instrument modified in this study will be useful for evaluating the effect of life respect education for elementary school students.

• The Research Journal of the Costume Culture
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.40-52
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• 2000

The purposes o this study were to investigate buying behaviors of patrons of six retail store types for clothing and the satisfaction levels of the six store types (department stores, specialty stores, chain store, discount stores, bonded goods stores and traditional market), and to test the differences in purchase behaviors and store satisfaction levels among the groups determined by demographic characteristics. A questionnaire survey was administered to male and female university students living in the Seoul metropolitan area from April 27 to May 11, 1999 ; 443 were collected and 391 were used for the data analysis. Data were analyzed by SPSS statistical package. Descriptive statistics, t-test, ANOVA, Chi-square analysis and Duncan's multiple range test were employed for the data analysis. In terms of the store usage, most of the subjects tended to choose the store types they patronized for buying coats, suits, blouses, T-shirts, slacks/skirts and jeans items ; but, they used department store and specialty store for coat, suit, blouse, T-shirt, slacks/skirt and jeans for purchasing selected clothing items. Regarding criteria used for store selection, the most important criterion was the diversity of products offered and other store types. In terms of the store satisfaction levels of the six store types, the patrons of all store types were most satisfied with the stores they patronaged.

• Anxiety and mood
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.153-160
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• 2012

Objectives : The purpose of this study was to develop an employee's stress response scale (ESRS) and examine its validity and reliability. Methods : The study was conducted as follows : item generation, and test of validity and reliability. Items were developed via literature review, review of instruments, and data acquired from email-survey of counselors in the field of Employee Assistance Program (EAP). In order to test validity and reliability, data were collected from 400 employees. Results : The result of exploratory factor analysis of ESRS suggested 4 factor structures (work-related, anger, somatization, depression & anxiety) with a total of 25 items. ESRS showed a relatively strong positive correlation with Hospital Anxiety-Depression scale (HAD), Perceived Stress Scale (PSS), and Psychological Wellbeing Index (PWI), which showed ESRS had high convergent validity. Cronbach's ${\alpha}$ and test-retest reliability was .95 and .610 respectively. Conclusion : The ESRS is reliable and valid brief scale for measuring stress responses of employees. This scale would be useful in quantitatively evaluating job stress in workplace.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Physical Medicine
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.211-221
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• 2010

Purpose : The purpose of this study is to find out the effects of combined exercise including walking and yoga on cognitive functions in the elderly women. Methods : Sixteen elderly women aged above 65 are invited in this study. Each subject participated in exercise three times a week for eight weeks from July 14th to September 13th in 2008. The changes between pre and post exercise are analyzed by Wilcoxon sign rank test and repeated ANOVA test with SPSS (ver 17.0) package program. Results : After exercise, In the below 23 points group, only interference STROOP test (p<.05) among sub items of Cognition Scale for Older Adults (CSOA) is improved significantly. In the above 24 points group, words memory (p<.05), delayed recall (p<.05), and picture naming (p<.05) among sub items of CSOA are improved significantly. But it is no different to the change patterns among two groups. Conclusion : These results show that combined exercise including walking and yoga is helpful to improve cognitive functions. And we find that exercise is helpful in the above 24 points elderly women more than in the below 23 points.