• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.100-112
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• 2001

The purpose of this study is to construct the evaluation criteria based on the relative importance and various combination of each evaluation index and then to evaluate urban biotope in terms of conservation of species and habitat. After the standard of evaluation had been developed through the literature review, the relative importance of the evaluation index through expert survey was found out, and the evaluation model of biotope value has been established. The results of this study are as follows; 1) We have constructed the nineteen evaluation criteria through literature reviews, and have provided relative importance to each evaluation index of the diversity of typical species in biotope, afforestation rate, stratification, Hemeroby grads, and the diversity of landscape patterns based on the results of expert survey. and then we have constructed the evaluation system using the relative importance criteria. 2) To evluate urban biotope using the evaluation system constructed, we selected 14 sites. The final evaluation results of each site is as follows; The III grade areas are Seohan and Hwasung high-rise apartment at Beummul-Dong, Korea Men Power /Agency in Sungs 대 industrial zone, the adjacent area of St. Tongil, and Hyomyung elementary school. The II grade areas are the farm land behind the third Anshim Jugong apartment, and Ehyun park. The I grade areas are swampy land in front of Kangchon and Anshim construction site, water space with semi-natural style in front of Gangchon Woobang apartment, forest zone near page Temple at mt. Palgong, the edge area of Jisan and Gosan, and the tendril yard against Anshim middle school. The only grade IV area is the commercial zone near Taegu Department 3) It is highly useful to evaluate urban biotope using the evaluation criteria constructed for this research, the evaluation criteria we developed may be difficult to guarantee the ability for reproduction and recovery, the appearance-number of the rare and endangered species are difficult to estimate urban biotopes. In the future, it is highly useful to evaluate biotope in terms of conservation of species and habitat through its valuation criteria developed in this research and it is necessary to develop the evaluation criteria applicable to estimation of biotope inventory and reproduction of biotope.

• The Journal of Korean Philosophical History
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• no.31
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• pp.173-202
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• 2011

Hierophany, according to Mircea Eliade, is a natural manifestation of the initial sacred. Through hierophany, profane objects and sites transform their qualities and then they themselves become sacred. People in traditional societies, in an attempt to reenact the initial hierophany, tried to perform consecrating rituals to replicate the first moment of the initial hierophany, at the same time and site. This article focuses on the concrete sites of hierophany. In ancient China, we can see specific sites that manifest the sacred such as Kunlun(崑崙), Jianmu(建木) and zongmiao(宗廟). Kunlun has the characteristics as the Cosmic Mountain that is the realm of the gods that tiandi(天帝) built as his center on the Earth, and it bridges Heaven and Earth. Jianmu joins Heaven, Earth, and the underworld like a Cosmic Tree or Pillar. It can be stated that zongmiao, the royal ancestral temple, functions as the Center of the World, the axis mundi, in which religious human beings express their desire to live in a sacred site, and in which they can regain their initial purity of spirits by communicating with the gods and ancestors. These three are the sites of manifestation of the sacred in China.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.14 no.7
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• pp.3550-3561
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• 2013

The purpose of this study was to propose the categorized checklist for fire risk assessment on the wooden cultural properties and to carry out field survey. The survey checklist was composed of categories such as management and administration measures(management, training and countermeasure), architectural planning measures(site plan and facility plan), and equipment measures(fire-fighting and crime prevention facility). In this study, the field survey was carried out in the Nae-jang-sa and Wha-um-sa and it was found that there were some problems in the items which were assessed importantly by experts.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Rural Architecture
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• v.4 no.3
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• pp.1-11
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• 2002

The aim of this research is to find-out the characteristics of Buddhist temples with relevant to Korean National cultural properties in Kum Kang(Kum-river) area. This analysis is accomplished by setting up the speciflc viewpoints where the charateristics can be perceived, and by measuring the form and angle from these points to the buddist culture ; 124 items were selected and analyzed by the comparative method. The most Important research finding is that both Traditonal Korean Temple and Kum Kang(Kum-river) Area site conceptualized and used a certain geometrical Feng-shui(geomancy) order in the disposition of mountain and river side according to the principles of human cognition. The conclusions are as follows ; Buddhist culture and the Characteristics of Buddhist temples in Kum Kang(Kum-river) Area having accumulated from the past and are the cultural complex and mixture of 7 elements. They also reflect cultural situations of each time period. The temples are a result of Korean traditional thought and spirit, as well as, regarding tradition as an important factor.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.67-78
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• 1987

This study was executed to measure the user\`s impact natural environment in National Park Campsite. Therefore, we choose Mt. Chiak National Park and the campsite in the district of Temple Ku-Ryong as a model of analysis, which is made by ecological approach, the number of the user has influence on the environment near the campsite. The result are as follows : 1. The more the number of users becomes, the more Na, Ca, Mg ion concentration and pH in the soil increase and the less K ion becomes. 2. Litter and humus depth, litter coverage, herb coverage, soil hardness, the surface of the ground layer and tree species numbers, density and coverage of lower layer shows a sensitive reaction to the number of the users. 3. The research shows that the tolerant trees against campsite impact are Lespedeza maximowiczii, Zanthoxylum schinifolium Staphylea bumalda, Smilax sieboldii, Quercus aliena, Euonymus oxyphyllus, Weigela subsessilis and Securinega suffruticosa, and the sensitive trees are Stephanandra incisa, Rubus trichocarpa, Rubus crataegifolius, Rhododendron mucronulatum, Styrax obassia, Acer palmatum, Lindera obtusiloba, Rhododendron suhlippenbachii, Rhus japonica and Callicarpa japonica. 4. The high density of the users made the simplication of a vegetation structure. So, as the number of the user increase the species showed severe heterogeniety between the heavy-use and nonuse site. 5. As considering the landscape management about campsite and surrounding area on the way of analysis of national landscape aspect and succession sere according to ecological aspect, it may be desirable that Pinus densiflora forest be conserved as Pinus densiflora landscape and mixed forest produce natural scenery with succession sere.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Surveying, Geodesy, Photogrammetry and Cartography
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.159-166
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• 1996

It has the imfortant significance to study of 3 dimensional precision surveying and analysis system for conservation of culutral properties. This study is about to efficient precision surveying methods and analysis of digital information data for conservation of cultral properties. We acquire the photos and construct the 3 dimensional digital information in 1 n accuracy, and carry the spatial analysis to five story pagoda at Chongrimsa temple site of National Treasure No. 9 of Korea. In result, we carry the 3 dimensional modelling accurately and the efficient geometrical analysis of sections, calculation of the aera, volumn, and position and slope of con-trial axis. So, we expect efficient use of as well study of art history as safety diagonise for the preservation of cultural properties.

• 한국문화재보존과학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2001.11a
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• pp.15-18
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• 2001

The sarira reliquary excavated as a lot of fragments were restored by conservation treatment by us. The sarira reliquary was made using fine techniques such as chasing work and engraving work, etc. The analysis of base metals showed that different materials had been used on decorative parts in consideration of the casting and forging technique. Gold granules $(97wt\%\;Au)$ of the small bell were adhered by using a soldering material $(85wt\%\;Au,\;10wt\%\;Ag)$. The lead isotope analysis of lead glass $(74wt\%\;PbO)$ revealed that it agreed with the lead mine in the middle of south area in Korea.

• Journal of architectural history
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• v.28 no.6
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• pp.31-42
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• 2019

The harsh economic conditions of Buddhist temples in late Joseon dynasty, and the prevalence of the Buddhānusmrti(念佛) practice, which is a practice of reciting Amita Buddha(阿彌陀佛), led Buddhist temples to organize the Buddhānusmrti association(念佛契) in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. For the practices and the activities of organization, an architectural facility was required; thereby, many temples had a Yeombul-dang(念佛堂). However, only a few of the Yeombul-dang have survived and are known today. This research investigates the ways temples tried to acquire Yeombul-dang buildings during the period and their architecture characteristics by reviewing historical records and documentary works of literature. In this research, Yeombul-dang is found to have various types of building names and building forms. Different hall names such as Amitābha Hall(佛殿), Yosa(寮舍) and Daebang(大房) were used as Yeonbul-dang. The commonalities and differences in terms of building forms, spatial elements composition and layouts were found depending on how they were acquired. The Yeombul-dang were most commonly built as multi-complex buildings consisting of worshiping rooms and residential areas. Most of Yeombul-dang were located in the central areas of the temple site. On this basis, this research suggests the possibility that many Yeombul-dang is still being used under different names and for different purposes.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Surveying, Geodesy, Photogrammetry and Cartography
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.355-363
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• 2003

This paper Non-metric digital video camera against subject of study, stone cultural heritages such as stone pagodas(East & West three storied stone pagoda of dansoksa temple site), and easily acquire still-images which are for analyzing, from moving picture part. When we analyze a location of cultural assets using a Non-metric digital video camera, we could get a accuracy from 1.8mm to 8.3mm. Finally, it can be said that study also suggests the efficient measurement when planning to restore prototype of cultural heritages in the future and providing specific three-dimensional information on them.

• Journal of Conservation Science
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• v.38 no.1
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• pp.64-71
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• 2022

Many investigations have been conducted on the biological damage and environmental conditions necessary to preserve the Janggyeong Panjeon and Daejanggyeongpan (woodblocks). We performed a survey on the concentration and diversity of airborne fungi in the Janggyeong Panjeon and compared them with the results of a survey from 2012. The temperature of the Beopbojeon building was slightly lower, while the relative humidity was higher than those found at the Sudarajang building. The concentration of airborne fungi in the Beopbojeon was 1.44-fold that of the Sudarajang. It was confirmed that the concentration and diversity of airborne fungi in the Janggyeong Panjeon differed depending on the sampling site. In total, 23 fungal genera were identified from the air samples, and 11 fungal and 1 bacterial genera were identified from the surface of the woodblocks. Among these, only five types of fungi were commonly distributed in the indoor air and surface of the Daejanggyeongpan; however, 58.3% of the fungi identified on the surface of the woodblocks were not observed in the in the air samples. The surface-dwelling fungi may accumulate dust to form microbial communities over time.