• Journal of Conservation Science
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.68-79
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• 1998

The protecting-chamber for a standing Buddha of Mireuk-ri temple site at Jungwon is composed of granite of Cretaceous age which mainly consists of quartz, perthite, plagioclase, and biotite with minor amounts of muscovite, apatite, chlorite, sericite and opaque mineral. There are abundant cracks which may be developed by strong weathering and differential loading by structural unbalances of the whole protecting-chamber. Cracks can be divided into three types based on genesis as those formed by exfoliation, intrinsic, and pressure. The exfoliation occurred along the onion structure of the granite. The pressure cracks are generally superimposed on the exfoliation ones, which might be developed by structural unbalance of the protecting-chamber resulted from differential loading in places. The structural unbalance may be due to change in physical properties of the rocks according to strong weathering, differential settling of basement soil by difference in loading in places of protecting-chamber, westward creep of the basement soil below the West wall and related different resistance of the basement soil against the loading, and partial depression of the West wall. For the conservation of the protecting-chamber, it must be considered the method of stabilizing the basement and treatment of the cracks.

• Journal of Conservation Science
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• v.22
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• pp.31-42
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• 2008

A stone cultural heritage often lacks design drawing and detailed geometric informations, thus it becomes more difficult to conservation and restoration. Even though there is active database of detail shape information and numerical measurement for stone monuments, most of the data is in hard-to-utilize two-dimensional images. The new technology developed to overcome this problem is three-dimensional image scanning system. The multi-storied stone pagoda of the Daewonsa temple was analysed with 3D scanning image data then survey map with orientation displacement was evaluated. The difference of each side became apparent with the members of the stone properties was measured, also horizontal and vertical displacement occurred. Horizontal displacement occurred in increasing severity from left to right and from body section to upper part. The 8th roof stones are leaning toward northwest direction due to lateral displacement. The evaluation and measurement of displacement could cause a little errors due to the characteristics uneven surface of stone monuments, computer program and mistakes from the researcher. In future, more precise measurement and stability studies should be done to suggest that accurate data for conservation and understanding of damage condition can be provided.

• Journal of Conservation Science
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• v.34 no.3
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• pp.211-225
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• 2018

The Stupa of the State Preceptor Jigwang from the Beopcheonsaji temple site in Wonju (National Treasure No. 101) was built in the Goryeo Period (around the 11th century), with very excellent style and techniques. It was returned to the Korea after being taken to Osaka of Japan without notice in 1912, and was severely damaged during the Korean War. Subsequently, the Stupa was restored using restoration materials like mortar, and relocated to the National Palace Museum of Korea. Surface contaminants in the Stupa primarily existed around the restoration materials. Black discoloration, which indicates a high discoloration grade, signified a high possession rate in the north and inner regions of the Stupa, which may be related to the relative moisture maintenance time. Most surface contaminants were calcite and gypsum; the black discoloration area underwent secondary discoloration due to air pollution. Moreover, the stone properties exhibited a relatively low discoloration grade, exhibiting crystallized contaminants that partly covered the rock-forming minerals. Overall, the Stupa deteriorated due to discoloration and being covered by lime materials, which were dissolved as the mortar degraded. Hence, it required contaminants removal, surface cleaning and desalination during conservation treatment, in order to control the rate of physicochemical deterioration by contaminants.

• Journal of the Korean Geophysical Society
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• v.5 no.3
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• pp.199-209
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• 2002

We have carried out a nondestructive close examination for the purpose of the structural safety diagnosis of the Dabo Pagoda of Bulkuk temple located in Kyungju, Kyungbuk Korea. For estimating the mechanical properties of each rock block of the pagoda, ultrasonic measurements were conducted at 641 points of 255 blocks. The P-wave velocity ranges from 584m/sec through 5,169m/sec, and averages 2,901m/sec Based on this result, the uniaxial compressive strength was estimated to be $93{\sim}1,943kg/cm^2\;with\;396kg/cm^2$ of average, and the index of weathering is $0.07{\sim}0.88$ with 0.43 of average, which means the moderate degree of weathering. The comparison of the rock strength of each block with the overburden acting on the block reveals that the rock blocks related to the structure of the pagoda are relatively sound for uniform stress, but it is highly possible for a concentrated stress to lead to a partial failure. We suggest a monitoring of cracks due to the concentrated stress. The parapets of 1st and 2nd floors composed of small rock pieces are severely weathered. However, this is not directly related to the structural safety of the pagoda.

• Journal of the Korean Geophysical Society
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.57-69
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• 2001

We have carried out a nondestructive close examination for the purpose of the structural safety diagnosis of the Three-Story Pagoda(Seokga Pagoda) in Bulkuk temple in the city of Kyungju, Kyungbuk, Korea. Ultrasonic wave velocities were measured at 456 points of the pagoda comprising 44 blocks to estimate the mechanical properties of rock blocks constituting the pagoda. The measured velocities have the range of 1217 to 4403 m/sec with the average of 3227 m/sec. The empirical relationship between the ultrasonic velocity and the uniaxial compressive strength yielded the estimation of strength of each block, ranging from 134 to 844 kg/cm^2 and averaging 463 kg/cm^2. With an assumption that the strength of each block is described as a random variables having a normal distribution, we calculated the probability of failure of rock blocks of the pagoda. Our investigation revealed that the probability of the structural failure due to the weight of higher blocks is very low. However, the probability of partial failure around contact area is substantial, which is consistent with the appearance that edges and the corners of some blocks were broken off. The platform under the body of the pagoda appeared to be structurally weak as the probability of tensile failure of the lower platform is up to 18%, and diagonal fractures are shown where the probability of failure is high.

• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.55 no.2
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• pp.186-197
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• 2022

The Daejanggakgibi Stele of Silleuksa Temple in Yeoju is a stone stele from the Goryeo Dynasty that is inscribed with various stories about the construction of Daejanggak, a place where Buddhist scriptures were kept. This stele has been maintained for a long time in a state in which discoloration of the body has occurred, and the inscription has been partially damaged due to dozens of cracks. Using non-destructive analysis methods for stone artifacts, material investigation, portable X-ray fluorescence analysis, and ultrasonic velocity analysis for the stele were performed. It was confirmed that the stele body was composed of light gray crystalline limestone, and the base stone, support stone, and cover stone were medium-grained biotite granite. Portable X-ray fluorescence analysis confirmed that iron(Fe) was an original coloring element of the stele surface. From the distribution pattern of the coloration, it can be inferred that iron-containing materials flew down from between the stele body and the cover stone. Thereafter, living organisms or organic contaminants attached to it so that yellow and black contaminants were formed. Ultrasonic diagnosis revealed that the physical property of both the front and back surfaces ranged from fresh rocks(FR) to completely weathered rocks(CW), and the average weathering index was grade 3(intermediate). However, the point where cracks developed intensively was judged to be the completely weathered stage(CW), and some cracks located in the upper and lower parts of the stele bear potentially very high risk. It is necessary to monitor the movement of these cracks and establish reinforcement measures for conservation in the future.

• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.56 no.4
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• pp.216-228
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• 2023

The purpose of this study is to apply the handheld Raman spectrometer to identify the coloring materials used in a large Buddhist painting (of Maitreya Buddha) at Janggoksa Temple through cross-validation with HH-XRF. An in situ investigation was performed together with use of a digital microscope and HH-XRF analysis to verify the properties of pigments used in the gwaebul ("large Buddhist painting") via a non-destructive method. However, the identification of coloring materials composed of light elements and mixed or overlaid pigments is difficult using only non-destructive analysis data. Unlike in situ investigation, laboratory analysis often required samples yet the sampling is restricted to a small quantity due to the cultural heritage characteristic. Thus, it is necessary to develop a non-destructive in situ method to supplement the HH-XRF data. The large Buddhist painting at Janggoksa Temple was painted mainly using white, red, yellow, green, and blue colors. The Raman spectroscopy provides molecular information, while XRF spectroscopy provides information about elemental composition of the pigments. Analysis results identified various coloring materials: inorganic pigment, such as lead white, minium, cinnabar, and orpiment, as well as organic pigment such as gamboge and indigo. Therefore, it is possible to obtain more information for the identification of pigments; organic pigment and mixed or overlaid pigments, while at the same time minimizing the collection sample and simplifying the analysis procedure compared to previously used methods. The results of this study will be used as basic data for the analysis of painting cultural heritage through a non-destructive in situ method in the future.

• 한국문화재보존과학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2006.11a
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• pp.156-160
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• 2006

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.14 no.7
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• pp.3550-3561
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• 2013

The purpose of this study was to propose the categorized checklist for fire risk assessment on the wooden cultural properties and to carry out field survey. The survey checklist was composed of categories such as management and administration measures(management, training and countermeasure), architectural planning measures(site plan and facility plan), and equipment measures(fire-fighting and crime prevention facility). In this study, the field survey was carried out in the Nae-jang-sa and Wha-um-sa and it was found that there were some problems in the items which were assessed importantly by experts.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Rural Architecture
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• v.4 no.3
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• pp.1-11
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• 2002

The aim of this research is to find-out the characteristics of Buddhist temples with relevant to Korean National cultural properties in Kum Kang(Kum-river) area. This analysis is accomplished by setting up the speciflc viewpoints where the charateristics can be perceived, and by measuring the form and angle from these points to the buddist culture ; 124 items were selected and analyzed by the comparative method. The most Important research finding is that both Traditonal Korean Temple and Kum Kang(Kum-river) Area site conceptualized and used a certain geometrical Feng-shui(geomancy) order in the disposition of mountain and river side according to the principles of human cognition. The conclusions are as follows ; Buddhist culture and the Characteristics of Buddhist temples in Kum Kang(Kum-river) Area having accumulated from the past and are the cultural complex and mixture of 7 elements. They also reflect cultural situations of each time period. The temples are a result of Korean traditional thought and spirit, as well as, regarding tradition as an important factor.