• Title/Summary/Keyword: technical potential

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Review on Atomic Layer Deposition of HfO2-based Ferroelectrics for Semiconductor Devices (반도체 소자용 산화하프늄 기반 강유전체의 원자층 증착법 리뷰)

  • Lee, Younghwan;Kwon, Taegyu;Park, Min Hyuk
    • Journal of the Korean institute of surface engineering
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    • v.55 no.5
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    • pp.247-260
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    • 2022
  • Since the first report on ferroelectricity in Si-doped hafnia (HfO2), this emerging ferroelectrics have been considered promising for the next-generation semiconductor devices with their characteristic nonvolatile data storage. The robust ferroelectricity in the sub-10-nm thickness regime has been proven by numerous research groups. However, extending their scalability below the 5 nm thickness with low temperature processes compatible with the back-end-of-line technology. In this review, therefore, the current status, technical issues, and their potential solutions of atomic layer deposition (ALD) of HfO2-based ferroelectrics are comprehensively reviewed. Several technical issues in the physical scaling of the ferroelectric thin films and potential solutions including advanced ALD techniques including discrete feeding ALD, atomic layer etching, and area selective ALD are introduced.

Hyperpolarized Carbon-13 Magnetic Resonance Imaging: Technical Considerations and Clinical Applications

  • Ying-Chieh Lai;Ching-Yi Hsieh;Yu-Hsiang Juan;Kuan-Ying Lu;Hsien-Ju Lee;Shu-Hang Ng;Yung-Liang Wan;Gigin Lin
    • Korean Journal of Radiology
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    • v.25 no.5
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    • pp.459-472
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    • 2024
  • Hyperpolarized (HP) carbon-13 (13C) MRI represents an innovative approach for noninvasive, real-time assessment of dynamic metabolic flux, with potential integration into routine clinical MRI. The use of [1-13C]pyruvate as a probe and its conversion to [1-13C]lactate constitute an extensively explored metabolic pathway. This review comprehensively outlines the establishment of HP 13C-MRI, covering multidisciplinary team collaboration, hardware prerequisites, probe preparation, hyperpolarization techniques, imaging acquisition, and data analysis. This article discusses the clinical applications of HP 13C-MRI across various anatomical domains, including the brain, heart, skeletal muscle, breast, liver, kidney, pancreas, and prostate. Each section highlights the specific applications and findings pertinent to these regions, emphasizing the potential versatility of HP 13C-MRI in diverse clinical contexts. This review serves as a comprehensive update, bridging technical aspects with clinical applications and offering insights into the ongoing advancements in HP 13C-MRI.

LEAN-BURN ENGINE - POTENTIAL ANALYSIS

  • Kowalewicz, A.
    • International Journal of Automotive Technology
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    • v.2 no.4
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    • pp.147-155
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    • 2001
  • Analysis of the thermodynamic cycle of IC engine from the point of view of economy and emissions was carried out. From this analysis potential capability of engine development was derived. This potential capability is lean-burn engine, fuelled with homogeneous mixture with $\lambda \geq$ 1.4. Several different modes of fuelling were proposed and tested on one-cylinder test engine from the point of view of extending lean operating limit of the engine, emissions and fuel economy. Among them were: fuelling with evaporated preheated gasoline, with gas (LPG evaporated) and with liquid butane. From these modes, fuelling with liquid butane injected to inlet port was selected and finally tested. This novel system of fuelling offered better than standard engine performances and emissions at lean operating limit. These results were validated on full-scale two-cylinder engine.

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Singular Point of Voltammetric Impedance Data and its Application in Analyzing Voltammetry Data

  • Chang, Byoung-Yong
    • Journal of Electrochemical Science and Technology
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    • v.9 no.2
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    • pp.149-156
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    • 2018
  • In this technical note, I report the analysis of electrochemical impedance data measured with potential sweeping. Even though the instruments for voltammetric impedance measurements have been developed for decades using different approaches, their applications are limited due to the lack of well-established protocols to easily analyze voltammetry data. To fill this gap, the singular point of the specific potential is considered that is only determined by the standard/formal potential and the transfer coefficient and is independent of the kinetics and experimental parameters (including revertability) of faradaic reactions. Taking the advantage of its inertness, I suggest an approach employing the singular point as a reference to obtain general electrochemical information. As all the concepts and methods are verified with numerical simulations, this technique is expected to be applied for complex reactions involving electrochemical and chemical reaction mechanisms.

Copy Number Variations in the Human Genome: Potential Source for Individual Diversity and Disease Association Studies

  • Kim, Tae-Min;Yim, Seon-Hee;Chung, Yeun-Jun
    • Genomics & Informatics
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    • v.6 no.1
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    • pp.1-7
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    • 2008
  • The widespread presence of large-scale genomic variations, termed copy number variation (CNVs), has been recently recognized in phenotypically normal individuals. Judging by the growing number of reports on CNVs, it is now evident that these variants contribute significantly to genetic diversity in the human genome. Like single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), CNVs are expected to serve as potential biomarkers for disease susceptibility or drug responses. However, the technical and practical concerns still remain to be tackled. In this review, we examine the current status of CNV DBs and research, including the ongoing efforts of CNV screening in the human genome. We also discuss the characteristics of platforms that are available at the moment and suggest the potential of CNVs in clinical research and application.

Electrical Responses on Mineralized Zone in Geumpung Mine (금풍광산 광화대에 대한 전기탐사 반응)

  • Jung, Yeon-Ho;Kim, Jung-Ho;Byun, Joong-Moo
    • 한국지구물리탐사학회:학술대회논문집
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    • 2007.06a
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    • pp.231-236
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    • 2007
  • Electrical resistivity, self-potential and time-domain induced polarization methods were conducted for study of electrical responses on vein-type sulfides ore, which is intruding limestone and dolomite of Ordovician, of Geumpung mine located in Dojeon-ri, Susan-myeon, Jecheon-si, Chungbuk. Sulfides bearing chalcopyrite, pyrrhotite and galena etc. are deposited in disseminated or vein-type. Good result that resistivity and self-potential surveys detect high grade-estimated mineralized zone located in upper part of existing low grade ore zone is acquisited and is to some extent consistent with induced polarization. Furthmore, a new mineralization zone directing EW is detected.

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Investigation of the Stress Distributions in a Transversely Isotropic Medium Containing a Spheroidal Cavity (구형 공동을 가진 횡 방향 등방성매체의 응력 분포에 관한 연구)

  • 이윤복;전종균
    • Computational Structural Engineering
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    • v.10 no.1
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    • pp.159-171
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    • 1997
  • This study investigates the stress distribution in a transversely isotropic medium containing a spheroidal cavity where the medium is under uniaxial tension in z-direction in one case and pure shear in the plane of isotropy in another case. The technical approach used in this study combines exact analytical and numerical methods. The exact analytical method is based upon three potential functions taken in terms of the Legendre associated functions of the first and second kind. The numerical method is based upon the finite difference approach. Numerical results concerning the two loading conditions with five anisotropic materials are presented.

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Analysis of Touch Voltage and Step Voltage using a Potential Distribution Characteristic (전위분포특성을 이용한 접촉전압과 보폭전압의 분석)

  • Lee, Bok-Hee;Jung, Hyun-Uk;Choi, Jong-Hyuk;Cho, Sung-Cheol;Beak, Young-Hwan;Lee, Kyu-Sun;Ahn, Chang-Hwan
    • Proceedings of the KIEE Conference
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    • 2006.07c
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    • pp.1474-1475
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    • 2006
  • This paper describes touch and step voltage in the reinforced concrete and steel poles. Ground surface potential rises were measured as a function of the separation between pole and ground rod. Touch and step voltage are calculated on the basis of the distribution of ground surface potential rises. As a result, touch and step voltages strongly depend on the position of installation of ground rod.

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Removal and Inactivation of Hepatitis A Virus during Manufacture of a High Purity Antihemophilic Factor VIII Concentrate from Human Plasma

  • Kim, In-Seop;Park, Yong-Woon;Lee, Sung-Rae;Lee, Mahl-Soon;Huh, Ki-Ho;Lee, Soungmin
    • Journal of Microbiology
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    • v.39 no.1
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    • pp.67-73
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    • 2001
  • A validation study was conducted to evaluate the efficacy and mechanism of the cryo-precipitation, monoclonal anti-FVIIIc antibody (mAb) chromatography, Q-Sepharose chromatography, and lyophilization steps involved in the manufacture of high purity factor VIII (GreenMono) from human plasma, in the removal and/or inactivation of hepatitis A virus (HAV). Samples from the relevant stages of the production process were spiked with HAV and subjected to scale-down processes mimicking the manufacture of the high purity factor VIII concentrate. Samples were collected at each step and immediately titrated using a 50% tissue culture infectious dose (TCID$\_$50/) and then the virus reduction factors were evaluated. HAV was effectively partitioned from factor VⅢ during cryo-precipitation with the log reduction factor of 3.2. The mAb chromatography was the most effective step far removal of HAV with the log reduction factor of $\geq$4.3. HAV infectivity was not detected in the fraction of factor VⅢ, while most of HAV infectivity was recovered in the fractions of flow through and wash during mAb chromatography. Q-Sepharose chromatography showed the lowest efficacy for partitioning HAV with the log reduction factor of 0.7. Lyophilization was an effective step in inactivating HAV with the log reduction factor of 2.3. The cumulative lag reduction factor, $\geq$10.5, achieved for tile entire manufacturing process was several magnitudes greater than the potential HAV load of current plasma pools.

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Anticorrosive Monitoring and Complex Diagnostics of Corrosion-Technical Condition of Main Oil Pipelines in Russia

  • Kosterina, M.;Artemeva, S.;Komarov, M.;Vjunitsky, I.;Pritula, V.
    • Corrosion Science and Technology
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    • v.7 no.4
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    • pp.208-211
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    • 2008
  • Safety operation of main pipelines is primarily provided by anticorrosive monitoring. Anticorrosive monitoring of oil pipeline transportation objects is based on results of complex corrosion inspections, analysis of basic data including design data, definition of a corrosion residual rate and diagnostic of general equipment's technical condition. All the abovementioned arrangements are regulated by normative documents. For diagnostics of corrosion-technical condition of oil pipeline transportation objects one presently uses different methods such as in-line inspection using devices with ultrasonic, magnetic or another detector, acoustic-emission diagnostics, electrometric survey, general external corrosion diagnostics and cameral processing of obtained data. Results of a complex of diagnostics give a possibility: $\cdot$ to arrange a pipeline's sectors according to a degree of corrosion danger; $\cdot$ to check up true condition of pipeline's metal; $\cdot$ to estimate technical condition and working ability of a system of anticorrosive protection. However such a control of corrosion technical condition of a main pipeline creates the appearance of estimation of a true degree of protection of an object if values of protective potential with resistive component are taken into consideration only. So in addition to corrosive technical diagnostics one must define a true residual corrosion rate taking into account protective action of electrochemical protection and true protection of a pipeline one must at times. Realized anticorrosive monitoring enables to take a reasonable decision about further operation of objects according to objects' residual life, variation of operation parameters, repair and dismantlement of objects.