• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.1-7
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• 2005

This study was conducted to investigate the possibility of cultivating tea plants planted in the mountain area of west Gyeongnam province, Korea for 2 years from March 27th, 2001 to July 30th 2003. Ninety each plants collected from 5 different sife were cultivated in nursery cup pot$(\phi\;16cm)$. in the greenhouse condition and transplanted in 5 different location and monitored their survival growing state etc. The results obtained are as follow : 1. Survival rate tea plants after transfer to soil was relatively high Gaya-myeon Hanyang-gun with $90.0\%$ and the lowest in Buksang-meyon Geochang-gun with $80.0\%$. The tea plant collected from Gaya-myeon showed the best growing activity at early stage. 2. For the second year of harvesting time, survival rate was the highest in Machun-myeon Hamyang-gun with $92.2\%$ and the lowest was Buksang-myeon Geochang-gun with $76.7\%$. 3. For the 3rd year of harvesting time, it was impossible to data collection because of the most upper parts of plants were killed by severe freezing weather condition. In the Baekjeon-myeon, Hamyang-gun Buksang-myeon, Ungyang-myeon Geochang-gun, which are severly cold$(below\;-10^{\circ}C)$ in winter season, seems not a suitable places for tea plant cultivation since it is very different to harvest the young loaves in growing season. In conclnsion we could select two sites Gaya-myeon, Hapcheon-gun, Machun-myeon, Hamyang-gun, as tea plant cultivation in the mountain area of west-Gyeongnam province, korea.

• CELLMED
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• v.8 no.3
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• pp.14.1-14.6
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• 2018

Santalum album Linn. [Family: Santalaceae] is commonly known as white sandalwood, sandal safaid and safed chandan. It is one of the most valuable trees and second costliest wood in the world. Sandalwood and its oil is extensively used in the Unani and other traditional systems of medicine as it has blood purifier, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, exhilarant, cardiotonic, antiseptic, nervine tonic and expectorant properties. It is used in skin, cardiac, liver, gastrointestinal, respiratory, integument and urogenital disorders. These uses are supported and proven by many in vitro or in vivo studies. The proven pharmacological activities of S. album are antimicrobial, anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimutagenic and anti-fatigue. The research has proven that sandal oil or its constituents have anti-microbial activity. Sandalwood oil showed skin cancer preventive effect in mice and its constituent alpha santalol showed the anticancer property. The methanolic extract of wood was confirmed for antioxidant, free radical scavenging, analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities. ${\alpha}$ and ${\beta}$ santalols present in sandal oil showed sedative effects. Sandalwood tea had a significant effect on heart muscles of frog and showed increased myocardial contractility. Its oil showed significant changes in hepatic xenobiotic metabolizing enzymes. Sandalwood oil and its major constituents showed less acute oral and dermal toxicity in laboratory animals. Hence, the aforementioned studies justify the uses of sandalwood and its oil mentioned in the classical Unani literature. However, further clinical trials are suggested to confirm its efficacy and safety in humans.

• Journal of the Institute of Convergence Signal Processing
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.112-119
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• 2009

This paper describes a robust visual surveillance algorithm under outdoor environment. One of the difficult problems for outdoor is to obtain effective updating process of background images. Because background images generally contain the shadows of buildings, trees, moving clouds and other objects, they are changed by lapse of time and variation of illumination. They provide the lowering of performance for surveillance system under outdoor. In this paper, a robust algorithm for visual surveillance system under outdoor is proposed, which apply the mixture Gaussian filter and color invariant property on pixel level to update background images. In results, it was showed that the moving objects can be detected on various shadows under outdoor.

• Asian Journal of Turfgrass Science
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.1-16
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• 2005

This study was conducted to effect a complex fertilizer treatment on a recovery of damaged turfgrass caused by competing with tree at area under trees, and to seek for effective management system on damaged areas under trees in golf courses. Available phosphorous and potassium were enough to grow up turfgrass in plots of East valley and Ji San Golf Club. But these plots were acid soil ranged from pH 5.3 to pH 5.5, so that lime fertilizer was required for improving the chemical of soil. The effect on complex fertilizer showed significant f3r the recovery of damaged turfgrass. Turfgrass recovery ratio by complex fertilizer was better in low-density(LD) section of fertilizer than in high-density(HD) section of control. As the result of surveying turfgrass characters according to dates, dry matters in HD sections of control plots were higher than these in LD sections of fertilizer plots in 6 Aug. before sprinkling a complex fertilizer. But dry matters in LD section of fertilizer were, on the contrary, higher than in 6 Sep. after sprinkling complex fertilizer. In view of the result so far conducted, a turfgrass recovery to LD sections of complex fertilizer was batter than that of HD sections of control. Sprinkling complex fertilizer on turfgrass damaged by competing with trees will maintain the turfgrass growth, even though happen to compete between trees and turfgrass.

• KSBB Journal
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.106-111
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• 2000

Peach fruit month, smaller tea tortrix, and Melotontha incana are major pests of apple and apple trees throughout the country. In this work, we examined efficacies of entomopathogenic nematodes Steinernema carpocapsae and Steinernema glaseri against these apple pests. Steinernema carpocapsae showed 100% mortality after 24hr against peach fruit moth when it was applied on the larva with the concentration of 80 nematodes per larva, but Steinernema glaseri caused 83.3$\pm$5.8% mortality after 24hr at the concentration of 50 nematodes per larva. In the case of smaller tea tortrix, S. carpocapsae and S. glaseri caused 100%, 43.3$\pm$5.8% at the concentration of 50 nematodes per larva after 48 hr, respectively. However, 5~6 instar of Melotontha incana was not killed by treatments with S. carpocapsae and S.glaseri up to concentration of 200~800 nematodes per larva. The motility of nematodes in a soil increased as both inoculation concentration of nematode per larva and temperature increased. The mortality of G. mellonella by S. carpocapsae was 100% up to 10cm in depth and 56.7$\pm$5.8% at 10~15cm in depth when the temperature was $25^{\circ}C$ and 50 nematodes per larva were used.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.366-374
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• 2014

The study was conducted to investigate the possibility that epigenetic DNA methylation causes tree phenotypic variation in autotetraploids through evaluating the phenotypic variation and DNA methylation in autotetraploids occurred spontaneously from diploid trifoliate orange. Chromosome analysis confirmed that fourteen trifoliate orange trees of selected by flow cytometry were tetraploids (2n = 4X = 36) without any aneuploids. Chromomycin A3 staining determined that these trees were all autotetraploid with doubled chromosome set. Tree phenotypes, such as tree height and width, branching number, length, and angle, internode length, and leaf characteristics, varied in the autotetraploids. Chlorophyll indices were diverse in the autotetraploids, but photosynthetic rates were not significantly different. In addition, a wide range of variation was observed in stomatal density and guard cell length. Analysis of global cytosine DNA methylation showed that there was a variation of the methylation level in autotetraploids. More than half of 14 autotetraploids had at least 2 times higher methylation level than diploid trifoliate orange. The results indicate that tree phenotypic variation in autotetraploids might be related to global DNA methylation for reducing gene redundancy.

• International Journal of Industrial Entomology and Biomaterials
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• v.40 no.2
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• pp.41-50
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• 2020

Vermicompost, manure, compost and organic fertilization are ecofriendly. Nowadays, many products resulted from sericulture consumed by humans such as mulberry leaves, fruits, mulberry tea, silk and natural silk cosmetics. Soil applications of three treatments with vermicompost (0.5, 1 and 2 tons per 0.42 hectare) and recommended rate of mineral fertilizers of nitrogen phosphorus potassium were used for investigation. Impact of fertilization on mulberry plant traits of moisture, number of shoots/tree, total shoots length/tree, number of leaves/shoot, number of leaves/ (100g), leaf yield/tree and leaf yield of fadden/season were recorded. In addition the effect of fertilization on larval and cocoon characters of young instar duration, fifth instar duration, total larval duration, larval mortality percentage, weight of third instar larvae, weight of fourth instar larvae, weight of fifth instar larvae, fresh cocoon weight, fresh shell weight, pupae weight, cocoon shell ratio, silk productivity, cocooning percentage, pupation ratio, number of cocoons/ liter, crop cocoons by number, crop cocoons by weight, fecundity and fertility. Using vermicompost treatment was enhancing plant characters. Treatments of V₃, V₂ and V₁ were shortage young, fifth and larvae durations. Mostly feeding silkworm during the whole larval duration on treated mulberry leaves with vermicompost improving the traits average. Using vermicompost for fertilization by rate of V₃ and V₂ is better than others for cocoon characters for females and males.V₃ and V₂ of vermicompost per 0.42 hectare is recommended for rearing mulberry silkworm instead of mineral fertilization.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.33 no.1
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• pp.110-118
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• 2015

Borimsa Temple in Jangheung, one of the Goosanseonmoon of Shilla Dynasty, calls for a study in the field of landscape architecture because it has very significant elements in cultural and ecological landscaping aspects. This study examined the changes in landscaping elements of Borimsa Temple since the 17th century in order to newly recognize cultural landscaping value of space composition elements for traditional temple and to verify landscape architectural position. For research method, literatures such as Sajeonggi (事蹟記), Joongchanggi, a surveyed map by Fujishima Gaijiro in 1928 and Joseon Gojeogdobo (朝鮮古蹟圖譜) and modern documents including Borimsa Temple Precision Ground Survey Report and photographic records of National Archives of Korea and provincial governments were examined together with a field survey in order to trace changes in landscape elements such as buildings within the temple site, pond and temple forest. The results are as the following: First, for geographical locations of Borimsa Temple, it is located in an auspicious location and Shipyuknahansang and Cheonbul were placed in a supplementary purpose according to the contents of Bojoseonsatapbi. Compared to Namhwaseonsa Temple in China, it has a similar environmental composition but the fact that buildings were placed on platforms is a distinctive difference. Second, architectural landscape of Borimsa Temple went through the Japanese colonial era and Korean War and still going through changes today. Thus, there shall be some appropriate measures such as to establish an archive of past landscape data. Third, the contents of Borimsa Temple Sajeonggi suggests that the pond of Borimsa Temple had been in a indeterminate form with stones on the outer edge. Its name could have been Yongcheon (湧泉) according to the contents of Joongchanggi. Also, the current landscape, in comparison with past photographs, is a result of changes from surface raise occurred by ground reinforcement within the temple site. Fourth, Jangsaengpyoju (長生標柱) mentioned in Bojoseonsatapbi and Borimsa Temple Sajeonggi was thought to be the dried juniper tree in front of Daewoongbojeon, which can be found in past photographic documents but, it is now assumed to be Seokbihyeong (石碑形) considering the Gukjangsaeng and Hwangjangsaeng of Dogapsa Temple of the similar time period. Moreover, Hongsalmoon mentioned in Joongchanggi was established by King's order after the Manchu war of 1636 in praising of Buddhist monks those who had volunteered to fight for the country. Fifth, it is apparent in Borimsa Temple Joongchanggi that geomancy was a consideration in landscaping process of Borimsa Temple, and the record indicates that pine trees, bo trees and persimmon trees were planted. Sixth, tea tree forest was verified of its historical root that is Seongchailyeo from Unified Shilla through passing down of Jeong Yak-yong's Goojeunggoopo method and relevant documents of Seon Master Choui and Yi Yu-won. Seventh, nutmeg tree forest suggests that nutmegs were used in national ceremonies and for medical uses. The nutmeg tree forest was also verified of its role as Naehwasoorimdae (a forest built to prevent fire from spreading) through aerial photographs and placement of a forest reserve.

• Asian Journal of Turfgrass Science
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.27-38
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• 2005

This study was conducted to find out withering and dying trends of turfgrasses on the base of tree, and to investigated how much area of turfgrasses withering and dying were progressed on angle of inclination at golf course. Turfgrasses withering and dying on base of trees on slope was extended more to the down-solpe direction than to the up-solpe direction. This trend was common in all experiment plot. Turfgrasses on the base of trees were withered and dead by competing with tree root fur nutrients and moisture in soil. But the trend of the withering and dying in some experiment plots occurred by soil erosion following turfgrass withering and dying occurring on upside ridge. This trend was generally appeared in region of tree community at upside ridge. The form of turfgrass withering and dying on the base of tree in some experiment plots was similar to that of the tree crown. This withering and dying from occurred at the $11^{th}$ experiment plot in Ji San Golf Course and the $6^{th}$ experiment plot in East valley Golf Course.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.36 no.3
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• pp.58-74
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• 2018

This study aims to propose baseline data for designing restoration of Gaobyulup, researching space formation and characteristics of gardens of Gaobyulup, which located in the foot of Cheonmasan Mountain in Namyangju. Gaobyulup is a remain in retirement of Gyulsan Yu-Won Lee, a representative politician, administrator, and tea drinker in late Joseon Dynasty. The results of the research about the shape of Gaobyulup deducted through reference review, poetry and prose analysis, an on-the-spot survey and residents' interview are below: Lee, who used pseudonym as 'Gyulsan,' which menas Jongnamsan Mountain, yearned Mangcheonbyeoreop(輞川別業) by Yu Wang and retirement with a country house operation by Seogye Sedang Park. In the persuit of this ideal, he created and operated a country house in Gaogok of Yangju, which a family burial ground was located. Gaobyulup, which located in Gaogok in the lower part of Cheonmasan Mountain, was largely composed outer and inner gardens, and the area of house operation was started from a stone post of Gaobokji The inner garden of Gaobyulup was including major garden components like buildings, such as Sasihyanggwan, Obaekganjung, Imharyoe and Toesadam, and Chaewon near Haengrangchae, and Gwawon in an backyard. In addition, Younggwijung pavilion, which located 850m away from Gaobyulup, was the another country house inside the Byulup, thus Gaobyulup shows a duplex space formation. In the inner garden of Gaobyulup, there are Sasihyanggwan, which had functions of Sarangchae as library and depository of old paintings and calligraphic works, and Obaekganjung, a small Sarangchae which connected with Sasihyanggwan in the form of a transept. Yusanggoksuger located near Obaekganjung. Additionally, Imharyeo, a library with a tablet of Byeokryowon(??園), which located in the highest point in Byulup, has the functions of a reading room and a tea house. Many Taihu stones were located not only in Toesadam, a square-formed pond with lotus but also many places in the inner gardens. And rare garden plants were planted. These were closely related to the trend of horticulture for pleasure, wealth, and collecting old paintings and calligraphic works for pleasure of Lee. Meanwhile, the area of Younggwijung pavilion, located in Gaocheon stream fall from Byulup to Manhoiam, looks like Wooampok, a enjoying place of other personages, who use their pseudonym as "Oksan" or "Wooam" Lee identifies Wooampok as "Jesampok" and carved 'Gyulsan' s he declared this place is his operating area. Lee built Younggwijung pavilion and planted many peach trees for recreation of utopia. The stone letters of Byukpadongcheon, located in front of a bridge in the foreside of Younggwijung pavilion, seems another enchanted land created in Gaobokji inside. Lee carved Jeilsan in huge rock on the falls rear Manhoiam temple, which Lee did great role of foundation of the temple, so he identifies that this place was the end of the outer garden of Gaobyulup. This study tries to estimate traces of the country house in Gaogok through reference review and on-th-spot survey, and the results from this study are presumed based on site remains only conformed today. It needs to discover second scenary or stone carved letters between Jeilsan and Jesampok. Additionally, exact formation characteristics of Gaobyulup should be identified through excavation survey later. To do so, an interest and a major role of Namyangju-si must be equipped for future restoration of Gaobyulup.