• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.24-29
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• 2019

Background: Camellia sinensis L.(CS) is a perennial evergreen species of plant whose leaves are used to produce tea. In this plant species, the parts used are the leaves, sub-branch parts are thrown out. Methods and Results: Ethanol extract of sub-branch parts was used for isolation of major compounds by column chromatography. Structures were identified as caffeine (1), (-)-epicatechin (2) and (-)-epicatechin gallate (3) by interpretation of spectroscopic analysis, including $^1H$- and $^{13}C$-NMR. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method was used to compare the quantitative level of marker compounds in various extraction solvents of sub-branch parts of CS. The content of caffeine, (-)-epicatechin, and (-)-epicatechin gallate in 30% ethanol extract showed higher value with $3.28{\pm}0.57mg/g$, $5.53{\pm}0.88mg/g$, and $1.29{\pm}0.24mg/g$, respectively. Conclusions: These results indicated that not only leaves parts but also sub-branch, could be a good source for the functional material and pharmaceutical industry.

• Journal of Practical Agriculture & Fisheries Research
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.65-77
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• 2020

In order to industrialize of Dendranthema indicum (L.) DesMoul., which is a lot of commercially available and is synonymous with chrysanthemum tea, in the autumn of 2018, Dendranthema indicum (L.) DesMoul. seeds were collected from its own native region, and the seeds were germinated after refrigerated storage. Young seedlings were subjected to experiments in February, March, and April in the open field to examine the effects on the harvesting of leaves by distance and the growth of leaves and stems. The results of analyzing the components by collecting the leaves+stem after collecting the flower of Dendranthema indicum (L.) DesMoul. are as follows. 1. When D. indicum (L.) DesMoul. seedlings were planted according to the transplanting date, the number of flowers was 17.1 in the transplanting date in April. The diameter of the flower was 2.9cm, 16ea, 6.5~6.6g in the fresh weight, and the dry weight of the case was 1.1~1.2g. The leaves were 46~47ea in March and April in the planted area, 5.2~5.3cm in leaf length and 3.5~3.6cm in leaf width. 2. When planted D. indicum (L.) DesMoul. seedlings according to transplanting distance, the number of flowers was 16.2 when planted at 20×20cm intervals and, 16.8~17.1 at 30×30~50×50cm intervals. The diameter of the flower was 2.7~2.8cm, the number of petals was 8, the length of the petal was 0.8 cm, and fresh weight was 6.5~6.6g per flower. Leaves had the largest number of 47 of 30×30cm and 40×40cm, and leaf length appeared at the longest 6.2cm in the 50×50cm treatment area, but 5.2cm in the other treatment areas. 3. The extraction yield of D. indicum (L.) DesMoul. leaves+stems was 7.93%, and the extraction solvent colors were light green at 50, 60% and green at 70, 80, 90, 100%. The extraction yield of D. indicum (L.) DesMoul. flowers was 7.58%, the color of the extraction solvent was light yellow at 50, 60 and 70%, yellow at 80 and 90%, and dark yellow at 100%. 4. We confirmed 11 kinds of ingredients such as in D. indicum (L.) DesMoul. flowers are gallic acid, 4-hydroxy benzoic acid, methyl gallate, 4-hydroxy-3-methoxy benzoic, caffeic acid, salicylic acid, p-coumaric acid, sinapic acid, naringin, 4-melthoxyben, flavone. The content was 29.200-36.900ppm. 5. The components contained in the D. indicum (L.) DesMoul. leaf+stem, salicylic acid appeared at 6,129.526ppm, and the next 4-methoxyben was 1,966.714ppm. It was methyl gallate 8.197ppm, 4-hydroxy-3-methoxy benzoic 6.994ppm, caffeic acid 5.566ppm, flavone 4.522ppm, p-coumaric acid 3.787ppm, gallic acid 1.893ppm that appeared in the content below 10ppm.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.44 no.3
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• pp.418-424
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• 2015

The content of ${\beta}$-carotene in agricultural foods, such as seasonings, tea, vegetables, cereals, nuts & seeds, oils & fats, and fruits, were quantitatively analyzed using reversed-phase HPLC with an UV/visible detector. Standard reference material (SRM) 2385 was used as a control material to validate measurement of ${\beta}$-carotene in this study. Recovery percentage and relative standard deviation of ${\beta}$-carotene in SRM 2385 were 102% and 1.73%, respectively. Vegetables and tea contained relatively high concentrations of ${\beta}$-carotene (young barley powder, $17,293.95{\mu}g/100g$; raw young barley, $2,755.15{\mu}g/100g$; dried green tea leaves, $13,671.85{\mu}g/100g$; green tea powder, $7,579.04{\mu}g/100g$). Contents of ${\beta}$-carotene in nuts & seeds as well as oils & fats ranged from $11.32{\mu}g/100g$ in almond products (roasted with salt) to $58.56{\mu}g/100g$ in perilla seed oil. Among 20 fruits, a high content of ${\beta}$-carotene was found in apricots (raw), which contained $2,280.35{\mu}g/100g$.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.63 no.2
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• pp.140-148
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• 2018

As the global warming causing desertification increase, there is growing concern about damage of crops. It was to investigate how the treatment with hydrogen peroxide before leaf development affects the growth and yield of sorghum for minimizing a damage of crops to drought. The germination experiment was conducted at alternating temperature of $25^{\circ}C/20^{\circ}C$(12 hr/12 hr) under water stress condition of 0 ~ -0.20 MPa adjusted with PEG solution containing 0 and 10 mM $H_2O_2$. In order to know the effect of foliar application of hydrogen peroxide on the growth of sorghum, 10 mM hydrogen peroxide was treated to leaves at 3-leaf stage of sorghum growing in greenhouse conditions. Seed germination rate was increased by 20% in hydrogen peroxide treatment as compared to the Control. under water stress conditions (-0.15 ~ -0.20 MPa). The length of seedlings was also on the rise by the hydrogen peroxide treatment. In the greenhouse pot experiment, the morphological characteristics (plant height, stem diameter, leaf length, and leaf number) and physiological characteristics (chlorophyll content, chlorophyll fluorescence (Fv/Fm), stomatal conductance) were higher in the plants treated with hydrogen peroxide under the drought stress condition than those of plants of $H_2O$ treatment. Experiment conducted with the soil moisture gradient system showed that the foliar application of hydrogen peroxide increased photosynthetic ability of sorghum plant with respect to SPAD value and stomatal conductance and rooting capacity (root weight and root length) under drought condition. Generally, hydrogen peroxide treatment in sorghum increased the tolerance to drought stress and maintained better growth due to ameliorating oxidative stress.

• The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.27-32
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• 2013

Damage of tea bagworms, Eumeta minuscula was observed for the first time from grape leaves of grape (varieties: Cambell Early and M.B.A.) from a vinery at Gumho-up, Gyeongsan, Gyeongbuk on 31 August, 2012. Activity of insecticides [Bacillus thuringiensis var. kurstaki (serotype IIIa, IIIb) WP, chlorantraniliprole 5% GP, methoxyfenozide 21% SC, spinetoram 5% GP, and spinosad 10% GP] was tested on fourth instar larvae of Eumeta minuscula in laboratory. Mortality of 4th instar of Eumeta minuscula was higher when treated with spinosad 10% WG (88.7%) and spinetoram 5% WG (67.7%) sprayed with field recommended concentration using a home sprayer in laboratory. Mortality decreased as the concentration decreased, however leaf damage rate was significantly different between the one-fourth rate and the control. Spinetoram 5% WG and spinosad 10% WG showed 63.7 and 55.7% respectively mortality of fourth instar Eumeta minuscula in field. Though these two insecticides could be used for the control of bagworms on grape, a more effective insecticide needs to be found.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.36 no.8
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• pp.1070-1076
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• 2007

Soymilk cake (SMC) fortified with defatted soy flour was fermented by a novel Bacillus subtilis GT-D in the solid-state fermentation with chlorella, mulberry leaves or green tea as food ingredient. The fermentation of SMC resulted in higher content of tyrosine and higher activities of protease, amylase and fibrinolytic enzymes. Fermented SMC including mucilage indicated six-fold higher content of dietary fiber compared to that of non-fermented SMC. The SMC fermented without additional ingredient allowed the highest spread ratio and width of cookies. Cookies prepared without SMC showed the lowest value of spread ratio and width compared to those of fermented SMC. In addition, these cookies showed the highest hardness value of 8,975 g, and thickness value of 5.97 and slightly higher bright color. Cookies fortified with SMC fermented with chlorella or mulberry leaves showed higher sensory evaluation value. Fortification of SMC fermented without additional ingredient resulted in the highest preference in the sensory evaluation of cookies.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.1-5
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• 2005

Eight flavonoids, apigenin-6-C-β-D-glucopyranosy l-8-C-β-D-glucopyranoside (AGG), quercetin 7-O-β-D­glucopyranoside (QG), luteolin 7-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (LG), quercetin 7-O-(6'-O-acetyl)-β-D-glucopyranoside (QAG), luteolin 7-O-(6'-O-acetyl)-β-D-glucopyranoside(LAG), quercetin (Q), luteolin (L) and acacetin 7-O-β­D-glucuronide (AG) were determined by HPLC in the safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) leaf during growth and processing. During growth, levels of five flavonoid glycosides (AGG, QG, LG, QAG, & LAG) in the leaf increased progressively at over time according to growth stages, reached a maximum before June 11, and then decreased sharply, while those of three flavonoid aglycones (Q, L, & AG) increased greatly at the early stage of growth, reached a peak before May 28, and then decreased rapidly. During the steaming process, contents of five flavonoid glycosides increased rapidly with increased steaming time, reached a maximum after 5 min of steaming, and then decreased, whereas those of flavonoid aglycones except for AG decreased sharply with increased steaming time. During the roasting process, contents of three flavonoid glycosides decreased rapidly with increased roasting time, whereas those of two acetylflavonoid glycosides (QAG & LAG) and three flavonoid aglycones increased progressively with increased roasting time, reached a maximum after 3 min of roasting, and then decreased. These results suggest that appropriate steamed and roasted safflower leaves are a rich source of flavonoids, and may be a good source of bioactive components as a functional leaf tea.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Applied Pharmacology
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• 1997.04a
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• pp.74-74
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• 1997

Chicory is used popularly. We use leaves of the plant as ordinary mea1, and roots as a substitute of tea materials. It also has been asserted that it has clinical effects on weakness, hepatic disease, diabetes, etc. However, experimental evidences are so insufficient that we started these studies. For antiinflammatory activity, MeOH Ex. was orally administered to rats, and decreased amounts of paw edema induced by carrageenan injection were measured. For bile secretion increament, rats were administered total MeOH, EtOAc fraction, and BuOH fraction Ex. respectively. One hour later, bile ducts were cannulated, and we collected bile every 20 minutes for 4 hours. For hepatoprotective activity, CCl$_4$-intoxicated mouse were treated with MeOH Ex., then s-GPT, S-GOT, and liver weight were measured. For antidiabetic activity, rats were induced diabetes by streptozocin 45mg/kg(i.v) injection. One week later, 1000mg/kg of total MeOH Ex. of chicory root was orally administered. We divided rats into three groups. Group 1 rats were administered only once, group 2 ones once a day for one week, and group 3 ones for three weeks. The concentrations of serum glucose were measured before and after administration. For antihypertensive activity, SHR were administrated total MeOH Ex. of chicory once a day for 8 days, and were measured blood pressure on 1st, 3rd, 6th and 8th day. Total MeOH, EtOAc fraction, and BuOH fraction Ex. increased bile secretion in rats, and decreased liver toxicity induced by CCl$_4$ in mouse. Total MeOH, Ex. of chicory roots has antiinflammatory effect, and decreased blood glucose concentration in group 2 and 3 rats. It was revealed not lowering blood pressure significantly in SHR.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.314-318
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• 2011

Saururus chinensis is used as a raw material of an anti-rheumatic, poultice, sedative and stomachic. The tea of dried Saururus chinensis leaves has a function of relaxing pains in back and breast and of treating stomach ailments. The plant has the functions of anti-inflammatory, depurative, diuretic, febrifuge and refrigerant. The extraction of functional material is carried out by methanol and ethanol solvents. Mechanochemical grinding is applied as a pretreatment process before extraction to enhance the extraction efficiency by increasing the surface area of the materials while changing the chemical properties of the materials. Extraction of functional materials from the Saururus chinensis after grinding as a pretreatment using the mechanochemical technology was accomplished in this study to investigate the effect of grinding on the antioxidant activities of the extract. Saururus chinensis was ground by the planetary ball mill and the morphology was analyzed by SEM. Mechanochemical pretreatment increased the yields of functional materials from 5.9 g to 6.4, 7.0, and 8.1 g after grinding of 30 minutes, 1 hour and 2 hours, respectively. Nitrite scavenging ability increased from 53.0-71.0% to 61.0-79.0% for the methanol extraction in the solution of pH 1.2. Also, Electron donating abilities were increased from 7.90-33.51% to 11.97-38.51% for the methanol extraction. The extract concentration for the half inhibition of DPPH radicals was reduced from $278{\mu}g/mL$ in the original sample to $263{\mu}g/mL$ in the sample after grinding for the methanol extraction.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.52 no.4
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• pp.363-368
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• 2020

This study was conducted to evaluate several physiological activities of 4 sweet persimmon cultivar leaf water extracts. One new cultivar ('Hongchu' (HC)]) and three traditional cultivars ('Sangseojosaeng' (UW), Japanese Uenishiwase; 'Seochonjosaeng' (NW), Japanese Nishimurawase; and 'Buyu' (FY), Japanese Fuyu) were used in this study. The HC extract showed significantly higher DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging activities, tyrosinase inhibitory activity, and acetaldehyde dehydrogenase activity than the other extracts, while the FY extract exhibited a relatively higher alcohol dehydrogenase activity. The HC extract contained higher amount of phenolics and ascorbic acid. These results suggest the possibility of high-quality persimmon leaf tea development using the new sweet persimmon cultivar, HC.