• Journal of Oral Medicine and Pain
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.79-89
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• 2006

The aim of this study is to know how the rat submandibular gland changes under various emotional stress condition, using molecular biological methods. Restraint and chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS) experiment is conducted on fifty one 7-week old Sprague-Dawley rats (restraint stress experiment: 21, CUMS: 30). The rats were sacrificed, the submandibular glands were excised immediately at certain time, and examined by the use of immunohistochemistry and western blotting. In CUMS experiment, sucrose preference test, water intake change, weight change were implemented at 1 week interval for the experimental period The results are as follows: 1. The number of clusterin-secreting cells of restraint stress group compared to control group showed significantly decreasing tendency in all experimental groups except for the 1st hour group (p<0.001 in the 9th, 24th, 72nd, 120th, and 168th hour group). 2. The number of clusterin-secreting cells of CUMS group compared to control group showed significantly increasing tendency in the 2nd week group (p<0.01), and significantly decreasing tendency in the 4th and 5th week group (p<0.001). 3. Sucrose preference test in CUMS experiment showed significant difference between the 5th week experimental group and control group (p<0.01). 4. Weight change in CUMS experiment showed significant difference between the 5th week experimental group and control group (p<0.01), but water intake change didn't show significant difference compared to control group. 5. In western blot analysis, clusterin expression was decreased on a gradual basis in due time compared to the control group in the restraint stress group. As for CUMS group (chronic unpredictable mild stress group), it was increased till the 2nd week and decreased till the 5th week after that, which is similar to immunohistochemical analysis result and the decreasing tendency of sucrose preference and weigh changes. Through the test, it was proved that expression of clusterin in saliva glands decreases after receiving either acute or chronic stress, indicating relation with depression caused by chronic stress. Unlike other data, however, apoptotic tendency was hardly found in tissues. Diverse possibilities could be suggested on that: first, the stress was not enough to expedite apoptosis; second, apoptosis-related protein was already being secreted though not detected with microscope; third, clusterin, a major secretion molecule of saliva, decreased with saliva's malfunction due to stress. In the respect, it will be necessary to examine proteins expressed in case of cell death or other heat-shock proteins at the same time, in order to see whether any cellular change or death is caused by decreasing clusterin under high stress, and whether the original state is restored as time goes by under mild stress, through longer-term tests using even higher acute stress.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.16 no.8
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• pp.292-309
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• 2016

The purpose of the present paper is to investigate the effects of stress and depression experienced by the first (1955-1964) and second (1968-1974) generations of baby boomers on their psychological well-being as well as the moderation effects of social supports for them. For this purpose, 369 who come under the category of the first- and second-generation baby boomers were selected by convenient sampling from among the participants in the programs of the life-long educational institutes in Seoul metropolitan area and questionnaires of self-administered type were distributed to them. Frequency analysis, t-test, ANOVA, correlation analysis and hierarchial regression analysis which used input of mean-centered variables and interaction term were conducted to determine the moderating effects of social supports based on the replies to the questionnaires. The major outcomes of the analyses could be summed up as follows: first, the stress and depression suffered by the first and second generations of baby boomers turned out to have negative (-) influence upon their psychological well-being; second, the social supports for those two generations were found to exercise positive (+) effects upon their psychological well-being; and third, a survey of difference in the moderating effects of social supports between the first- and second-generation baby boomers showed that, in case of the first generation, the worse their economic status and the higher their stress and depression were, the lower their psychological well-being tended to be and that social supports functioned to hike their psychological well-being but had moderating effects only in connection with stress. In case of the second generation, however, it was shown that the higher their stress and depression got, the lower their psychological well-being developed and that social supports might increase their psychological well-being but without any moderating effects on the part of relationship with their stress and depression. A practical and political method was discussed to improve baby boomers mental health.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• v.20 no.6
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• pp.36-44
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• 2003

Objective: We have various ways in evaluating the level of low back pain as sequelae, general approaches such as neurologic examination, MRI, Radiologic examination and evaluating the effect of psychological stress on the low back pain. Besides We can find another approach to evaluating the sequale of low back pain in TA patients. So, I intend to analyze how much relationship the patients that got low back pain by TA have with Roland Morris Disability Scale(RMS) in 2 months after discharge. Methods: In this article, I will compare two results of TA inpatients and non-TA inpatients, which obtained with the RMS. This study was carried out about 22 TA patients and 18 non-TA patients, who had low back pain and were hospitalized between March 2002 and July 2002. Results & conclusions : 1. RMS point is related with the post-discharge term to a point of time of answering the questionnaire in both TA patients and non-TA patients. 2. In distribution of RMS point, Gr II take most possesion as 41% in TA patients while Gr I take most possesion as 56% in non-TA patients. 3. In distribution of RMS point, patients that correspond to more than Gr III take 27% in TA patients, 16% in non-TA patients. 4. TA patients show higher level of distribution than non-TA patients in RMS point in verifying them by mean value and T-test. 5. Degree of pain score change(${\Delta}$P.S), using mean value and T-test, showed lower level of distribution in TA patients than non-TA patients. 6. We can see that TA patients have more restriction in their life for low back pain.

• Korean Journal of Health Education and Promotion
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.183-195
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• 2004

The purpose of this study was to discover the effects on women's health education for college women on their health promotion behaviors and the health related knowledge. The content of women's health education consisted of sex education, smoking, alcohol, exercise, nutrition, diet and stress management. “A Women and Heath” course was provided as an optional full term subject in the years of 2002 and 2003 at C University in G City. Out of 210 students who had chosen this course, 134 had agreed to participate in the research and had answered the same questionnaire which was given before the education and 14 weeks after the course at the last class. The findings are as follows： 1. It was found that the subjects have obtained knowledge mainly from television, radio, the Internet, women's magazines in order before the education. 2. Knowledge related to women"s health origionally scored low(average 1.92 out of 5). However, having completed a course on women and their health, they showed a significant increase of knowledge statistically(t＝26.945, p＝ .001) with average score of 3.48. 3. Health promotion behaviors who had completed the course has statistically significantly increased (t＝6.464, p＝ .001) compared to before the education. The results of this study are that by providing a women's health related course for college women on a regular basis, they could broaden their health related knowledge and become more active in practicing health promotion behaviors. This shows us the need to broaden the curriculum on women's health at the college level so that women have good knowledge and practice the knowledge for the sake of their health throughout their life.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.34 no.5
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• pp.11-18
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• 2006

This study was carried out to evaluate the mechano-sorptive deflection of shear creep of drift pin jointed solid wood. Specimens were the solid wood of Pinus densiflora. The joint was composed with steel plate and drift pin, 85mm in length and 10mm in diameter. The creep tests were conducted under the constant loads in an variable environment. Five different shearing loads were applied parallel to the grain of specimens. The shearing loads applied were 170, 340, 510, 680 and 850 kgf. The stress levels were 10, 20, and 30, 40 and 50% of the bearing strength obtained from the tension-type lateral strength test. The creep tests for specimens were carried out for 10300 hours. A few general conclusions could be drawn from this study: The mechano-sorptive deflection (${\delta}$ ms) is defined as ${\delta}\;ms={\delta}\;t-({\delta}\;c+{\delta}\;sh)-{\delta}\;o$, where ${\delta}$ t is the total deflection, ${\delta}$ c is the pure creep, ${\delta}$ sh is shrinkage-swelling behavior, and ${\delta}$ o is the initial deflection. Changes of relative humidity may cause more severe creep deflection than those of constant humidity, especially during the drying process. The mechano-sorptive behaviors of specimens, except the effects of shrinkage and swelling, gradually increased with increasing time. The deflection is increased in desorption process and recovered in adsorption process. The deflections of drift pin jointed solid wood under different loads showed almost same tendency in all specimens. Although the creep deflection tendencies of each series are very similar, the specimens subjected to a large shearing load exhibit large creep deflections in the desorption process than do those to the small shearing load specimens.

• Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.339-349
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• 2009

The purpose of this study was to investigate dietary behavior relative to personality type in young adults, and to offer basic data to apply during nutrition education and counseling. A total of 166 university students performed the MBTI (Mayers-Briggs Type Indicator) test along with questionnaire interviews, and 3 day 24-hr dietary recalls. MBTI personality preferences are presented and separated by 4 types of indices: Extraversion (E) and Introversion (I), Sensing (S) and Intuition (N), Thinking (T) and Feeling (F), and Judgement (J) and Perception (P). More subjects in the I type than the E type had lunch everyday or ate out more than once a week. Compared to the P type, the J type ate a higher proportion of meals with family, and seldom drank alcohol, but a lower proportion had a preference for salty taste. Compared to the N type, the S type had a higher proportion of subjects who consumed large quantities at regular meals as well as when under high amounts of stress. Also, the S type subjects had significantly higher lipid intakes than the N type subjects. Compared to the F type, a higher proportion of the T type subjects ate meals alone but a lower proportion had a dislike for bitter tasting foods. There were no significant differences in total food or energy intakes relative to the different personality types. In conclusion, individual personality type may influence dietary behavior, but additional studies are needed that contain individuals of various ages and include long term dietary surveys.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Agricultural Engineers
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• v.62 no.2
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• pp.63-73
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• 2020

Drought is considered as a devastating hazard that causes serious agricultural, ecological and socio-economic impacts worldwide. Fundamentally, the drought can be defined as temporarily different levels of inadequate precipitation, soil moisture, and water supply relative to the long-term average conditions. From no unified definition of droughts, droughts have been divided into different severity level, i.e., moderate drought, severe drought, extreme drought and exceptional drought. The drought severity classification defined the ranges for each indicator for each dryness level. Because the ranges of the various indicators often don't coincide, the final drought category tends to be based on what the majority of the indicators show and on local observations. Evaporative Stress Index (ESI), a satellite-based drought index using the ratio of potential and actual evaporation, is being used as a index of the droughts occurring rapidly in a short period of time from studies showing a more sensitive and fast response to drought compared to Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI), and Palmer Drought Severity Index (PDSI). However, ESI is difficult to provide an objective drought assessment because it does not have clear drought severity classification criteria. In this study, U.S. Drought Monitor (USDM), the standard for drought determination used in the United States, was applied to ESI, and the Percentile method was used to classify drought categories by severity. Regarding the actual 2017 drought event in South Korea, we compare the spatial distribution of drought area and understand the USDM-based ESI by comparing the results of Standardized Groundwater level Index (SGI) and drought impact information. These results demonstrated that the USDM-based ESI could be an effective tool to provide objective drought conditions to inform management decisions for drought policy.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.45 no.6
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• pp.115-125
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• 2017

This study was to investigate the user's thermal environments under the pergola($L\;7,200{\times}W\;4,200{\times}H\;2,700mn$) covered with Wisteria floribunda(Willd.) DC. according to the variation of leaf area index(LAI). We carried out detailed measurements with two human-biometeorological stations on a popular square Jinju, Korea($N35^{\circ}10^{\prime}59.8^{{\prime}{\prime}}$, $E\;128^{\circ}05^{\prime}32.0^{{\prime}{\prime}}$, elevation: 38m). One of the stations stood under a pergola, while the other in the sun. The measurement spots were instrumented with microclimate monitoring stations to continuously measure air temperature and relative humidity, wind speed, shortwave and longwave radiation from the six cardinal directions at the height of 0.6m so as to calculate the Universal Thermal Climate Index(UTCI) from $9^{th}$ April to $27^{th}$ September 2017. The LAI was measured using the LAI-2200C Plant Canopy Analyzer. The analysis results of 18 day's 1 minute term human-biometeorological data absorbed by a man in sitting position from 10am to 4pm showed the following. During the whole observation period, daily average air temperatures under the pergola were respectively $0.7{\sim}2.3^{\circ}C$ lower compared with those in the sun, daily average wind speed and relative humidity under the pergola were respectively 0.17~0.38m/s and 0.4~3.1% higher compared with those in the sun. There was significant relationship in LAI, Julian day number and were expressed in the equation $y=-0.0004x^2+0.1719x-11.765(R^2=0.9897)$. The average $T_{mrt}$ under the pergola were $11.9{\sim}25.4^{\circ}C$ lower and maximum ${\Delta}T_{mrt}$ under the pergola were $24.1{\sim}30.2^{\circ}C$ when compared with those in the sun. There was significant relationship in LAI, reduction ratio(%) of daily average $T_{mrt}$ compared with those in the sun and was expressed in the equation $y=0.0678{\ln}(x)+0.3036(R^2=0.9454)$. The average UTCI under the pergola were $4.1{\sim}8.3^{\circ}C$ lower and maximum ${\Delta}UTCI$ under the pergola were $7.8{\sim}10.2^{\circ}C$ when compared with those in the sun. There was significant relationship in LAI, reduction ratio(%) of daily average UTCI compared with those in the sun and were expressed in the equation $y=0.0322{\ln}(x)+0.1538(R^2=0.8946)$. The shading by the pergola covered with vines was very effective for reducing daytime UTCI absorbed by a man in sitting position at summer largely through a reduction in mean radiant temperature from sun protection, lowering thermal stress from very strong(UTCI >$38^{\circ}C$) and strong(UTCI >$32^{\circ}C$) down to strong(UTCI >$32^{\circ}C$) and moderate(UTCI >$26^{\circ}C$). Therefore the pergola covered with vines used for shading outdoor spaces is essential to mitigate heat stress and can create better human thermal comfort especially in cities during summer. But the thermal environments under the pergola covered with vines during the heat wave supposed to user "very strong heat stress(UTCI>$38^{\circ}C$)". Therefore users must restrain themselves from outdoor activities during the heat waves.

• International Journal of Highway Engineering
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• v.10 no.4
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• pp.281-292
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• 2008

In Korea-LTPP(Long Tenn Pavement Performance) project, the full depth asphalt pavement test sections are constructed on the national highway to evaluate the structural capacity of asphalt pavement reinforced with glass fiber. Truck loading test and FWD test were performed to measure the structural capacity of test sections. Test results showed that the reinforcement of glass fiber installed at between surface and intermediate asphalt layer decreased the strain at the bottom of surface layer and moved up the stress neutral axis in asphalt layer. As a result, the tensile stress was developed at the bottom of intermediate asphalt layer of reinforced asphalt pavement, while the compressive stress was developed at the bottom of intermediate asphalt layer of unreinforced asphalt pavement. On the other hand, the tensile strain at the bottom of asphalt base layer didn't show a difference between glass fiber reinforced and unreinforced pavements. From the FWD test, it was shown that the surface deflection of asphalt pavement reinforced with glass fiber decreased 24 percents comparing to that of unreinforced asphalt pavement. This shows that the reinforcement with glass fiber appears to improve the rutting resistance of asphalt pavement.

• Anxiety and mood
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.44-52
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• 2018

Objective : The present study had examined the psychiatric symptoms and physical health consequences for the bereaved parents of the high school students who died in the 2014 Sewol ferry accident. Methods : Forty bereaved parents participated in the study. The authors administered self-report questionnaires about the parents' health behaviors and psychiatric symptoms. The authors also conducted laboratory tests to assess the parents' physical health at 18 and 30 months after the accident. Univariate descriptive statistics were performed to report the prevalence and severity of psychiatric symptoms and health-related behaviors. Paired t-test and Mcnemar test were performed to compare the 18-and 30-month findings. Correlation analysis between psychiatric symptoms and laboratory findings were performed to find a relationship between the two variables. Results : At 30 months after the accident, most of the bereaved parents still appeared to suffer from complicated grief (97.5%), post traumatic stress disorder (80%), insomnia (77.5%) and severe depression (62.5%) based on the scores on the Inventory of Complicated Grief (ICG), the PTSD Check List-5 (PCL-5), the Insomnia Severity Index (ISI) and the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9). One quarter of the bereaved parents reported high-risk drinking, and 47.5% reported increased drinking amount and frequency after the accident. In objective laboratory results, 55% of the bereaved parents were obese as defined by body mass index ${\geq}25$. The parents' mean low-density lipoprotein shows a significant increase over time (118.5 mg/dL at 18 months. vs. 132.5 mg/dL at 30 months. paired t-test t=-4.061, $$p{\leq_-}0.001$$). Total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein at 30 months after the accident were in clinically borderline high range. In correlation analysis, triglyceride was positively correlated with ISI. Conclusion : The loss of children in the Sewol ferry accident, a disaster caused by human error, continued to have considerable impact on the victims' parents' mental and physical health 18 and 30 months after the accident. A longitudinal study following the parents' physical health would be necessary to investigate the long-term effects of this traumatic experience on physical health.