• Journal of the Korean Data and Information Science Society
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.1023-1032
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• 2007

We introduce the statistical system of the Commonwelth Independence State(CIS) countries located in the Central Asia. At present, the level of the national statistics production system of Korean National Statistical Office(NSO) is very high and locate on just behind Japan among all asian countries, and they are also trying to reach the statistics quality level upto the advanced developed countries in the world. To have the optimal Statistics production processing, we must understand the methodologies parts as well as the aspect of the macro statistics that can be applied to the country#s economic plan. Like the history is repeated, it is valuable to look at the development history of statistical system of other countries one century ago. We study the relationship among CIS countries along with the history of Russian statistics development. It will be helpful to look and understand the statistical system of CIS countries including Russia to use their statistics for international comparison study.

• Journal of Haehwa Medicine
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.75-86
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• 2010

These days, traditional and complementary/alternative medicine (TM/CAM) becomes more upsurging topics of increasing importance and the use and popularity of TM/CAM is rapidly expanding, Since the tradition and situation on TM/CAM of each country is quite different, the concept and system of TM/CAM expressed by different countries shows the variety of range. Some countries recognize TM/CAM as one part of two branches of medical science and have integrated into national health care system. In these countries, education systems for TM/CAM are also well organized formal education systems, such as the Republic of Korea, DPR Korea, China (including Hong Kong and Macao), and Viet Nam. However, other countries in Asia and the Pacific. still do not have formal and/or informal education system and do not recognize TM/CAM as a kind of health care systems. This paper reviews the current situation of education and training on TM/CAM in the Asia and the Pacific. As a result, fifteen countries (31.3%) of 48 member countries in Asia and the Pacific have formal education systems for TM/CAM, twelve countries (25.0%) do not have formal education system and twenty one countries (43.7%) do not have available information. At least six countries are allocating the curriculum of medical school to the education of both allopathic and traditional medicine. For the proper use and development of TM/CAM, the development of formal education system as well as the integration into the national health care system are needed.

• Journal of Applied Tourism Food and Beverage Management and Research
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.57-80
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• 2004

Resort Hotel Rate System was first introduced as an official guideline after Tourism Promotion Act, which enables the secretary of transportation to rate resort hotel by its facility and accommodation, was enacted on January 18, 1971. And the system was modified time to time to what we currently have after numerous revisions. However, the system has made a slow progress compare to the other countries system and have shown many potential problems that need to be improved. There is a problem that it is not even clear whether the act is as effective to apply it to rate any resort hotel in reality. The hotel rate system was first introduced in 1970's and changed ever since, and it also changed the private organizations to audit the decision. However, unlike the hotels in other countries, our hotel rating system is not focus on the customer's service and informations. It focus on the hotel's quality so that cause the problem whether the hotel is for customer or not In other different countries, they have some specific standard for evaluation of customer service based on customers' reference or needs. However, there is no evaluation part concerning on customer service in Korea. Also, even the hotel rating system is not based on the hotel waitress or waiter's service part. It means the system is almost focus on the hotel's qualities. Therefore, customer who needs hotel service, can not trust whether they can choose the hotels which gives the right informations and good quality services. Although hotel's physical layout is important, the service part is also important for evaluating the hotel entirely. There are a lot of things to develop and to be changed in order to develop tourism industry in the process of decision about Hotel's level in Korea Thus, this research will summarize some problems which are revised through the former research of hotel's level. And it will compare the system of hotel's level between Korea and developed countries in hotel industry Additionally, I will show current tourism industry in Korea. Finally, I suggest the improvement proposal for the level system of hotel in Korea and process of this system in the future.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Navigation
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.1-24
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• 1992

In this paper, the maritime educational and training systems in different countries were compared and analyzed. The sample countries have been divided into two large groups, one of which comprising the countries adopting European maritime educational system and the other of which consisting of countries adopting American maritime educational system. From the comparison of the two educational systems, the merits and demerits of each system has been analysed. The results of the analyses show that the maritime educational institutes of the countries such as U.S.A., Japan, Korea, Taiwan, which have American maritime educational system, have more adaptability to the rapidly changing, shipping environment. In addition, it has been concluded that the college of the Maritime Science of the Korea Maritime University is required to set up a new educational model which is similar to the of the SUNY Maritime College in the U.S.A to meet the recent changes in Korean shipping industry.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.57 no.3
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• pp.213-218
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• 2013

This study examines factors associated with fixed budgets for pharmaceuticals and clawback system for pharmaceutical industry in European countries. We used information from a survey held in 2005~2006 by Austrian Health Institute. Several information including pharmaceutical pricing policies, marketing conditions for pharmaceutical industry and patient' choice of drugs was collected. Five out of twenty five countries in EU were considered as countries with fixed budgets for pharmaceuticals and remaining 20 countries were considered as countries without fixed budget system. Comparisons were made for each information. Countries with fixed budgets for pharmaceuticals were more likely to have internal (or external) reference pricing system and other pricing mechanisms. In addition, they were more likely to permit pharmaceutical industry to be engaged in public advertising and information provision towards patients. They guaranteed patient participation in drug choice decisions. The countries with fixed budgets for pharmaceuticals were more likely to have conditions that enable the fixed budget system to work better compared to those without fixed budget system. Therefore, the study results imply that we need to check whether we have similar conditions to the countries that already have fixed budgets for pharmaceuticals when we want to introduce fixed budget mechanism for pharmaceuticals in Korea in the future.

• KDI Journal of Economic Policy
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• v.45 no.1
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• pp.33-68
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• 2023

The present article investigates empirically whether non-reciprocal trade preferences (NRTPs) offered by QUAD countries (Canada, the European Union, Japan, and the United States) to developing countries have helped to promote economic growth in the beneficiary countries. Two main blocks of NRTPs are considered here: Generalized System of Preferences (GSP) programs and other trade preferences programs. The analysis used a set of 90 beneficiary countries of NRTPs that are concurrently recipients of development aid over the period of 2002-2018. Using the two-step system generalized method of moments, the analysis indicated that while a higher degree of utilization of each of these two blocks of NRTPs has been associated with a high economic growth rate, development aid enhances this positive effect. This highlights the need for donors to support a development strategy based on the provision of both development aid and NRTPs if they are to help beneficiary countries to promote economic growth. Finally, when the positive economic growth effect of the utilization of NRTPs is higher, the result is a greater country's share of exports (under preferential tariffs) to QUAD countries out of their total merchandise exports.

• Journal of Arbitration Studies
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.55-85
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• 1998

Each of China, Taiwan, Japan and Korea is in international trade one of the major countries in Asia and has been influenced by the Chinese character culture and the Civil law system. All these countries have their own commercial dispute resolution system for international trade dispute and commercial arbitration mechanism in their countries. They are making their own effort to internationalize and improve their commercial arbitration system. Among these countries China enacted a new arbitration law already. At that time Chinese arbitration law was referred to the UNCITRAL Model Law on International Commercial Arbitration for internationalization of Chinese commercial arbitration system. China also internationalized the panel of arbitrators by increasing the foreign arbitrators of the panel of arbitrators of CIETAC. These measures adopted by China will be the model of dispute resolution and the commercial arbitration system in other major countries in Asia.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Surveying, Geodesy, Photogrammetry, and Cartography Conference
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• 2006.04a
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• pp.33-37
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• 2006

After USA removed the Selective Availability(SA), Global Positioning System(GPS) has monopolized tile world market and other countries have been depended on GPS, absolutely So the other countries, Russia, European Community(EC) and Japan, which apprehend to monopolize in technical and strategic parts, are developing the next generation GNSS including GLONASS Galileo and JRANS. And the countries are planning to provide the another GNSS. This research has focused on the next generation GNSS system based on GPS and Galileo system with developing a GNSS simulation software, named as GIMS2005, which generates and analyzes satellite constellation and measurements. Based on the software, a variety of simulation tests have been carried out to recognize limits of GPS-only system and potential benefits of integrated GPS/Galileo positioning In terms of satellite geometry strength and solution accuracy.

• The Journal of Information Systems
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.183-203
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• 2023

Purpose The purpose of this study is to examine the current operational status and problems of the Public Warning System (PWS) in China, and to propose feasible solutions to improve the performance and efficiency of the PWS through a comparative analysis with the Cell Broadcast Service (CBS)-based disaster SMS system adopted by other developed countries in the world. Design/methodology/approach In this study, the characteristics of PWS using SMS, applications, and CBS, respectively, are analyzed in detail, and compared and analyzed in terms of convenience, standardization, data security, speed, and location accuracy. In addition, CBS-based PWS in developed countries, such as U.S., E.U., Korea and Japan, were studied and their performance on key criteria was evaluated. Findings Based on the results of the study, the problems of China's PWS are summarized and recommendations are made to improve the PWS through the introduction of CBS technology. To this end, specific improvement measures are proposed in terms of the application of CBS technology, system construction and operation, and improvement of data security. In addition, the comparative analysis of PWSs in other developed countries is conducted to provide reference for the direction of PWS's improvement.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.6 no.4
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• pp.293-302
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• 1997

Environmental problems emerged as common global Problems awaiting solution. Active collaborative efforts are required of nations and communities In order to solve environmental problems effectively. International collaboration occurs much more commonly these days than before. and European Community(EC) mumber countries are no exceptions. EC has established and executed the five-year programs on Environmental Policy Implementation, which explicated basic principles for enoronmental policy development, stance 1973. EC programs tend to emphasize that the direction of the policies should reflect a change from a remedial approach to a preventive approach. Those pro- grams have brought an awareness of the Importance of Environmental Impact Assessment(EIAI to EC member countries. France Installed an EIA system In 1976, which was the first among member countries. Several other member countries also established a system. EC decided that a common guideline was necessary. and therefore formulated the "European Community Guideline for Environmental Impact Assessment" In 1985. All member countries were required to legislate an EIA system within three years, according to the Guideline. This study will conduct a comparative analysis of the current EIA systems of different EC member counties. The findings of this study will provide helpful Information on how to Improve the efficacy of the Korean system.an system.