• Proceedings of the Costume Culture Conference
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• 2006.09a
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• pp.93-94
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• 2006

• Smart Structures and Systems
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• v.7 no.3
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• pp.169-184
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• 2011

We review the current understanding of modularity in biological motor control and its forms, and then relate this modularity to proposed modular control structures for biomimetic robots. We note the features that are different between the robotic and the biological 'designs' with features which have evolved by natural selection, and note those aspects of biology which may be counter-intuitive or unique to the biological controls as we currently understand them. Biological modularity can be divided into kinematic modularity comprised of strokes and cycles: primitives approximating a range of optimization criteria, and execution modularity comprised of kinetic motor primitives: muscle synergies recruited by premotor drives which are most often pulsatile, and which have the biomechanical effect of instantiating a visco-elastic force-field in the limb. The relations of these identified biological elements to kinematic and force-level motor primitives employed in robot control formulations are discussed.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Precision Engineering Conference
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• 2013.05a
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• pp.1651-1652
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• 2013

• Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
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• 2005.09a
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• pp.482-484
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• 2005

• Journal of the Korean Society of Industry Convergence
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.523-529
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• 2020

Foot drop is a common symptom in stroke patients due to central nervous system (CNS) damage, which causes walking disturbances. Functional electrical stimulation (FES) is an effective rehabilitation method for stroke patients with CNS damage. Aim of this study was to determine the effectiveness of 6 weeks FES walking training based lower limb muscle synergy of stroke patients. Lower limb muscle synergies were extracted from electromyography (EMG) using a non-negative matrix factorization algorithm (NMF) method. Cosine similarity and cross correlation were calculated for similarity comparison with healthy subjects. In both stroke patients, the similarity of leg muscle synergy during walking changed to similar to that of healthy subjects due to a decrease in foot drop during. FES walking intervention influenced the similarity of muscle synergies during walking of stroke patients. This intervention has an effective method on foot drop and improving the gait performance of stroke patients.

• The Journal of Information Systems
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.251-275
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• 2005

The advantages of implementing a virtual channel can be derived from the notion of the 'death of distance' that would result from electronic commerce. According to this view, the internet was going to make distance irrelevant, in that firms would no longer need to establish a physical presence in a geographical location in order to do business there. However, on-line firms selling physical products could take advantages of presence in the related off-line(brick and mortar) industrial area. This paper developed a conceptual framework that highlights the various types of synergies by location on-line businesses in the related off-line industrial area. Using data from 96 on-line ventures selling physical products, factor analysis was used to figuring out six synergies including improved customer trust, value-added service, cost savings, personnel and organizational efficiency, sharing products and customer information, relationship with suppliers, and relationship with local government. The six empirically derived critical synergy factors were then used to examine how they improve performance of the on-line ventures measured by Balanced Scorecard(BSC). According to lthe results, we concluded that the on-line firms selling physical products can take advantages of presence in the related off-line industrial area.

• Food Science and Biotechnology
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• v.17 no.6
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• pp.1151-1155
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• 2008

This study aimed to investigate the alterations in plasma antioxidant activity after the consumption of a single oral dose of curcumin, vitamin C, and E administered individually or in combination to (i) assess possible synergies or antagonism between the antioxidants and (ii) determine the optimal composition of the antioxidant mixture such that the duration of action is prolonged to beyond that of individual antioxidants. Each antioxidant was administered to male Sprague-Dawley rats, and blood samples were drawn at different time points up to 180 min to measure the plasma total antioxidant capacity (TAC). Five antioxidant compositions (M1-M5) were evaluated to assess the possible synergies or antagonisms among them and to determine the optimal composition of the antioxidant mixture. Blood samples were collected up to 360 min post-consumption. A single oral dose of individual antioxidants significantly increased the TAC values; however, the time to reach the peak TAC value varied. Among the 5 antioxidant compositions, M2 exhibited the highest and most prolonged antioxidant effect in plasma; this was greater than the proportional sum of the effects of the individual antioxidants in the composition. This result indicates a synergistic interaction among antioxidants in the optimal composition M2.

• Architectural research
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.121-128
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• 2018

Given the barriers to implement green building rating systems, Building Information Modeling (BIM) was suggested as an effective solution integrating information into one model and saving substantial time to facilitate certification process. Synergies between BIM and Leadership in Energy and Environment Design (LEED), the most widely used rating system, have been researched for a few decades. This paper demonstrates literature review about the development of integration between BIM and LEED. The research focuses on synergies between BIM and Green Standard for Energy & Environmental Design (G-SEED) in Korea, as one of important strategies to mitigate greenhouse gas emission. The research compares LEED and G-SEED related items based on evaluation contents. The result manifests G-SEED and LEED share many common items in different degrees. Therefore, it is entirely possible for G-SEED and BIM to adapt same developing mode of LEED and BIM. Moreover, the study measures the potential of BIM in application process of G-SEED certification by investigation of credits in LEED and G-SEED can be earned by BIM. The results of paper indicate the documentation support LEED and G-SEED may be prepared directly, semi-directly and indirectly via sustainability analyses software in BIM.

• Korean Journal of Applied Biomechanics
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.371-381
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• 2015

Object : The purpose of this study was to investigate aging-related changes of intrinsic and extrinsic hand muscles in their strength, cross-sectional area and volume, force control, and multi-digit synergies. It was hypothesized that aging would negatively affect distal muscles (intrinsic muscles) more than proximal muscles (extrinsic muscles). Method : Nine young and eleven older right-handed participants underwent MRI scans of the hand and forearm. Muscle cross-sectional areas and volumes of the intrinsic and extrinsic hand muscles were determined. Result : Muscle volume of the intrinsic muscles were larger in the younger group than the older group while muscle volume of the extrinsic muscles did not differ. For the cross-sectional area, both the intrinsic and extrinsic muscles of the younger group were larger than the older group. The maximum strength of the intrinsic muscles of the young group was 31% greater than the older group ($399.1{\pm}26.4$ vs $270.2{\pm}22.9Ncm$, p < 0.05) while the extrinsic muscles showed no significant difference. Although the elderly group showed a trend of decreased force control and multi-digit synergies, no statistical differences were found. These findings indicate aging-related decreases in hand muscle size and strength affect intrinsic muscles more than extrinsic muscles, thus supporting the hypothesis that sarcopenia affects the muscle size and strength of distal muscles more than proximal muscles. Conclusion : The aging-related decreases in hand muscle size and function were more apparent in intrinsic hand muscles, located more distally, than extrinsic muscles, located more proximally.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Geographic Information Studies
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.150-160
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• 2011

IT convergence and integration technology aims to create new synergies by combining IT related technology and performance. This study conducted a basic research for combining construction and IT technology to create new synergies. Specifically, the purpose of this study is to combine USN and GIS technology and then apply it to urban facilities management. For this, we have developed the USN hardware, tested propagation communications, and made the GIS Algorithm and a system. Existing sensor node allocation method is mostly to install in a random way or with in-situ survey, but the problem with this method is contradictory to cost effectiveness and efficiency. To solve this problem, we developed a new method for sensor allocation. Using this method, the USN technology could be applied in the range of city unit. This technology can be applied to the ubiquitous urban development such as U-City and Smart City.