• 대한물리의학회지
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• 제7권2호
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• pp.205-212
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• 2012

Purpose : The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between weight-supporting asymmetry and gait symmetry in patients with stroke. Methods : Sixty two stroke patients with hemiplegia stood quietly with eye opens on a force platform to calculate weight-supporting asymmetry from vertical reaction force. The GAITRite was used to evaluate their gait parameters. The data were analyzed using Pearson correlation. Results : The results of this study was showed that the medio-lateral index (ML) was correlated with symmetry rate (SR), symmetry index (SI), and Gait asymmetry (GA) of step time and length but stronger correlation with spatial gait symmetry than temporal symmetry. In gait symmetry, step length has stronger correlation with weight-supporting asymmetry than step time. Conclusions : The results of this study shows weight-supporting asymmetry was correlated with more spatial gait symmetry than temporal symmetry.

• 대한두개안면성형외과학회지
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• 제16권1호
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• pp.1-10
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• 2015

Facial symmetry is an important component of attractiveness. However, functional symmetry is favorable to aesthetic symmetry. In addition, fluctuating asymmetry is more natural and common, even if patients find such asymmetry to be noticeable. However, fluctuating asymmetry remains difficult to define. Several studies have shown that a certain level of asymmetry could generate an unfavorable image. A natural profile is favorable to perfect mirror-image profile, and images with canting and differences less than $3^{\circ}-4^{\circ}$ and 3-4 mm, respectively, are generally not recognized as asymmetry. In this study, a questionnaire survey among 434 medical students was used to evaluate photos of Asian women. The students preferred original images over mirror images. Facial asymmetry was noticed when the canting and difference were more than $3^{\circ}$ and 3 mm, respectively. When a certain level of asymmetry is recognizable, correcting it can help to improve social life and human relationships. Prior to any operation, the anatomical component for noticeable asymmetry should be understood, which can be divided into hard tissues and soft tissue. For diagnosis, two-and three-dimensional (3D) photogrammetry and radiometry are used, including photography, laser scanner, cephalometry, and 3D computed tomography.

• 대한물리의학회지
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• 제15권3호
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• pp.89-98
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• 2020

PURPOSE: This study investigated the effects of unilateral static stretching on the flexibility and symmetry of the lower leg, and temporal gait variables in gait asymmetry people. METHODS: Twenty gait asymmetry people were divided into a unilateral static stretching group (USG, n = 10) and control group (CON, n = 10). The USG performed unilateral static stretching for 60 minutes, three times a week, and eight weeks. The flexibility of the lower leg (SR), and symmetry (BR), and temporal gait variables (Step length; SL, gait speed; GS) were measured before, after four and eight weeks of unilateral static stretching. Moreover, SI (symmetry index; SI) was calculated from the measured SL value. Statistical analyses were conducted using one-way ANOVA and two-way ANOVA with repeated measures, a paired t-test, and multiple comparisons according to Scheffe. RESULTS: SR and BR in the dominant and non-dominant side, and GS were increased significantly at USG after eight-weeks compared to before unilateral static stretching (p < .05). The difference in BR in the dominant and non-dominant side, and step length (SI) decreased significantly at USG after eight-weeks compared to before unilateral static stretching (p < .05). CONCLUSION: Unilateral static stretching improves the flexibility and symmetry of the lower leg, and temporal gait variables in gait asymmetry people.

• 한국전문물리치료학회지
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• 제28권1호
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• pp.77-83
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• 2021

Background: Although symmetry of spatio-temporal parameter and center of pressure (COP) shift during walking is associated with knee adduction moment, research on clinical association with knee osteoarthritis (OA)-related knee pain and functional scores is lacking. Objects: The aims were 1) to compare symmetry of gait parameters and COP-shift in patients with unilateral knee OA and pain and matched controls, and 2) to investigate the relationship between symmetry of gait parameters and COP-shift, and clinical measures. Methods: Female subjects (n = 16) had with unilateral radiological knee OA and pain. Healthy controls (n = 15) were age-matched to OA group. Symmetry of foot rotation, step length, stance and swing phase, lateral symmetry of COP and anterior/posterior symmetry of COP during walking was assessed. To assess the clinical variables, pain intensity, pain duration and function using Knee Osteoarthritis Outcome Survey (KOOS) subscales were collected. We compared symmetry between groups using Mann-Whitney U-test or independent t-test. Relationships between clinical measures and symmetry index measured using Spearman's correlation test. Statistical significance was set at α = 0.05. Results: Knee OA group showed significantly greater values of only lateral symmetry of COP (p < 0.01) than healthy group. Values of lateral symmetry of COP had moderate or strong correlation significantly with the intensity of knee pain, pain duration, and scores of all KOOS subscales (p < 0.01). Conclusion: Patients with unilateral knee OA and pain showed more asymmetry of lateral COP-shift during walking compared with matched healthy controls. In addition, larger asymmetry of lateral COP-shift has the moderate or strong association with worse of knee pain, worse in KOOS scores and longer duration of knee pain. Asymmetry of lateral COP-shift during walking may be one of the characteristics of unilateral knee OA as the compensatory strategy response to unilateral OA of the knee.

• 디지털융복합연구
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• 제17권6호
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• pp.389-399
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• 2019

이 연구의 목적은 사이클 선수를 대상으로 슬관절 등속성 근기능의 좌 우측 불균형이 무산소성 페달링 파워 관련 변인에 미치는 영향을 조사하는 것이다. 슬관절 등속성 근력 기준으로 비주측과 주측의 근력균형지수가 매우 균형적인 집단(High Symmetry Group, HSG), 적정수준의 집단(Moderate Symmetry Group, MSG), 불균형이 존재하는 집단(Asymmetry Group, AG)으로 분류하여 페달링 기능을 비교하였다. 그 결과 신근력의 비주측과 주측의 근력 불균형은 페달링 기능의 집단 간 차이점이 없었다. 한편, 굴근력의 비주측과 주측 근력균형지수의 불균형은 무산소성 페달링 파워 관련 변인에서 집단 간 차이점이 미세하게 존재하였지만, 페달링 기능에 부정적인 영향을 미치는 수준은 아닌 것으로 판단된다. 그러므로 좌 우측 근기능이 거의 동일하게 적용되는 사이클 선수에게도 근력 불균형이 존재하였으나, 이러한 불균형이 페달링 기능에 부정적인 영향을 미치지 않는 것으로 판단된다.

• Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
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• 제34권1호
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• pp.34-40
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• 2012

Purpose: The study was performed to compare patients with anatomical variations in facial asymmetry with patients in the normal range using cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) and to take the preoperative condition into consideration in the case of a sagittal split ramus osteotomy (SSRO). Methods: The study was conducted on 46 adult patients composed of 2 subdivided groups, an asymmetry group (n=26) and a symmetry group (n=20). The asymmetry group was divided between patients with hemimandibular hyperplasia (HH, n=8) and hemimandibular elongation (HE, n=18). Using cross-sectional computed tomography images, the thickness of cancelleous bone in the buccal area of the mandible, thickness of buccal cortex in the buccal aspect of the mandible, thickness of cancellous bone in the inferior aspect of the mandible, thickness of buccal cortex in the inferior aspect of the mandible, and cross-sectional surface area of the mandible were measured. Results: In the asymmetry group, the cross-sectional area of the mandible including the inferior alveolar nerve positioned on the affected side was significantly different from the symmetry group. Thickness of cancelleous bone in the buccal aspect of the mandible, thickness of cancelleous bone in the inferior aspect of the mandible, and cross-sectional surface area of the mandible in the affected site of hemimandibular hyperplasia was significantly smaller than in the symmetry group. Conclusion: The inferior alveolar nerve runs lower and in a more buccal direction and shows a smaller cross-sectional surface of the mandible in the hemimandibular hyperplasia patients with asymmetry.

• 제어로봇시스템학회:학술대회논문집
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• 제어로봇시스템학회 1996년도 Proceedings of the Korea Automatic Control Conference, 11th (KACC); Pohang, Korea; 24-26 Oct. 1996
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• pp.434-437
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• 1996

Symmetry is one of the important structural properties of shapes both in perceptual psychology and in computer vision. Recently, a number of automatic symmetry finding algorithms have been reported. Among them, the algorithm based on the use of principal axes of objects is the most general and practical. It is, however, of no use when shapes concerned have some asymmetry. Asymmetric shapes which make us associate with certain kinds of symmetry are practically important and they are called shapes with potential symmetry in this paper. The algorithm we have already proposed can cope with those shapes having potential axial symmetry. The algorithm employs a reflected image of the original and a certain evaluation function. In the former paper, areal minimization was employed for the evaluation function and it yielded satisfactory experimental results. However, it could not cope with those shapes which have larger asymmetry. In this paper, we propose the employment of variance as an alternative evaluation index with respect to the difference image between the reflected and the original shape. The technique is examined its performance by real video images as well as synthetic data. Experimental results are shown and discussion is given.

• 대한물리의학회지
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• 제5권3호
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• pp.385-394
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• 2010

Purpose : The present study was to examine the difference and severity of asymmetry in independently ambulating stroke survivors and to establish the association between gait asymmetry, velocity, and the motor function of lower extremity. Methods : The subjects used in this study were 43 subjects with hemiparesis being able to walk independently. Motor function of lower extremity was measured clinically with the Fugl Meyer-Lower /Extremity Assessment. Overground gait velocity and spatia-temporal parameters were collected by the GAITRite system. Results : Thirty(69.77%) patients showed statistically significant temporal asymmetry while 28(65.1%) exhibited statistically significant spatial asymmetry. One-way ANOVA results showed a main effect of temporal asymmetry group(normative, mild, severe) for gait velocity(F=74.129), FM-L/E(F=17.270), swing-stance symmetry(F=66.869, F=13.485, respectively), spatio-temporal asymmetry(F=13.166, F=31.800, respectively) 66, F=31.800, respectively). Gait velocity was negatively associated with temporal asymmetry(r=-.83), spatial asymmetry(r=-.60). Motor function of lower extremity was also associated with temporal asymmetry(r=-.58), and spatial asymmetry(r=-.50). Conclusion : The study attempted to establish the standard assessment of hemiparesis gait symmetry in light of the complex relationship with motor impairment and gait velocity. More future work will need to link the degree of gait asymmetry to clinically relevant outcomes to better establish the clinical significance of such observations.

• 한국운동역학회지
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• 제24권4호
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• pp.391-397
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• 2014

The purpose of this work is to biomechanically study the effect of the one leg standing pose in yoga.. The work have been done through the evaluation for the left and right symmetry ability of one leg standing pose in the before and after yoga training for the 14 female yoga subject group (height: $164.3{\pm}4.4cm$, mass: $53.4{\pm}6.4kg$, year: $20.0{\pm}0.49yrs$) participated in this experiment. The motions of one leg standing pose were captured with Vicon system and the parameters were calculated with Visual-3D and Ground reaction force system. The results were as followed; - Front and backward COPsd did not show the significant difference, compared the before training with the after. - Left and right COPsd showed the significant difference (p<0.05), compared the before training with the after. - COP distance showed the significant difference (p<0.01), compared the before training with the after. - The asymmetry index of front and backward COPsd did not show the significant difference, compared the before training with the after. - The asymmetry index of left and right COPsd did not show the significant difference, compared the before training with the after. - The asymmetry index of COP distance showed the significant difference (p<0.01), compared the before training with the after. Therefore, the yoga training demonstrated the stable improvement in the one leg standing pose of inferior feet and the positive effect to the left and right symmetry ability.

• 대한치과교정학회지
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• 제44권2호
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• pp.62-68
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• 2014

Objective: The purpose of this study was to examine the symmetry and parallelism of the skeletal and soft-tissue poria by three-dimensional (3D) computed tomographic (CT) imaging. Methods: The locations of the bilateral skeletal and soft-tissue poria in 29 patients with facial asymmetry (asymmetric group) and 29 patients without facial asymmetry (symmetric group) were measured in 3D reconstructed models of CT images by using a 3D coordinate system. The mean intergroup differences in the anteroposterior and vertical angular deviations of the poria and their anteroposterior and vertical parallelism were statistically analyzed. Results: The symmetric and asymmetric groups showed significant anteroposterior angular differences in both the skeletal and the soft-tissue poria (p = 0.007 and 0.037, respectively; Mann-Whitney U-test). No significant differences in the anteroposterior and vertical parallelism of the poria were noted ($p{\leq}0.05$; Wilcoxon signed-rank test). Conclusions: In general, the skeletal poria are parallel to the soft-tissue poria. However, patients with facial asymmetry tend to have asymmetric poria.