• 대한전자공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한전자공학회 2001년도 하계종합학술대회 논문집(2)
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• pp.369-372
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• 2001

This paper presents the design of high-speed virtual output queue(VOQ) management scheme for high performance cell/packet switch, which has a serial cross bar structure. The proposed VOQ management scheme has been designed for wire-speed routing with a pipelined buffer management. It provides the tolerance of requests and grants data transmission latency between the VOQ manager and central arbiter using a new request control method that is based on a high-speed shifter. The designed VOQ manager has been implemented in a field programmable gate array chip with a 77MHz operating frequency, a 900-pin fine ball grid array package, and 16$\times$16 switch size.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• 제26권5호
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• pp.347-355
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• 2022

Abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) is a life-threatening disorder worldwide. Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) was shown to display a high level in the plasma of patients with AAA; however, its detailed functions underlying AAA pathogenesis are unclear. An in vitro AAA model was established in human aortic vascular smooth muscle cells (HASMCs) by angiotensin II (Ang-II) stimulation. Cell counting kit-8, wound healing, and Transwell assays were utilized for measuring cell proliferation and migration. RT-qPCR was used for detecting mRNA expression of FGF21 and activating transcription factor 4 (ATF4). Western blotting was utilized for assessing protein levels of FGF21, ATF4, and markers for the contractile phenotype of HASMCs. ChIP and luciferase reporter assays were implemented for identifying the binding relation between AFT4 and FGF21 promoters. FGF21 and ATF4 were both upregulated in Ang-II-treated HASMCs. Knocking down FGF21 attenuated Ang-II-induced proliferation, migration, and phenotype switch of HASMCs. ATF4 activated FGF21 transcription by binding to its promoter. FGF21 overexpression reversed AFT4 silencing-mediated inhibition of cell proliferation, migration, and phenotype switch. ATF4 transcriptionally upregulates FGF21 to promote the proliferation, migration, and phenotype switch of Ang-II-treated HASMCs.

• 제어로봇시스템학회:학술대회논문집
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• 제어로봇시스템학회 2000년도 제15차 학술회의논문집
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• pp.318-318
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• 2000

Current signal square based on switch current is presented in this article. This is the new technique that can design current signal square circuit by using switch-current memory cell, current square and sample and hold technique, which have been presented by the general switch-current. This principle which is present have the good electrical characteristics such as the low input impedance, high output impedance and high frequency response. The system can also operate in the audio frequency range to the high frequency current signal. The system application of this technique can be apply to the current signal multiplier by quarter square technique. The experimental results agree well with the theory as high accuracy and linearity.

• 한국통신학회논문지
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• 제24권12A호
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• pp.1910-1916
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• 1999

본 논문은 버스트 트래픽 특성을 갖는 ATM 망에서 입력 버퍼 제어형 ATM 스위치의 서비스 률 및 성능 문제점을 해결하기 위해 임의의 시간 간격을 갖고 입력되는 입력 트래픽의 전단에, 셀 다중화기를 두어 셀 들을 다중 분리하고 각 셀 들의 도착 시간 간격과 처리 요구 시간(due time)을“표기(marking)”하여 각각의 입력 버퍼로 전송하고, 서버는 각 입력 버퍼의 헤더에 있는 셀 도착 시간 간격과 셀 들의 처리 요구 시간을 비교하여 처리 요구 시간이 가장 작은 값을 가지는 셀을 우선 처리하여 전송토록 하였다. 이렇게 함으로써 실 시간적으로 빠르게 전송되어야 하는 셀 들을 비 실 시간적으로 전송되어도 되는 셀 보다 먼저 전송하여 셀 처리 시간을 보장하고, 지연에 민감한 트래픽을 우선 처리함으로서 CBR 및 VBR의 트래픽 특성을 만족토록 하였다. 이러한 셀 처리 요구 시간 및 우선 순위를 고려한 ATM 스위치의 성능을 분석하기 위해서 각 출력 포트당 4개의 가상 버퍼를 설정하고 각각의 버퍼에 ATM Forum에서 권고하는 CBR/rt-VBR(셀 손실 및 지여 우선순위), nrt-VBR(셀 손실 우선순위), ABR(셀 지연 우선순위) 및 UBR(하위순위) 트래픽 특성에 따?, 셀의 도착 시간과 셀 처리 요구 시간을 다르게 부과하여 최적의 서비스 파라메타 값을 도출하고 각각의 트래픽 특성에 따른 서비스를 분석하였다.

• 한국통신학회논문지
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• 제21권3호
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• pp.629-642
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• 1996

ATM switch handles the traffic for a wide range of appliations with different QOS(Quality-of-Service) requirements. In ATM switch, the priority control mechanism is needed to improve effectively the required QOS requirements. In this paper, we propose a priority control mechanism using the cell transfer ratio type and discard threshold in order to archive the cell loss probability requirement and the delay requirement of each service class. The service classes of our concern are the service class with high time priority(class 1) and the service class with high loss priority control mechanism, cells for two kind of service classes are stored and processed within one buffer. In case cells are stored in the buffer, cells for class 2 are allocated in the stored and processed within one buffer. In case cells are stored in the buffer, cells for class 2 are allocated in the shole range of the buffer and cells for class 1 are allocated up to discard threshold of the buffer. In case cells in the buffer are transmitted, one cell for class 1 is transmitted whenever the maximum K cells for class 2 are transmitted consecutively. We analyze the time delay and the loss probability for each class of traffic using Markov chain. The results show that the characteristics of the mean cell delay about cells for class 1 becomes better and that of the cell loss probability about cells for class 2 becomes better by selecting properly discard threshold of the buffer and the cell transfer ratio according to the condition of input traffic.

• 한국음향학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국음향학회 1998년도 학술발표대회 논문집 제17권 2호
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• pp.223-226
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• 1998

In the Input Buffer Switch using the intial stage FIFO memory structure, It has pointed the Throughput limitation to the percent of 58.6 due to HOL(Head of Line) blocking in the DBP(Dedicated Buffer with Pointer) method, During that time, To overcome these problems, The prior papers have proposed the complicated Arbitration algorithms and Non-FIFO memory structures. and These showed the improved Throughput. But, Now, To design high speed ATM Switch which need to the tens of Giga bit/s or the tens of Tera bit/s. It has more difficulty in proceeding the priority of majority and the complicated Cell Scheduling, because of the problem in operating the control speed of the ratio of N to scanning each port and scheduling the Cell. In this paper, To overcome these problems, We could show more the improved performance than the existing DBP Window policy to design high speed ATM Switch.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• 제26권6호
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• pp.519-530
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• 2022

Recent research indicates that lactate promotes the switching of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) to a synthetic phenotype, which has been implicated in various vascular diseases. This study aimed to investigate the effects of lactate on the VSMC phenotype switch and the underlying mechanism. The CCK-8 method was used to assess cell viability. The microRNAs and mRNAs levels were evaluated using quantitative PCR. Targets of microRNA were predicted using online tools and confirmed using a luciferase reporter assay. We found that lactate promoted the switch of VSMCs to a synthetic phenotype, as evidenced by an increase in VSMC proliferation, mitochondrial activity, migration, and synthesis but a decrease in VSMC apoptosis. Lactate inhibited miR-23b expression in VSMCs, and miR-23b inhibited VSMC's switch to the synthetic phenotype. Lactate modulated the VSMC phenotype through downregulation of miR-23b expression, suggesting that overexpression of miR-23b using a miR-23b mimic attenuated the effects of lactate on VSMC phenotype modulation. Moreover, we discovered that SMAD family member 3 (SMAD3) was the target of miR-23b in regulating VSMC phenotype. Further findings suggested that lactate promotes VSMC switch to synthetic phenotype by targeting SMAD3 and downregulating miR-23b. These findings suggest that correcting the dysregulation of miR-23b/SMAD3 or lactate metabolism is a potential treatment for vascular diseases.

• 대한전자공학회논문지TC
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• 제37권9호
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• pp.24-29
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• 2000

데이터, 음성, 영상등에 대한 다양한 종류의 서비스들이 요구되어지면서 ATM기술은 중요한 역할을 하게 될 것이다. 그러나 기존의 AAL Type들로는 저속의 짧은 가변길이를 Packet을 사용하는 서비스를 지원하기는 문제점이 있었다. 이러한 문제의 해결을 위해 AAL Type 2는 저속이면서 짧고 가변의 길이를 가지는 패킷들을 사용하며 지연에는 민감한 특성을 가지는 응용들을 지원하기 위해 만들어 졌다. 본 논문에서는 AAL Type 2의 서비스를 지원하는데 있어 ATM 망에서 AAL Type 2 ATM Cell들을 Switching하기 위한 AAL 2 Switch의 구조를 제안하고 CAD 설계하였다. 제안한 AAL2 Switch는 Module화를 통하여 확장성을 가지도록 설계하였다. 또한 Computer Simulation을 통하여 성능 분석하였다.

• 정보처리학회논문지C
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• 제10C권4호
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• pp.485-492
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• 2003

본 논문에서는 ATM 스위치에서 복수개의 입력버퍼를 사용하는 경우 HOL 블록킹에 의한 성능 저하의 영향을 최소화하기 위하여 입력버퍼 방식을 개선한 그룹형 버퍼 방식의 새로운 스위치구조를 제안한다. 스위치 내부 구조는 네트워크의 구조적 특성에 따라 분할된 서브 네트워크들을 단계별로 재귀적 방법으로 그룹화하여 구성된다. 이것은 블록된 셀을 전송하기 위하여 그룹간에 추가적인 경로와 버퍼를 제공하게 함으로써 HOL 블록킹에 의한 영향을 감소시킬수 있으며, 따라서 스위치의 성능이 향상되는 결과를 나타낸다. 처리율, 셀 손실율, 지연, 시스템 파워 등의 척도를 고려한 시뮬레이션을 통하여 기존의 모델과 비교, 분석하였다.

• 한국광과학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국광과학회 2006년도 정기총회 및 제13회 학술대회 논문 초록
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• pp.64-64
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• 2006