• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• v.26 no.6
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• pp.418-424
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• 2014

Purpose: This study was performed to investigate the effect of joint mobilization on pain relief and cartilage repair in an induced osteoarthritis rat model by analyzing the expression of heat shock protein 70 in articular cartilage. Methods: MIA was injected into SD rats to induce osteoarthritis. These rats were divided into 4 groups: control group (n=30), no further treatment after the MIA injection ; experimental group I(n=30), performed swimming exercise after the MIA injection experimental group II (n=30), underwent joint mobilization after the MIA injection and experimental group III (n=30), performed swimming exercise and underwent joint mobilization after the MIA injection. For the histologic and pathophysiologic evaluation, safranin-O staining and for the immunohistochemical evaluation, the expression of HSP 70 in articular cartilage was analyzed 1, 7, 14, and 21 days after the MIA injection. Results: The inflammatory response and loss of tissue declined in experimental groups I and II over time, whereas the greatest decreases were noted in experimental group III. In the articular cartilage, low expression of HSP 70 was observed in every group on day 1, whereas HSP 70 expression was elevated on days 7 and 14 in experimental groups II and III. After 21 days, experimental group II displayed the strongest positive reaction, whereas HSP 70 was higher in experimental group III at this time point compared to that after 14 days. Conclusion: Our results showed that swimming exercise and joint mobilization had positive effects on pain relief and histologic and functional recovery in an induced osteoarthritis rat model.

• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• v.40 no.1
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• pp.1-12
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• 2023

It was investigated whether a combination of PPARα activator fenofibrate and swimming exercise (H/F/S) would have a beneficial synergistic effect on improving inflammation of white adipose tissue compared to the single prescription of fenofibrate (H/F) and swimming exercise (H/S) in male mice that fed high fat diet. The body weight, weight of white adipose tissue and total cholesterol levels in the serum increased in mice-fed high fat diets (H) compared to mice-fed low fat diets (L). Compared to H, both H/F and H/S decreased these. These levels reduced by fenofibrate were more effectively reduced by the combination of fenofibrate and swimming exercise (H/F/S). As a result of examining the expression of inflammatory cytokines genes and fatty acid oxidation genes in white adipose tissue, H increased compared to L, both H/F and H/S decreased compared to H, and H/F/S decreased further compared to H/F. Thus, this study revealed that the combination of fenofibrate and swimming exercise in male mice fed high-fat diet suppresses inflammation of white adipose tissue caused by obesity through promoted fatty acid oxidation more effectively than the fenofibrate alone, and suggested a practical way to improve inflammation of adipose tissue caused by obesity.

• Food Science and Biotechnology
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• v.16 no.6
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• pp.894-901
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• 2007

This study investigated the effects of cell cultured Acanthopanax senticosus extract (ASE) supplementation and swimming exercise on lipid profiles and carnitine concentrations in C57BL/6J mice fed high fat diets. Male C57BL/6J mice (n=50), aged 4 weeks, were divided into 5 groups based on exercise and/or ASE supplementation (0.5 g/kg of body weight): normal diet (N-C), high fat diet (H-C), high fat diet non-supplement & exercise (H-NSE), high fat diet supplement & no exercise (H-SNE), high fat diet supplement & exercis (H-SE). Liver nonesterified carnitine (NEC) was significantly higher in the H-SNE group than in the H-C group, and liver total carnitine (TCNE) levels were significantly higher in the H-SNE group than in the H-NSE and H-SE groups. Liver and muscle carnitine palmitoyltransferase-I (CPT-I) mRNA levels tended to be higher with ASE supplementation and/or exercise. These results suggest that supplementation with ASE and/or exercise might have a role in improving lipid oxidation.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.200-206
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• 2012

The changes in physiologic parameters by swim exercise duration were examined in five female well-trained Jeju crossbred riding horses that had riding experience of more than three years without swim training experience. The horses were performed with swim exercise for 10 min (60.0 m/min) once a day for 14 days. Physiologic characteristics and haematic parameters were measured before swimming, immediately after swimming, and after a 10 min rest at first day ($D_0$), 7 days ($D_7$), and 14 days ($D_{14}$) of training. After 14 days of swim training, heart rate (p<0.05), blood glucose (p<0.05), lactate concentration (p<0.001), packed cell volume (p<0.01), and hemoglobin (p<0.01) measured immediately after swim and after 10 min rest showed significant lower values than those of $D_0$. The results illustrate the benefits of swim training for riding horses and the need for the establishment of swimming routines of appropriate duration and intensity to maximize the advantages of swim training.

• Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine
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• v.48 no.1
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• pp.43-49
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• 2021

Objective: Exercise is a risk factor for infertility in women. However, research on the effects of different intensities of exercise on folliculogenesis has not yielded clear results. This study was conducted to analyze the effects of differences in the intensity of exercise on folliculogenesis in mice. Methods: Nineteen female BALB/c mice (age, 3-4 months; weight, 13-25 g) were randomly divided into four groups: control, mild exercise, moderate exercise, and high-intensity exercise. The mice in the exercise groups engaged in swimming, with additional loads of 3%, 6%, or 9% of body weight, respectively. There were five swimming sessions per week for 4 weeks, with a gradually increasing duration every week. At the end of the treatment, ovarian extraction was carried out and hematoxylin and eosin staining was performed to identify folliculogenesis. Results: There were significant differences in the number of total follicles between the control and moderate-exercise groups (p=0.036) and between the mild- and moderate-exercise groups (p=0.005). The mean number of primary follicles was higher in the moderate-exercise group than in the mild-exercise group (p=0.006). The mean number of secondary, tertiary, and Graafian follicles did not differ significantly among groups (p≥0.05). However, the number of total follicles and follicles in each phase tended to increase after exercise, especially moderate-intensity exercise. Conclusion: Exercise of different intensities affected the total number of follicles and primary follicles. The number of follicles of each phase tended to increase after exercise. Moderate-intensity exercise had better effects than other intensities of exercise.

• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• v.37 no.5
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• pp.1125-1137
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• 2020

This study investigated whether swimming exercise suppresses(: inhibites) the inflammatory response in adipose tissue in obese mice induced by a high fat diet after ovariectomy in female mice. Experimental group and control group were divided into sham-opereated group (Sham), ovariectomized group (OVX), and ovariectomized group with swimming exercise (OVX/Ex). All female mice fed high fat diet (45% fat) for 8 weeks. Compared with the Sham, the OVX increased the weight of visceral adipose tissue including parametrial, retroperitoneal, and mesenteric adipose tissue. Compared to the OVX, the OVX/Ex demonstrated reductions the weight of visceral adipose tissue. Compared to the Sham, the OVX decreased the mRNA expression of IκBα and increased the mRNA expression of inflammatory cytokines (L-6, MCP-1, TNF-α and leptin) in adipose tissue. But the OVX/Ex appeared to increase the mRNA expression of IκBα and decrease the mRNA expression of inflammatory cytokines in adipose tissue, compared with the OVX. This findings suggested that swimming exercise is useful for preventing adipose tissue inflammation, which will be effective in the prevention and treatment of obesity in obese mice induced obesity by a high fat diet after ovariectomy.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.246-252
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• 2015

The hot water extract of leather carp (Cyprinus carpio nudus) has been used as a nourishing tonic soup and as an aid for recovery from physical fatigue. In this study, we investigated the effect of leather carp extract on exercise performance in mice. Swimming endurance and forelimb grip strength were assessed following oral administration of the extract (once per day for 7 days) at a dose of $0.5 mg/10{\mu}L/g$ body weight. After 7 days, mice given the leather carp extract had significantly greater swimming endurance [$105{\pm}18s$ (P<0.05); 52% longer than day 0] and forelimb grip strength [$1.18{\pm}0.05$ Newton (P<0.01); 17% greater than day 0]. The extract increased muscle mass, but had little effect on body weight. Following the swimming exercise, blood glucose, glutathione peroxidase, and superoxide dismutase levels in extract-fed mice were significantly higher (145%, 131%, and 106%, respectively) than in the saline control group. Blood levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol were also significantly increased (128%) in mice given the extract compared to the controls. These results suggest that leather carp extract can improve physical exercise performance and prevent oxidative stress caused by exhaustive workouts.

• The Journal of Korea CHUNA Manual Medicine
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.1-14
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• 2002

Objectives : To investigate the effects of Saengmaeksan-with-Ogapy on the recovery of fatigue induced by post-swimming exercise. Methods : The lactic acid, creatine phosphokinase(CPK), lactate dehydrogenase(LDH) and glucose were measured in blood. Results: The result were as follows; 1. The lactic acid levels in Saengmaeksan and Saengmaeksan-with-Ogapy group were immediately decreased at 30 minutes after exercise and statistically showed the significance different from the control group (P<0.005). 2. The CPK activities in Saengmaeksan and Saengmaeksan-with-Ogapy group were immediately decreased after exercise and statistically showed the significant difference compared with the control group (P<0.05). 3. The LDH activities in Saengmaeksan and Saengmaeksan-with-Ogapy group did not show the significant difference compared with the control group. 4. The glucose levels in Saengmaeksan and Saengmaeksan-with-Ogapy group did not statistically show the significant difference compared with the control group. Conclusions So it could be concluded that saengmaeksan and Saengmaeksan-with-Ogapy can recover the fatigue of after exercise.

• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.47 no.3
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• pp.258-263
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• 2016

In this study, we tested anti-fatigue effect of Kyung-Ok-Ko (KOK). We examined the exercise performance effects of KOK (600 mg/kg) at 2nd, 3rd and 4th week. The exercise performance of KOK treated group was significantly improved than that of vehicle control (VC) group on grip strength (2nd week), exhausted time of treadmill (3rd week) and exhausted time of weight loaded swimming (4th week). We also investigated the effects of KOK on the change of fatigue parameters in blood, skeletal muscle and liver after swimming exercise. KOK significantly reduced lactate level and enhanced glucose level in blood. Equally KOK significantly increased glycogen in skeletal muscle. However, the glycogen level of KOK in the liver was not significantly increased compared to VC group. These results show that supplementation of KOK may improve the anti-fatigue activity and exercise capacity.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.29 no.7
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• pp.806-820
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• 1996

The relationship between exercise and hone mineral density (BMD) was investigated in 153 healthy women. The BMD of lumbar spine, femur(neck, ward's triangle, trochanter) and total body was determined by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry in a group subjects(65) aged 19-59 years who had been exercising(swimming or aerobic dancing) regularly for at least 2 years as well as in a similar group of nonexercising control subjects(88). Weight, height, total lean body mass(=weight-total fat body mass-bone mineral content), animal and meat Ca, Ca index, energy expenditure, BMD, PYD/Cr were significantly higher in the exercisers than the controls. There were significantly negative correlations between age, ALP and osteocalcin and BMD, but significantly positive correlations between weight, BMI, total fat body mass and total lean body mass and BMD. Stepwise multiple regression analysis revealed that total lean body mass may be a better independent predictor to BMD than total fat body mass. The nutrient intakes were more closely related to BMD in the exercisers than the controls, but energy expenditure was more closely related to BMD in the controls than the exercisers Stepwise multiple regression analysis revealed that BMD was closely related to menopause, osteocalcin, age, weight in both groups but energy intake in the exercisers alone, energy expenditure in control alone. In premenopausal women, the exercisers had significantly greater BMD than the controls. But, in postmenopausal women, no significant difference between two groups was detected. When compared to BMD of the subjects with same age range to minimize the effect of age, aerobic dancing appears to be capable of exerting a positive effect on BMD in a group of subjects aged 19-44. However, no relationship of the swimming to BMD could be identified in a group of subjects aged 37-59. The results of this study suggest that the usefulness of exercisng appears to be significantly greater in preemenopausal women than postmenoparusal women and weight bearing activity, aerobic dancing is associated with increasing BMD at the weight bearing sites and could be beneficial in the prevention of bone loss. But the usefulness of swimming on bone should be further investgated.