Magazine of the Korean Society of Agricultural Engineers
/
v.10
no.1
/
pp.1394-1408
/
1968
The tidal discharge is defined as the quantity of water flowing through a certain cross-section per unit of time, in contrast to river discharges, tidal discharges change periodically in magnitude and direction. Thus the total volumes of water flowing into again out of the system-called flood volume and ebb volume, respectively, depend on both the tidal and the river discharges. To ditermine the tidal discharge and the flood and ebb volumes of the Yong-san river, the discharges were measured at spring, mean and neap tide and simultaneous gage reading were taken at Samhak-do, Lower Myo-do, Myongsan-ni and Naju. The general procedure for measuring the tidal discharges was as follows. First, several cross-sections were measured and one of them was chosen. First, several cross-sections were measured and one of them was chosen. Then verticals were serected in the chosen cross section. Because comparatively few verticals should be representative of the discharge distribution over the river profile, the selection was done in accordance with the somtimes irregular bottom profile. The velocities were measured with the same current meters. The observations which included water level readings were continued for a period of about 13 hours. The current direction meter, a pyramid shaped resistance body, suspend in the water on a thin wire. The bubble in a circular tilting level fixed to the wire indicates the direction of the current. Reading were taken at intervals of 1m for depths of 10m or less, and for depths over 10m at intervals of 2m, going downwards and upwards. The averages of the two velocities were used for the computation of the discharges. The discharges and the flood and ebb volumes were ditermined by a graphical method. The mean velocities, corrected for their direction when necesary, were ditermined for each time interval and each vertical, and these velocities were plotted against the time. The resulting curves show possible mistakes very clearly, and the effect of observation errors could be reduced. The corrected velocities read from the curve at half-hour intervals were multiplied by the depth at the virtical at the corresponding time. The discharges thus found were ploted against the position of the vertical in the transit and joined by a smooth curve, integration of the curve rendered the total discharges as they occurred of half-hour intervals. Plotting these total discharges against the time yeilded during the day. The flood and ebb volumes were obtained by integration of the total discharge curve.
Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
/
v.22
no.10
/
pp.1881-1891
/
2000
Cenosphere particles of different fly ash formed at the pulverized coal power plant were hollow sphere or filled with small particles inside solid particles. And size was relatively larger than other fly ash particles as well as specific gravity was small to suspend in the water. In this paper, it was demonstrated to contain a variety of morphological particle type, and the physical and chemical properties related to the cenosphere and fly ash particles. Furthermore it was estimated the possibility to reuse the cenosphere particles on the base of cenosphere properties. Cenosphere formation resulted from melting of mineral inclusion in coal, and then gas generation inside the molten droplet. As the aluminosilicate particle was progressively heated, a molten surface layer developed around the solid core. Further heating leaded to cause the formation of fine particles at the core. The mass median diameter(MMD) of cenosphere particles was $123.11{\mu}m$ and the range of size distribution was $100{\sim}200{\mu}m$ with single modal. It was represented that specific density was $0.67g/cm^3$ fineness was $1135g/cm^3$. The chemical components of cenosphere were similar to other fly ash including $SiO_2$, $Al_2O_3$, but the amount of the chemical component was different respectively. In the case of fly ash, $SiO_2$ concentration was 54.75%, and $Al_2O_3$ concentration was 21.96%, so this two components was found in 76.71% of the total concentration. But in the case of cenosphere, it was represented that $SiO_2$ concentration was 59.17% and $Al_2O_3$ concentration was 30.16%, so this two components was found in 89.33% of the total concentration. Glassy component formed by the aluminosilicate was high in the cenosphere, so that it was suitable to use insulating heat material.
Korea's tidelands policy IS examined and criticized in the paper. Korea's major tidelands in the west coast might disappear within a decade. The anachronistic development IS driven by the political interest group, forming coalition for reclamation and busily fulfilling its own profits under the facade of public good and regional development. But all regions of the world have been gradually scrapping the massive reclamation projects since the 1970's and active movements to reverse the reclamation and restore the nature are on the rise. In 1978, the U.S. Supreme Court decided to suspend the construction of the dam and to protect the snail darter despite that over 100 million dollars had been injected. This court ruling became famous and caused the American public to change their perception about the environment. In the Netherlands, following a prolonged discussion on pros and cons of reclamation, open type seawall was adopted to strike a balance among the available alternatives. Japan's Ministry of Environment was praised for forming the National Wetland Committee in order to designate 20 new Ramsar sites by 2008, with an objective to reach 33 designated Ramsar sites. Away from the large-scale reclamation projects, Korea has to move towards smaller-scale projects focusing on the knowledege intensive and circular economy society that are more in harmony with the environment.
In this paper, we propose an agent architecture called L-CAA that is quite effective in real-time dynamic environments. L-CAA is an extension of CAA, the behavior-based agent architecture which was also developed by our research group. In order to improve adaptability to the changing environment, it is extended by adding reinforcement learning capability. To obtain stable performance, however, behavior selection and execution in the L-CAA architecture do not entirely rely on learning. In L-CAA, learning is utilized merely as a complimentary means for behavior selection and execution. Behavior selection mechanism in this architecture consists of two phases. In the first phase, the behaviors are extracted from the behavior library by checking the user-defined applicable conditions and utility of each behavior. If multiple behaviors are extracted in the first phase, the single behavior is selected to execute in the help of reinforcement learning in the second phase. That is, the behavior with the highest expected reward is selected by comparing Q values of individual behaviors updated through reinforcement learning. L-CAA can monitor the maintainable conditions of the executing behavior and stop immediately the behavior when some of the conditions fail due to dynamic change of the environment. Additionally, L-CAA can suspend and then resume the current behavior whenever it encounters a higher utility behavior. In order to analyze effectiveness of the L-CAA architecture, we implement an L-CAA-enabled agent autonomously playing in an Unreal Tournament game that is a well-known dynamic virtual environment, and then conduct several experiments using it.
Let us critique the common notion that ethical examination retards the development of science and technology. First, I shall reformulate such a notion in the following statements: 'To survive the competitive society, we must develop science and technology before others do. It will cost too much time to examine ethically the influence of developing science and technology. Therefore, we cannot but suspend the ethical matters until we have developed science and technology.' I will then show that even if we reconstruct the above argument in a deductively valid form, the second premise is not necessarily true and that we cannot accept the conclusion because the meaning of 'competing for better lives', in the first premise, is diverse. Especially if we are to take into account all the areas of ethics and base them upon the autonomous ethics of democratic societies, it cannot be concluded that ethics is an enemy of developing science and technology. In addition, I will argue that our moral considerations must be based upon autonomous ethics in order to make the development of science and technology contribute to enhancing the desirable science culture. In the midst of making the above argument, it is proposed that the title of the 1aw of bio-ethics be changed, for it has a mistaken implication that acting against ethics results in legal punishments.
This study aims to analyze the details of the executive order of the president of the United States, which have been developed in the country's administrative system to institutionalize the guarantee of the people's right to know the classified records, as well as to protecting national secrets. This study also aims to present any implications for the development of the classified record management system of Korea. To this end, the previously issued EO concerning the classified records management were reviewed in terms of its classification, safeguard, and declassification. The analysis results showed that the EO by the president established and prescribed the special access program for national secrets, the system to exempt and suspend the automatic declassification, and the sanctions for protecting national secrets. The EO also established and prescribed the appointment system for the person with the authority to classify record, automatic declassification program, and Mandatory declassification review system, as well as the procedures for historical researcher and certain former government personal to access the classified records with the purpose of guaranteeing people's right to know. As a result, this study identified implications for the development of Korea's classified record management system, as follows : First, it is necessary to restructure the current classified record management system, by changing the operations that is dependent on the director of the National Intelligence Service to the one that is dependent on the President. Second, it is necessary to legislate a separate special law for the classified record management system. Third, a standing supervisory body should be established for the integrated management and for the consistent and routine supervision of the classified record management. Fourth, it is necessary to establish procedures to further review the classification of classified record to correct the defects of the current classification system, which has been abused and mismanaged by the national agencies and organizations that produce classified record.
In May 2010, Indonesia and Norway signed a Letter of Intent on "Cooperation on Reducing Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation(REDD)." In the LoI, Norway agreed to offer Indonesia a sum of USD 1 billion with a view to encourage Indonesia to significantly contribute to the successful implementation of REDD+. On 20 May 2011, correspondingly, Indonesia announced the 2011 'Forest Moratorium' (the Presidential Instruction No. 10/2011) which was valid for the following consecutive two years. By means of the 2011 'Forest Moratorium', Indonesia aimed at significant reductions in greenhouse gas emissions from deforestation, forest degradation and peatland conversion. In so doing, it also sought to improve forest governance. Meanwhile, concerned stakeholders also raised various questions about the effectiveness of the 'Forest Moratorium'. As an extension of the 2011 'Forest Moratorium', Indonesia announced the 2013 'Forest Moratorium'(the Presidential Instruction No. 6/2013) for another two-year period on 13 May 2013. Indonesia's 'Forest Moratorium' is concerned with stakeholders at various levels, who may play a role of significant 'agent' in the process of implementing the 'Forest Moratorium'. This mechanism of the 'Forest Moratorium' should be understood in the light of forest governance. Employing stakeholder approach, therefore, this article attempts to analyze Indonesia's 'Forest Moratorium' in the light of forest governance. In this regard, it analyzes the detailed contents of the 'Forest Moratorium', the process of making the 'Forest Moratorium', current development of the Indicative Moratorium Map for suspension of new concessions on forest land, and contesting views of various stakeholders. At the same time, it also talks about how 'weak' forest governance had influence upon Indonesia's 'Forest Moratorium'. In so doing, this article consequently attempts to evaluate Indonesia's 'Forest Moratorium' and also put it into perspective in terms of improving forest governance. The 2013 'Forest Moratorium' fundamentally represents a radical policy that is designed to suspend new concessions on forest conversion for another two-year period and its detailed contents attempt to reflect on various stakeholders from related industries and environmental NGOs. However, there are challenging factors in the process of implementing the 'Forest Moratorium', that is, 'weak' forest governance and also a discrepancy between forest planning maps designated by central and regional governments. The announcement of the 2013 'Forest Moratorium', as an extension of the 2011 'Forest Moratorium', may functionally strengthen and improve Indonesia's forest governance. However, at the same time, there is a practical limit due to the fact that it is merely a Presidential Instruction that lacks legal binding.
The Journal of the Convergence on Culture Technology
/
v.8
no.6
/
pp.655-660
/
2022
This paper analyzes the problem of the economic order quantity (lot size) of a retailer in a two-stage supply chain consisting of a supplier, a retailer(distributor), and a customer. In this two-stage supply chain, the supplier permits the retailer to defer payment for a certain fixed period of time for the purchase cost to be paid by the retailer as a price differentiation strategy with his competitor. In addition, in the case of customer goods such as food and grain, it is common to see that end-customer demand is generally depend on the level of inventory displayed by the retailer. From this perspective, this paper analyzes the inventory problem of retailers under the assumption that the supplier may allow a certain period to suspend payments for the purchase of goods and the end customer demand is a function of the retailer's inventory level increasing with size. In this regard, we need to analyze how much the length of the grace period for product purchase costs affect the retailer's lot-sizing policy. Therefore, we formulate the retailer's annual net profit and analyze the effect of the length of credit period on the retailer's inventory policy numerically.
This study discusses the right of suspension of performance against anticipatory breach under SGA. Anticipatory breach originated in Hochster v De La Tour allows the innocent party to exercise immediately the right or rights reserved for the non-performance of obligations. But it has not been codified in English Law. Instead, under SGA s. 41 and s. 44, the seller may suspend his performance against the buyer' anticipatory breach. Lien under s. 41 and stoppage in transit under s. 44 are given only to the seller in a narrowly-defined situation. Under SGA s. 41, the unpaid seller is entitled to retain possession of goods where the buyer becomes insolvent. But under SGA s. 43, the unpaid seller loses the right of lien when he delivers goods to a carrier or other bailee or custodian for the purpose of transmission to the buyer without reserving the right of disposal, or when the buyer or his agent lawfully obtains possession of the goods, or by waiver of lien. Under SGA s. 44, the unpaid seller may exercise the right of stoppage in transit if the buyer becomes insolvent, despite the fact that the property of goods has passed or a bill of lading has been transferred to the buyer. But, under s. 45, the right of stoppage in transit is ended when the buyer or his agent takes delivery of goods. And where the buyer transfers a bill of lading to a sub-buyer, the unpaid seller loses his right to stop goods in transit.
North Korea conducted the launcher test, which, as North Korea claimed, belonged to the sovereign rights for the purpose of peaceful utilization and exploration of the outer space. The launching was allegedly done for the sole purpose of putting the satellite into earth orbit, while international community stressed the fact that the orbiting of satellite was not confirmed and that the technology used was not distinct from the purpose of building intercontinental ballistic missile. UN Security Council adopted the resolutions which took the effect that the launching was deemed as the missile launching, not the mere launcher test. North Korea declared the moratorium of suspending its test activity. Controversial issues have been raised regarding whether the launcher itself has the legal status of enjoying the freedom of space flight based upon the 1967 Outer Space Treaty. The resolutions, however, has put forward a binding instrument forbidding the launching. UN Security Council resolutions, however, should be read not as defining the missile test illegal, in that the language of resolutions, such as 'demand', should be considered as not formulating a sort of obligatory act or inact. On the other hand, the resolutions should be read as having binding force with respect to any activity relating to the weapons of mass destruction. The resolution 1718 is written in more specific language such as 'decides that the DPRK shall suspend all activities related to its ballistic missile programme and in this context re-establish its pre-existing commitments to a moratorium on missile launching'. Therefore, the lauching activity of the North Korea is banned by the UN Security Council resolution. It should be noted that the resolution does not include any specific provisions defining the space of activity of the North Korea as illegal. But, the legal effect of the moratorium is not denied as to its launching itself, which is corresponding to the missile test clearisibanned in accordance with the resolutions.
본 웹사이트에 게시된 이메일 주소가 전자우편 수집 프로그램이나
그 밖의 기술적 장치를 이용하여 무단으로 수집되는 것을 거부하며,
이를 위반시 정보통신망법에 의해 형사 처벌됨을 유념하시기 바랍니다.
[게시일 2004년 10월 1일]
이용약관
제 1 장 총칙
제 1 조 (목적)
이 이용약관은 KoreaScience 홈페이지(이하 “당 사이트”)에서 제공하는 인터넷 서비스(이하 '서비스')의 가입조건 및 이용에 관한 제반 사항과 기타 필요한 사항을 구체적으로 규정함을 목적으로 합니다.
제 2 조 (용어의 정의)
① "이용자"라 함은 당 사이트에 접속하여 이 약관에 따라 당 사이트가 제공하는 서비스를 받는 회원 및 비회원을
말합니다.
② "회원"이라 함은 서비스를 이용하기 위하여 당 사이트에 개인정보를 제공하여 아이디(ID)와 비밀번호를 부여
받은 자를 말합니다.
③ "회원 아이디(ID)"라 함은 회원의 식별 및 서비스 이용을 위하여 자신이 선정한 문자 및 숫자의 조합을
말합니다.
④ "비밀번호(패스워드)"라 함은 회원이 자신의 비밀보호를 위하여 선정한 문자 및 숫자의 조합을 말합니다.
제 3 조 (이용약관의 효력 및 변경)
① 이 약관은 당 사이트에 게시하거나 기타의 방법으로 회원에게 공지함으로써 효력이 발생합니다.
② 당 사이트는 이 약관을 개정할 경우에 적용일자 및 개정사유를 명시하여 현행 약관과 함께 당 사이트의
초기화면에 그 적용일자 7일 이전부터 적용일자 전일까지 공지합니다. 다만, 회원에게 불리하게 약관내용을
변경하는 경우에는 최소한 30일 이상의 사전 유예기간을 두고 공지합니다. 이 경우 당 사이트는 개정 전
내용과 개정 후 내용을 명확하게 비교하여 이용자가 알기 쉽도록 표시합니다.
제 4 조(약관 외 준칙)
① 이 약관은 당 사이트가 제공하는 서비스에 관한 이용안내와 함께 적용됩니다.
② 이 약관에 명시되지 아니한 사항은 관계법령의 규정이 적용됩니다.
제 2 장 이용계약의 체결
제 5 조 (이용계약의 성립 등)
① 이용계약은 이용고객이 당 사이트가 정한 약관에 「동의합니다」를 선택하고, 당 사이트가 정한
온라인신청양식을 작성하여 서비스 이용을 신청한 후, 당 사이트가 이를 승낙함으로써 성립합니다.
② 제1항의 승낙은 당 사이트가 제공하는 과학기술정보검색, 맞춤정보, 서지정보 등 다른 서비스의 이용승낙을
포함합니다.
제 6 조 (회원가입)
서비스를 이용하고자 하는 고객은 당 사이트에서 정한 회원가입양식에 개인정보를 기재하여 가입을 하여야 합니다.
제 7 조 (개인정보의 보호 및 사용)
당 사이트는 관계법령이 정하는 바에 따라 회원 등록정보를 포함한 회원의 개인정보를 보호하기 위해 노력합니다. 회원 개인정보의 보호 및 사용에 대해서는 관련법령 및 당 사이트의 개인정보 보호정책이 적용됩니다.
제 8 조 (이용 신청의 승낙과 제한)
① 당 사이트는 제6조의 규정에 의한 이용신청고객에 대하여 서비스 이용을 승낙합니다.
② 당 사이트는 아래사항에 해당하는 경우에 대해서 승낙하지 아니 합니다.
- 이용계약 신청서의 내용을 허위로 기재한 경우
- 기타 규정한 제반사항을 위반하며 신청하는 경우
제 9 조 (회원 ID 부여 및 변경 등)
① 당 사이트는 이용고객에 대하여 약관에 정하는 바에 따라 자신이 선정한 회원 ID를 부여합니다.
② 회원 ID는 원칙적으로 변경이 불가하며 부득이한 사유로 인하여 변경 하고자 하는 경우에는 해당 ID를
해지하고 재가입해야 합니다.
③ 기타 회원 개인정보 관리 및 변경 등에 관한 사항은 서비스별 안내에 정하는 바에 의합니다.
제 3 장 계약 당사자의 의무
제 10 조 (KISTI의 의무)
① 당 사이트는 이용고객이 희망한 서비스 제공 개시일에 특별한 사정이 없는 한 서비스를 이용할 수 있도록
하여야 합니다.
② 당 사이트는 개인정보 보호를 위해 보안시스템을 구축하며 개인정보 보호정책을 공시하고 준수합니다.
③ 당 사이트는 회원으로부터 제기되는 의견이나 불만이 정당하다고 객관적으로 인정될 경우에는 적절한 절차를
거쳐 즉시 처리하여야 합니다. 다만, 즉시 처리가 곤란한 경우는 회원에게 그 사유와 처리일정을 통보하여야
합니다.
제 11 조 (회원의 의무)
① 이용자는 회원가입 신청 또는 회원정보 변경 시 실명으로 모든 사항을 사실에 근거하여 작성하여야 하며,
허위 또는 타인의 정보를 등록할 경우 일체의 권리를 주장할 수 없습니다.
② 당 사이트가 관계법령 및 개인정보 보호정책에 의거하여 그 책임을 지는 경우를 제외하고 회원에게 부여된
ID의 비밀번호 관리소홀, 부정사용에 의하여 발생하는 모든 결과에 대한 책임은 회원에게 있습니다.
③ 회원은 당 사이트 및 제 3자의 지적 재산권을 침해해서는 안 됩니다.
제 4 장 서비스의 이용
제 12 조 (서비스 이용 시간)
① 서비스 이용은 당 사이트의 업무상 또는 기술상 특별한 지장이 없는 한 연중무휴, 1일 24시간 운영을
원칙으로 합니다. 단, 당 사이트는 시스템 정기점검, 증설 및 교체를 위해 당 사이트가 정한 날이나 시간에
서비스를 일시 중단할 수 있으며, 예정되어 있는 작업으로 인한 서비스 일시중단은 당 사이트 홈페이지를
통해 사전에 공지합니다.
② 당 사이트는 서비스를 특정범위로 분할하여 각 범위별로 이용가능시간을 별도로 지정할 수 있습니다. 다만
이 경우 그 내용을 공지합니다.
제 13 조 (홈페이지 저작권)
① NDSL에서 제공하는 모든 저작물의 저작권은 원저작자에게 있으며, KISTI는 복제/배포/전송권을 확보하고
있습니다.
② NDSL에서 제공하는 콘텐츠를 상업적 및 기타 영리목적으로 복제/배포/전송할 경우 사전에 KISTI의 허락을
받아야 합니다.
③ NDSL에서 제공하는 콘텐츠를 보도, 비평, 교육, 연구 등을 위하여 정당한 범위 안에서 공정한 관행에
합치되게 인용할 수 있습니다.
④ NDSL에서 제공하는 콘텐츠를 무단 복제, 전송, 배포 기타 저작권법에 위반되는 방법으로 이용할 경우
저작권법 제136조에 따라 5년 이하의 징역 또는 5천만 원 이하의 벌금에 처해질 수 있습니다.
제 14 조 (유료서비스)
① 당 사이트 및 협력기관이 정한 유료서비스(원문복사 등)는 별도로 정해진 바에 따르며, 변경사항은 시행 전에
당 사이트 홈페이지를 통하여 회원에게 공지합니다.
② 유료서비스를 이용하려는 회원은 정해진 요금체계에 따라 요금을 납부해야 합니다.
제 5 장 계약 해지 및 이용 제한
제 15 조 (계약 해지)
회원이 이용계약을 해지하고자 하는 때에는 [가입해지] 메뉴를 이용해 직접 해지해야 합니다.
제 16 조 (서비스 이용제한)
① 당 사이트는 회원이 서비스 이용내용에 있어서 본 약관 제 11조 내용을 위반하거나, 다음 각 호에 해당하는
경우 서비스 이용을 제한할 수 있습니다.
- 2년 이상 서비스를 이용한 적이 없는 경우
- 기타 정상적인 서비스 운영에 방해가 될 경우
② 상기 이용제한 규정에 따라 서비스를 이용하는 회원에게 서비스 이용에 대하여 별도 공지 없이 서비스 이용의
일시정지, 이용계약 해지 할 수 있습니다.
제 17 조 (전자우편주소 수집 금지)
회원은 전자우편주소 추출기 등을 이용하여 전자우편주소를 수집 또는 제3자에게 제공할 수 없습니다.
제 6 장 손해배상 및 기타사항
제 18 조 (손해배상)
당 사이트는 무료로 제공되는 서비스와 관련하여 회원에게 어떠한 손해가 발생하더라도 당 사이트가 고의 또는 과실로 인한 손해발생을 제외하고는 이에 대하여 책임을 부담하지 아니합니다.
제 19 조 (관할 법원)
서비스 이용으로 발생한 분쟁에 대해 소송이 제기되는 경우 민사 소송법상의 관할 법원에 제기합니다.
[부 칙]
1. (시행일) 이 약관은 2016년 9월 5일부터 적용되며, 종전 약관은 본 약관으로 대체되며, 개정된 약관의 적용일 이전 가입자도 개정된 약관의 적용을 받습니다.