• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.38 no.6
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• pp.568-574
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• 2012

Objectives: The purpose of this experiment is to understand the phosphorus removal ratio effects of iron plates per unit of surface area through the iron electrolysis system, which consists of an anoxic basin, aerobic basin, and iron precipitation apparatus. Methods: Iron electrolysis, which uses an iron precipitation reactor in anoxic and oxic basins, consisted of iron plates with total areas of 400 $cm^2$, 300 $cm^2$ and 200 $cm^2$ respectively. The FNR process was operated with a hydraulic retention time and a sludge retention time of 12 hours and three days, respectively. Wastewater used in the experiments was prepared by dissolving $KH_2PO_4$ in influent water. Results: The iron plates 400 $cm^2$ (16.6 $mA/cm^2$), 300 $cm^2$ (13.3 $mA/cm^2$) and 200 $cm^2$ (7.3 $mA/cm^2$) in surface area in the phosphorus reactor had respective phosphorus of 2.4 mg/l, 2.7 mg/l and 3.2 mg/l in the effluent and phosphorus removal respective efficiencies of 90.3%, 89.1% and 87.1%. The effluent in the reactor, where the iron plate was not used, had relatively very low phosphorus removal efficiency showing phosphorus concentration of 15.3 mg/l and a phosphorus removal efficiency about 38.3%. Phosphorus removal per ferrous was 0.472 mgP/mgFe in the iron electrolysis system where the surface area of iron was low. Phosphorus pollution load per active surface area and the phosphorus removal efficiency had an interrelation of RE = -0.27LS + 89.0 (r = 0.85). Conclusion: With larger iron plate surface area, the elution of iron concentration and phosphorus removal efficiency was higher. The removal efficiency of phosphorus has decreased by increasing the initial phosphate concentration in the iron electrodes. This shows a tendency of decreasing phosphorus removal efficiency because of decreasing of iron deposition as the phosphorus pollution load per active surface area increases.

• Korean Journal of Head & Neck Oncology
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.27-31
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• 2011

Purpose : Anterolateral thigh and radial forearm flap is the most important fasciocutaneous flap widely used for reconstruction of tongue. One important purpose of flap is replacing the volume of tongue but still there is no data about the surface area and volume to be reconstructed after glossectomy. In this paper, surface area and volume is estimated from the 3-dimensionally reconstructed MRI images to see which flap is more ideal and to give the reference value for reconstruction. Materials and Methods : With coronal MRI image, tongue including only the intrinsic muscle is delineated in every section and reconstructed 3-dimensionally and calculated the volume and surface area to be reconstructed according to the degree of glossectomy. This volume and surface area was compared with the volume of anterolateral thigh and radial forearm flap. Results : The volume and surface area to be reconstructed in hemiglossectomy was $39.0{\pm}4.0cm^3$ and $31.8{\pm}2.7cm^2$ respectively. The average thickness of anterolateral thigh flap is $9.4{\pm}2.8mm$ and that of radial forearm is $3.8{\pm}1.0mm$. Comparing the curve of tongue surface area and volume with the volume of flap, the anterolateral thigh flap has more ideal volume to replace the defect. Conclusions : The surface area and volume requested for reconstruction could be suggested and the anterolateral thigh flap has more ideal volume for reconstruction of glossectomy defect.

• Fashion & Textile Research Journal
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• v.19 no.5
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• pp.635-645
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• 2017

The industry of character toys is increasing and new characters are constantly being developed. However, the development of 2D cover patterns for toys is time-consuming due to frequent pattern modifications made through trial and error. Studies are now underway to obtain 2D clothing patterns from 3D body data, however, little research has been done on 2D pattern of character toys. This study suggests efficient guidelines to develop 2D cover patterns with a reasonable accuracy and processing time. Two 3D models of a dog and rabbit were used to develop 2D cover patterns. Independent variables of this study are set as 3 levels of triangle area (small, medium, and large) that influence the efficacy of 3D and 2D pattern development. The determination of the appropriate triangular area was based on the area and shape change of the 2D pattern. A medium or large triangle area was shown to be suitable for a character dog with a smooth curved surface. However, the appropriate triangle area was small if the characteristics of the curved surface are complicated as in the case of rabbit. The head of a dog (a double-curved surface) and the curved forepaw of a rabbit (a triangular area) should be small when the characteristics of the curved surface (such as the hind leg of a rabbit having a large convex surface and a small surface area) are complicated. Grouping by 3D surface characteristics could be a suitable guideline for the triangle area selection.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.1-13
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• 1986

The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of temperature control by a shade tree and the lawn area. In this investigation, we find out that artificial-lawn, concerte, and exposed soil are more higher temperature than covered with plant materials. The results of the measurement may to summerized as follows; 1) Low-temperature effects of zoysia japonica is more controlled by condition of growth than leaf length of grass. Surface temperature make 0.7$^{\circ}C$ difference between long grass (15cm), and short grass (5cm), but make 5$^{\circ}C$ difference between good growth grass (230/10$\textrm{cm}^2$) and bad growth grass (80/10$\textrm{cm}^2$). 2) The surface temperature of the lawn area is 40.5$^{\circ}C$ lower on a maxinum than that of the artificial lawn (July 28, 1985). During the day of summer, shade area under the shade tree is 0.9$^{\circ}C$ lower then lawn area surface temperature, 6.9$^{\circ}C$ lower than bad growth lawn, 10.3$^{\circ}C$ lower than exposed soil, and 18$^{\circ}C$ lower than concrete surface temperature. 3) Natural irrigation effect on the surface temperature fluctuation. But this effect is changed by compositions of ground materials and time-lapse. 4) Sunny day is more effective than cloud day. 5) In summer season, surface temperature make a difference compare to temperature of 0.5-1.5m height from ground : Surface temperature is 3.4$^{\circ}C$ lower at the lawn area (11 a.m.), 4.2$^{\circ}C$ lower at the shade area the shade tree, 12.7$^{\circ}C$ higher at the concrete area (3p.m.), 38.8$^{\circ}C$ higher at the artificial lawn (2p.m.) 6) According to compositions of ground materials and season have specific vertical temperature distribution curve. 7) In summer season, temperature distribution of 0.5-1.5m hight at the shade tree is 4.8-5.7$^{\circ}C$ lower than concrete area (noon-3p.m.)

• Transactions of the Korean Society for Noise and Vibration Engineering
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.66-73
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• 2011

This paper deals with free vibrations of the tapered beams with the constant surface area. The surface area of the objective beams are always held constant regardless shape functions of the cross-sectional depth. The shape functions are chosen as the linear and parabolic ones. Ordinary differential equations governing free vibrations of such beams are derived and solved numerically for determining the natural frequencies. In the numerical examples, hinged-hinged, hinged-clamped and clamped-clamped end constraints are considered. As the numerical results, the relationships between non-dimensional frequency parameters and various beam parameters such as section ratio, surface area ratio, end constraint and taper type are reported in tables and figures. Especially, section ratios of the strongest beam are calculated, under which the maximum frequencies are achieved.

• Water for future
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• v.28 no.5
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• pp.129-140
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• 1995

In this study we derived steady-state relationships between surface saturation area and subsurface outflow, and between surface saturation area and soil moisture storage through numerical experiments with Richards equation on a hillslope. Numerical experiments analyzed the sensitivity of topographic and soil hydraulic properties on steady-state relationships between surface saturation area and subsurface outflow. And the power law for the extent of surface saturation area was determined as a function of subsurface outflow or soil moisture storage.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.12 no.6
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• pp.878-881
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• 2002

The goal of the current research was to assess the influence of the growth rate of Nocardia amarae on its overall metal binding capacity. Batch sorption isotherms for cadmium (Cd), copper (Cu), and nickel (Ni) showed that Nocardia cells harvested from chemostat cultures at a dilution rate of $0.33d^-1$ had a significantly higher metal sorption capacity than cells grown at 0.5 and $1d^-1$. The cell surface area estimated using a dye technique indicated that pure N. amarae cells grown at a lower growth rate had a significantly more specific surface area than cells harvested from a higher growth rate operation. Accordingly, this difference in the specific surface area seemed to indicate that the higher metal sorption capacity of the slowly growing Nocardia cells was due to their higher specific surface area.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Tobacco Science
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.191-197
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• 1994

Relationships between surface structure and adsorption properties of smoke components were investigated in surface-modified and un-modified activated carbon filter cigarettes. Commercially available activated carbon was treated with nitric acid and hydrogen peroxide as oxidant, and their pore volume, surface structure, BET surface area, pore type and size were studied. BET surface area and pore volume were decreased by nitric acid treatment, but median pore diameter was 8.1 $\AA$, which showed better development of pore compared with that of un-modified activated carbon, 6.9 $\AA$. In case of hydrogen peroxide treatment, BET surface area and pore volume were increased. Their pore was found to be a slit type based on V-t plot analysis. Neutralization capacities for bases of different strength (NaHCO3, Na2CO3, NaOEt and NaOH) showed that the majority of the acidic surface groups are of weak acidity. Modification of the activated carbon surface led to a slight change in adsorption properties when analyzing the smoke of triple-filter cigarette with surface-modified activated carbon.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Radiology
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• v.6 no.6
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• pp.521-529
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• 2012

The aim of this study was to analyze radiological change of Kager's triangle area and retrocalcaneal surface temperature by shoes heel height. Area of Kager's triangle was measured by simple radiography study And PACS of INFINITI. Retrocalcaneal surface temperature were measured by DITI. Area of Kager's triangle and retrocalcaneal surface temperature were calculated for comparison and analysis, with flat shoes and high heel shoes. Area of Kager's triangle($0.88cm^2$) and retrocalcaneal surface temperature ($1.4^{\circ}C$)tends to decrease with high heel shoes. The highest and shortest of the Kager's triangle area and a surface temperature difference between flat shoes and high heel shoes, each $0.9cm^2$, $1.2cm^2$, $1.6^{\circ}C$, $0.5^{\circ}C$ and showed slight differences. The highest weight and the lowest weight of a surface area and the temperature difference between flat shoes and high heels, each $1.8cm^2$, $0.8cm^2$, $1.1^{\circ}C$, $0.2^{\circ}C$ and higher weight Kager's area and the surface temperature is decreased. The longest time and shortest time of a surface area and the temperature difference between high heels, each $0.8cm^2$, $1.4^{\circ}C$. In conclusion, Areas of Kager's triangle and retrocalcaneal surface temperature decrease with high heel shoes. If we wear high heel shoes for a long time, retrocalcaneal pain and blood flow disorder will occurs.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.42 no.3
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• pp.297-301
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• 2014

We examined the effect of ionic liquid on the crystallization efficiency of vancomycin in an increased surface area crystallization with silica gel. The crystallization efficiency was improved by the addition of ionic liquid, [BMIm][$BF_4$]. The addition of ionic liquid (20%, v/v) on the increased surface area crystallization with silica gel dramatically reduced the crystallization time by 6 folds (4 h), compared with the results of the case where the surface area-increasing material and ionic liquid had not been added. In addition, the crystal size of vancomycin was decreased and the crystal quality of vancomycin was improved by increasing the addition of ionic liquid.