• Vacuum Magazine
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• v.1 no.4
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• pp.21-24
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• 2014

Thermolectric devices could convert temperature gradient into electricity (Seebeck effect) and electric power into temperature gradient across the themoelectric element (Peltier effect). $Bi_2Te_3$ has been widely used as thermoelectric material for more than 40 years, due to the superior thermoelctric characteristics. However, Bi and Te materials are predicted to face supply shortage, giving strong necessity for the development of new thermoelctric materials. Based on the theoretical prediction, nanostructure are expected to give dramatic enhnacement of thermoelectirc characteristics by controlling phonon propagation. Thus, silicon, which had been considered as improper material for thermoelectricity, is now being considered as strong cadidate material for thermoelectricity. This review will focus on the nanotechnology applied research activities in silicon as thermoelectric materials.

• Journal of Digital Convergence
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• v.13 no.8
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• pp.321-329
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• 2015

This study investigates effects of hardware and telecommunication and software service divided by ICT service on each 5 transportations to explore convergence of ICT and Transportation. Research models are production inducing effects, Added Value inducing effects of Demand-Driven model and Shortage cost effects of Supply-Driven model by using data for 2010~2012 of Input-Output Table. Results are that network and software service effects are more impact than hardware effects on transportations. Especially, hardware is impacted heavily on production inducing effect, telecommunications and software services has had a significant impact on the production inducing effect and Shortage cost effects. In addition, by each detail the transportation industries, packages and other transport and road transport is influenced greatly from ICT. On the other hand, rail and water transport are relatively lower impact by ICT, However, the effects of rail and water transport by ICT is grater than investment ratio of ICT. As a result, increasing investment in the ICT services could contribute to development of rail and water transport development.

• Health Policy and Management
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.64-86
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• 2010

Korea has had problems with the price and supply of essential drugs such as Gleevec for leukemia, Fuzeon for HIV/AIDS, and Tamiflu for both avian flu and swine flu. The shortage or refusal of patented drugs supply is imposing a heavy burden in not only developing countries but also developed countries. Thinking over the serious results, we need to concern about the limited access to patented drugs by multinational drug companies' patent monopoly especially for pandemic and life threatening diseases. The effective response regarding to pandemic and life threatening diseases. The effective response regarding to pandemic situation requests collaborative and unbiased provisions of all countries in the world, however, sometimes patent monopoly may hinder the efforts. Compulsory licensing has been considered to be a useful alternative to the abuse of patent rights. However, the Korean experiences of compulsory licensing have left some controversial issues in connection with the availability of it in Korea. 'Flexibility' allowed in TRIPS and Doha Declaration has not come into effect in Korea for several reasons. Although the situation shows the limitations of compulsory licensing as a pharmaceutical supply policy, it is clear that compulsory licensing still has the possibilities of enhancing the access to medicines of all countries in need. Through searching the institutionalization process and experiments of compulsory licensing in Korea, this article explores the possibilities and the limits.

• Journal of Korean Society on Water Environment
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.183-190
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• 2016

Monitored data (rainfall runoff and water quality) from 4 different paddy sites over 3 years were compared to analyze the effect of irrigation water management on irrigation supply and rainfall runoff quality in Korea. The system of rice intensification water management was adopted at one site (SRI) while the conventional water management method was used for rice culture at the other three sites (CT, SD and HD). The soil texture at SRI, CT and SD was sandy loam while that at HD was silt loam. The average reduction of irrigation supply at SRI compared with CT, SD and HD during the 3 years studied was 49%, 51% and 55%, respectively. The average event mean concentration (EMC) at SRI compared with that at CT, SD and HD was decreased by 35% (BOD), 44% (COD), 47% (SS), 19% (TN) and 38% (TP). The correlation between rainfall runoff and the measured non-point source (NPS) pollutants was very good in general. The comparison revealed that SRI water management significantly reduced both irrigation supply and EMC in rainfall runoff. Paddy NPS pollution was closely related to factors that induce runoff such as rainfall and irrigation supply. It was concluded that SRI management could be an effective and practical option to cope with both water shortage due to climate change and water quality improvement in rural watersheds. However, further studies are recommended in large irrigation districts for use in the development and implementation of NPS pollution policies since the data was collected from field sized paddies.

• Proceedings of the KIEE Conference
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• 2001.11b
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• pp.421-423
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• 2001

Restructuring of electricity industry is going on for the purpose of introducing competition and after separation of generation and retail business and introduction of competition, substantial change is expected in overall electric power system. In other words, DSM projects are divided with public projects and private projects. Particularly for public project, it is essential to evaluate the DSM volumes by program. This paper tries to derive the ways for achieving the necessary DSM goal in the electricity industry in Korea. First of all, by analyzing the load in Korea, we forecast the standard demand and estimate the technological potentials of each program in considering DSM technological indicators. Moreover, by using economic analysis by program, we estimate economic potentials and finally, we estimate the potentials by program in considering the DSM policy. We estimate the potentials by using random method because application methodology and procedures by program are not established until now, which leads to not obtaining transparency for implementation effect by program. Therefore, this paper estimates the future potentials of DSM projects by using the logical and systematic analytic method and establishing database for DSM basic indicator. The DSM goals estimated by this method will be reflected to mid/long term nation-wide resource planning, which will mitigate anticipated power supply shortage and be applied to derive desirable energy demand/supply structure.

• Journal of Energy Engineering
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.51-63
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• 2017

Paris Agreement on Climate Change(2015) requires to reduce the greenhouse gas emission. One of the responses to the requirement is to change the proportion of power generation, which is summarized to the decrease in thermal power and the increase in new and renewable power. This article conducts a comparative analysis on the economic effects between thermal- and new and renewable- power generations, using the Input-Output Table from The Bank of Korea. The results of this analysis show that the new and renewable power generation has got the larger effects in production-inducing, value-added-inducing, employment-inducing, and supply-shortage scopes, while the smaller effect in price-pervasive scope than the thermal power generation. According to these results, the complex consideration should be taken into when the changes in power generation mix are tried. Especially, the political efforts to reduce the supply-shortage effect of new and renewable power and the price-pervasive effect of thermal power will be important.

• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.182-190
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• 1996

A macerating technique which can apply to the mechanical production system of the agricultural by-product was developed to increase the utilization of agricultural waste and solve the shortage problem in the forage supply for the livestock production. The macerating method is to shred the agricultural by-product by the two rolls which rotate at different speeds each other. The testing macerator was built and the optimum operating conditions are suggested. Results of this research are as follows: 1. The increase of the base roll speed and speed ratio between two rolls shows the better shredding index but decrease the drying rate. The optimum conditions of the base roll speed and the speed ratio between two rolls for the rice straw are 1200 rpm and 1.7-2.0 respectively. 2. The macerated alfalfa was dried to the 15%(w.b.) within 3 hrs in a field at speed ratio of rolls, 2:1 and base roll speed, 1800rpm. 3. The milled surface and straight knurled surface for the macerating roll have same effect on the drying rate of material. Both rolls have self-cleaning functions during operation.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.141-157
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• 2000

This study is aimed at identifying the socio-economic value of the total area of 23,500ha of paddy field which will be reclaimed in year 2003. In Korea, tidal land reclamation projects has been carried out not only for paddy field expansion to meet national food security but also for national land expansion to cope with the shortage of land supply in implementing urbanization and industrialization. As of end of 1999, 75,738ha of tidal land reclamation, 48.3%, out of 156,666ha has been carried out in Korea. In spite of continuous implementation of tidal land reclamation, 48.3%, out of 156,666ha has been carried out in Korea. In spite of continuous implementation of tidal land reclamation projects, the appraisal of the national land expansion value has not been made even though the severe competitiveness of land use in economic development. Agricultural land about 20,000 - 30,000ha per year has been converted to urban and industrial land and the converted areas have been produced higher added value than that of the farm land. Accordingly, farm land expansion equivalent to the converted area have to be reclaimed to cope with the food shortage and security in the future. In relation to the study, demand and supply of rice, the staple food of Korean, has been projected up to year 2025. The study results are as follows: 1. Under the assumption of continuing the present tendencies of rice consumption, population increase, farming practices and farm land conversion, paddy area requirement to meet self sufficiency of rice were forecasted as 136,950ha in 2015, 193,460ha in 2020 and 218,482ha in 2025 respectively. 2. The average converted price of paddy per pyeong in Kimje city, Puna Gun and Gunsan city was estimated at 241,150won and average farm land price was amounted to 63,760won. The differential rent was estimated at 177,400won per pyeong which was used as a criteria for valuation of national land expansion effect of the tidal land reclaimed by Saemangeum project. The total land rent of 23,250ha expanded by tidal land reclamation was amounted to 12,361 billion won. Annual expected value of the expanded national land was estimated at 988.9 billion won considering 8% of annual discount rate in Korea. 3. Tidal land resource for paddy area development is limited comparing with the future requirement of paddy area to cope with self sufficiency of rice consumption. Accordingly farm land conversion to urban and industrial land should be regulated and protected in the sense of sustainable development in the future.

• Korea journal of population studies
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.47-65
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• 1985

Three stages of population growth during last forty years affected differently to the labor force and employment in Korea. The first impact of rapid population growth on the labor force occured after the end of World War II. Sudden growth of population due to repartriation and refugees directly increased the labor force. Deteriorating labor market conditions were caused not only by the explosive labor supply but also by the shortage of employment opportunities due to a lack of productive facilities. This severe excess supply of labor continued until the early 196Os. Population growth in the second stage which caused by high fertility during the post Korean War baby boom period induced an eventual increase in the labor supply with time lag of more than fifteen years. Younger persons born during baby boom period were flooded the labor market. Fortunately, job opportunities were expanded more rapidly than the labor force supply because high rates of economic growth and speedy industrialization were continued until the later half of 1970s. Unemployment, therefore, decreased dramatically during this period. The effect of third stage which is characterized as mitigated population growth due to birth control has appeared in the labor market since late 1970s. The growth rate of labor force has been going down and the proportion of younger workers was also been decreasing. From the early 1980s, furthermore, partial disharmony between supply of and demand for the younger workers is closing up. Less educated younger workers who works at low wage are lacking while more educated youngers who want to work at high wage are being excess, because a lot of younger prefer higher education rather than productive job. It is expected that the structural inharmony will be diversified in the future in Korea. The labor force will be changed to middleaged, highly educated and womenized till year 2000, and, after then, to old-aged. On the demand side, industries and jobs will transferred to be labor-saving and soft. These structural changes of labor supply and demand will not matching in time. Aggregate supply of labor force will be steadily increasing more rapidly than aggregate demand for labor until year 2000, and this trend will continue to the first one or two decades of the 2lth century because the persons born dufing the baby boom pariod are being eligible couples in recent. Therefore, conclusion is that appropriate manpower development policy as well as sustained birth control policy is necessary for harmonizing the structural unbalance and the disequilibrium between aggregate labor supply and demand in the future.

• Korean System Dynamics Review
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.127-151
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• 2011

The purpose of this study is to examine measures to improve government's supply oriented housing policy in population declining cities. For this purpose, system dynamics simulation method was used to build urban-housing model and different sets of housing policies were tested to see their impact on local housing problems. Simulation result shows that there is no best set of housing policies that can solve all housing problems in population declining cities. It also indicates that housing policy that solve one type of problems can worsen other type of problems. Housing policy that increases population size has negative effect of housing oversupply. It also increases proportion of old houses in population declining cities. However, housing policy that makes city younger with newer houses tends to increase housing shortage and housing price. So, policy choice needs to be made with clear understanding of trade off between different policies. The result also shows it is difficult to expect a full scale effect of housing policy on local housing problems unless it is executed with regional economic development policy because local housing problems are so closely related with local economic problem in population declining local cities.