• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제11권1호
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• pp.24-31
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• 1987

We studied a assay method on the measurement of superoxide dismutase (SOD Superoxide : superoxide oxidoreductase, EC. 1. 15. 1. 1) activity with photoreduced flavin and nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT) as superoxide (${O_2}^{-}$) source and detector, respectively. The $\Delta$E (1000 ng SOD$.$$min.)^{-1}$ of photoreduced flavin-NBT system was 0.08, whereas that of xanthine-xanthine-cytochrome system used broadly in experiments was 0.014. Therefore, the new method was regarded more simple and utilizable than xanthine-xanthine cytochrome system method. In the present paper, we also carried out to investigate the SOD activity and isozyme pattern for the parpose of study of leaf-burning disease in ginseng (Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer) leaves.

• 대한약리학회지
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• 제31권1호
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• pp.123-133
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• 1995

삼환계 항우울제들은 calmodulin 억제 작용을 갖고 있으며, 칼슘 유입, 산화성 인산화 반응 및 ATPase 활성도를 억제하는 것으로 제시되고 있지만 사람 호중구에서의 기능 표현에 대한 효과는 밝혀져 있지 않다. 본 연구에서는 amitriptyline, imipramine과 doxepine이 superoxide와 $H_2O_2$ 생성, myeloperoxidase 유리, leukotriene $B_4$ 생성과 세포내 칼슘의 상승에 나타나는 효과를 조사하였다. 변성된 IgG에 의하여 활성화된 호중구에서 superoxide와 $H_2O_2$ 생성은 amitriptyline, imipramine과 doxepine에 의하여 억제되었고 EDTA, EGTA, verapamil과 bepredil은 superoxide 생성을 억제하였다. Chlorpromazine, trifluoperazine, staurosporine 및 H-7 또한 superoxide 생성을 억제하였다. PMA에 의한 superoxide 생성은 amitriptyline, imipramine과 doxepine, chlorpromazine과 H-7에 의하여 억제되었다. Amitriptyline, imipramine, chlorpromazine과 trifluoperazine은 변성된 IgG에 의한 myeloperoxidase 유리를 억제하였다. 변성된 IgG에 의하여 활성화된 호중구에서 $LTB_4$와 5-HETE 형성은 amitriptyline, imipramine과 doxepine에 의하여 억제되었다. 변성된 IgG에 의한 세포내 칼슘의 증가는 amitriptyline, imipramine, doxepine, chlorpromazine과 EGTA에 의하여 억제되었고, verapamil은 세포내 칼슘의 증가를 약간 억제하였으나 H-7은 세포내 칼슘의 증가에 영향이 없었다. 이상의 결과로부터 변성된 IgG에 의하여 활성화된 호중구에서의 respiratory burst, myeloperoxidase 유리와 LTB, 생성에 대한 amitriptyline, imipramine과 doxepine의 억제효과는 칼슘동원, calmodulin과 protein kinase C의 억제에 기인할 것으로 추정된다.

• Natural Product Sciences
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• 제18권2호
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• pp.111-115
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• 2012

In the course of screening for antioxidant compounds by measuring the DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl) radical scavenging effect and superoxide quenching activity, methanol extract of Cyperus flaccidus (Cyperaceae) was found to show potent antioxidant activities. Subsequent activity-guided fractionation of the methanolic extract led to the isolation of ten compounds, kaempferol-3,7-O-${\alpha}$-L-dirhamnopyranoside (1), caffeic acid (2), quercetin-3-O-${\alpha}$-L-rhamnopyranosyl($1{\rightarrow}6$)-${\beta}$-D-glucopyranoside (3), kaempferol-3-O-${\alpha}$-L-rhamnopyranoside (4), quercetin-3-O-${\alpha}$-L-rhamnopyranoside (5), luteoiln-7-O-${\beta}$-D-glucopyranoside (6), kaempferol-3-O-${\alpha}$-L-rhamnopyranosyl($1{\rightarrow}6$)-${\beta}$-D-glucopyranoside (7), luteoiln (8), quercetin (9) and quercetin-3-O-${\beta}$-D-glucuronide (10). Their structures were elucidated by spectroscopic studies. Compounds 1 - 10 were isolated for the first time from this plant. Among them, compounds 2, 8 and 9 showed the significant radical scavenging effects on DPPH, and the potent xanthine-originated superoxide quenching activities.

• Journal of Photoscience
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• 제8권3_4호
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• pp.123-126
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• 2001

We have attempted to determine the Germanium ion (G $e^{4+}$) effect on the human body by observing the formation of artificial lipid membrane and photolysis in the mineral water containing G $e^{4+}$ ion. The artificial lipid membrane is prepared by using the phospholipid in the Germanium water and the formation efficiency of the liposomes is compared with those obtained in the plain mineral water without G $e^{4+}$ ion. This work shows that the liposomes are formed in the Germanium water better than in the non-Germanium water. The liposomes can be photolyzed by superoxide anion ( $O_{2-}$$^{.}$) produced in the presence of some peptide such as NAT (N-acethyl-L-tryptophan). However, this is inhibited by superoxide dismutase (SOD), and it was found that the activity of SOD on the inhibition of the liposomes oxidative damage is higher in the Germanium water than in the non-Germanium water. It is concluded that the G $e^{4+}$ ion in mineral water helps the formation of new cell as well as elevation of SOD activity for the lipid oxidation.n.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• 제38권3호
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• pp.207-211
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• 1995

유채(B. napus)와 산동채(B. campestris)를 공시하여 발아초기단계에서의 저온처리가 분자산소의 생물학적 환원과 관련이 있는 여러가지 생화학적 인자에 미치는 영향을 분석하여 작물 내한성 기작을 생화학적으로 구명하고자 한 바, 저온장해는 산동채에 비해 유채가 더욱 심하였고 저온처리후 24시간 회복시 유채와 산동채의 peroxidase 활성도는 뿌리부위에서 각각 33%와 87% 배축부위에서 84%와 206% 정도 크게 증가하였으며 특히 내한성이 강한 산동채가 유채보다, 배축부위가 뿌리보다 약 2.5배 이상 더 높은 효소활성 증가율을 보였다. 또한 superoxide($O_2^-$)는 회복직후 부터 급격히 축적되기 시작하여 회복 8시간째에 최고치에 도달하였으며 그 축적정도는 산동채에 비해 내한성이 약한 유채에서 더욱 심하였고, 24시간 회복시에도 산동채는 거의 무처리 수준까지 회복되었으나 유채는 약 38%의 $O_2^-$가 여전히 축적되어 있었다. 저온처리 직후 $H_2O_2$의 감소 정도 역시 산동채가 15% 정도인데 반해 유채는 2%에 불과하였고, 회복시간이 경과함에 따라 산동채는 거의 정상수준까지 회복되었으나 저온장해가 심하였던 유채는 불안정한 회복양상을 보였다. 아울러 유채의 배축 및 뿌리부위에서의 peroxidase 활성증가에는 Uniconazole 처리후 저온 병행처리가 단독처리보다 훨씬 펴 효과적이었으나 새로운 동위효소의 출현은 볼 수 없었다.

• 대한약리학회지
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• 제21권1호
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• pp.12-26
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• 1985

흰쥐 뇌 미토콘드리아에 의한 $O^{-}_{2}{\cdot}$ 의 생성과 이 radical의 유해작용 및 그 작용기전을 알아보기 위하여 본실험을 수행하였다. Succinate와 antimycin존재하에서 미토콘드리아는 $O^{-}_{2}{\cdot}$을 생성하였으며 이는 SOD-inhibitable NBT환원으로 확인되었다. 동일 조건에서 $H_2O_2$는 일차생성물인 $O^{-}_{2}{\cdot}$의 dismutation으로 생성됨을 알수 있었다. 상기조건에서 미토콘드리아의 막지질이 파괴되었고 반응액에 첨가된 isocitrate dehydrogenase와 적혈구에 각각 불활성화와 용혈이 초래되었다. 이같은 작용은 $Fe^{++}$이 있을때만 관찰 되었다. 그리고 독작용은 superoxide dismutase 혹은 castalase에 의해서 억제되었다. 또한 methional을 첨가하였을 때 ethylene이 생성되었으며 그 생성은 $Fe^{++}$에 의하여 현저히 증가하였다. Ethylene 생성 역시 상기 효소에 의하여 억제되었다. 따라서 미토콘드리아에서 발생된 $O^{-}_{2}{\cdot}$은 거대분자 및 세포에 독성을 나타낼수 있으며 이같은 작용은 $Fe^{++}$의 촉매작용에 의한 $O^{-}_{2}{\cdot}$와 $H_2O_2$의 상호작용으로 발생되는 $OH{\cdot}$ 에 의한것으로 추측되었다. 이상의 결과는 미토콘드리아가 유독성 산소 radical을 발생하므로 조직손상을 시킬 수 있다는 가능성을 시사하는 증거라고 생각되었다.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제28권12호
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• pp.1982-1991
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• 2018

Ethanol accumulation inhibited the growth of Saccharomyces cerevisiae during wine fermentation. Autophagy and the release of reactive oxygen species (ROS) were also induced under ethanol stress. However, the relation between autophagy and ethanol stress was still unclear. In this study, expression of the autophagy genes ATG1 and ATG8 and the production of ROS under ethanol treatment in yeast were measured. The results showed that ethanol stress very significantly induced expression of the ATG1 and ATG8 genes and the production of hydrogen peroxide ($H_2O_2$) and superoxide anion (${O_2}^{{\cdot}_-}$). Moreover, the atg1 and atg8 mutants aggregated more $H_2O_2$ and ${O_2}^{{\cdot}_-}$ than the wild-type yeast. In addition, inhibitors of the ROS scavenging enzyme induced expression of the ATG1 and ATG8 genes by increasing the levels of $H_2O_2$ and ${O_2}^{{\cdot}_-}$. In contrast, glutathione (GSH) and N-acetylcystine (NAC) decreased ATG1 and ATG8 expression by reducing $H_2O_2$ and ${O_2}^{{\cdot}_-}$ production. Rapamycin and 3-methyladenine also caused an obvious change in autophagy levels and simultaneously altered the release of $H_2O_2$ and ${O_2}^{{\cdot}_-}$. Finally, inhibitors of the mitochondrial electron transport chain (mtETC) increased the production of $H_2O_2$ and ${O_2}^{{\cdot}_-}$ and also promoted expression levels of the ATG1 and ATG8 genes. In conclusion, ethanol stress induced autophagy which was regulated by $H_2O_2$ and ${O_2}^{{\cdot}_-}$ derived from mtETC, and in turn, the autophagy contributed to the elimination $H_2O_2$ and ${O_2}^{{\cdot}_-}$.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• 제27권11호
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• pp.1785-1790
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• 2006

A novel kinetic method for determination of $HO_2{^{\cdot}}/O_2{^{{\cdot}-}}$ in ozone decomposition in water is described. In this study, potential interferences of $O_3$ and the hydroxyl radicals, $^{\cdot}OH_{(O3)}$, are suppressed by $HSO_3{^-}/SO_3{^{2-}}$. $HO_2{^{\cdot}}/O_2{^{{\cdot}-}}$ formed in ozone decomposition reduces $Fe^{3+}$-EDTA into $Fe^{2+}$-EDTA and subsequently the well-known Fenton-like (FL) reaction of $H_2O_2$ and $Fe^{2+}$-EDTA produces the hydroxyl radicals, $^{\cdot}OH_{(FL)}$. Benzoic acid (BA) scavenges $^{\cdot}OH_{(FL)}$ to produce OHBA, which are analyzed by fluorescence detection (${\lambda}_{ex}=320nm$ and ${\lambda}_{ex}=400nm$). The concentration of $HO_2{^{\cdot}}/O_2{^{{\cdot}-}}$ in ozone decomposition has been determined by the novel kinetic method using the experimentally determined half-life ($t_{1/2}$). The steady-state concentration of $HO_2{^{\cdot}}/O_2{^{{\cdot}-}}$ is proportional to the $O_3$ concentration at a given pH. However, the steady-state concentration of $HO_2{^{\cdot}}/O_2{^{{\cdot}-}}$ in ozone decomposition is inversely proportional to pH values. This pH dependence is due to significant loss of $O_2{^{{\cdot}-}}$ by $O_3$ at higher pH conditions. The steady-state concentrations of $HO_2{^{\cdot}}/O_2{^{{\cdot}-}}$ are in the range of $2.49({\pm}0.10){\times}10^{-9}M(pH=4.17){\sim}3.01({\pm}0.07){\times}10^{-10}M(pH=7.59)$ at $[O_3]_o=60{\mu}M$.

• 식품보건융합연구
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• 제10권2호
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• pp.13-17
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• 2024

Oxygen is necessary to sustain life, but reactive oxygen species (ROS) produced by oxygen metabolism can cause mutations and toxicity. ROS can damage cellular macromolecules, leading to oxidative stress, which can accelerate cell death and aging. ROS generated in food affect the taste, color, and aroma of food, and high levels of ROS in meat can cause spoilage. Superoxide dismutase (SOD) plays an important role in scavenging ROS in food and reducing their toxicity to organisms. SOD exerts its antioxidant effect by catalyzing the breakdown of O₂-• to H₂O₂. As a natural antioxidant, SOD has the ability to regenerate and maintain its activity over a long period of time without depletion, unlike chemical antioxidants that may have side effects or stability issues. This antioxidant effect of SOD has great potential in a variety of industries, and in the food industry it can be utilized to improve product quality and provide safe and healthy products to consumers. By disrupting the SOD2 and SOD3 genes in Candida albicans, we studied the effects of SOD2 and SOD3 genes on the antioxidant system, suggesting its potential as a natural antioxidant.

• 생약학회지
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• 제47권2호
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• pp.110-116
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• 2016

As a part of an ongoing search for natural plants with antioxidant compounds by measuring the radical scavenging effect on 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), a total extract of the aerial parts of Bidens frondosa L. (Compositae) was found to show potent antioxidant activity. Subsequent activity-guided fractionation of the methanolic extract led to the isolation of five compounds, quercetin-3-O-${\beta}$-D-glucopyranoside (1), luteolin-7-O-${\beta}$-D-glucopyranoside (2), 7,8,3',4'-tertrahydroxy-flavanone (3), okanin-4-O-${\beta}$-D-glucopyranoside (4), and okanin (5). Their structures were elucidated by spectroscopic studies. Compounds 3-5 were isolated for the first time from this plant. Among them, compounds 3 and 5 showed the significant radical scavenging effects on DPPH, and compounds 3 and 5 also showed the potent riboflavin and xanthine originated superoxide quenching activities.