• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.373-383
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• 2016

The aim of this study is to determine the exposure concentration of tetrabromobisphenol A(TBBPA) in southwestern coast and their photodecomposition rate. Also, it is to identify the radical species of the photodecomposition of TBBPA and their reactive byproducts using the electron spin resonance(ESR) method. TBBPA was not detected in any of the sea water samples from Mokpo, Gunsan, or Goheung. The sediment samples from Mokpo contained not detection(N.D)~50.0 ng/g dry wt., while those from Gunsan contained N.D~28.5 ng/g dry wt. and those from Goheung contained N.D~7.3 ng/g dry wt. The photodecomposition rates were $2.56{\times}10^{-6}/hr$ by visible light(400 nm), $7.98{\times}10^{-6}/hr$ by ultraviolet light(300 nm <), and $6.78{\times}10^{-6}/hr$ by sunlight. Also, we confirmed that singlet oxygen and hydroxyl radicals are the key reactive oxygen species at wavelengths greater than 400 and 300 nm, respectively. This study shows that the main byproducts formed during irradiation at wavelengths above 300 nm are 2,6-dibromobenzosemiquinone radical(2,6-$DBSQ{\cdot}^-$) and g-value 2.0048 doublet spectrum.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine Ophthalmology and Otolaryngology and Dermatology
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.356-383
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• 2002

This study attempted to study SLE oriental-western medically. As a result, the following conclusion was drawn 1. SLE is autoimmune disease to appear systemic pathology in the connective tissue, oriental medically correspond with numbness, yangdok(陽毒), yangdokbalban(陽毒發斑), fatigue, flank pain, phlegm, chest pain, asthma and cough, edema. 2. The cause of SLE is supposed by hereditary reason, ultraviolet exposure, medication, immune functional disorder, oriental medically is supposed by congenital in suffiency, sunlight exposure, pregnancy, menstruation, over wark, mental stimulus etc. 3. The oriental mechanisms of SLE were flursh of fever, yang defiency of spleen and kidney, defiency of yin and flourishing fire, obstruction of qi and stagnancy of blood, defiency qi and yin, defiency heart and spleen, liver stasis. 4. The treatments method of SLE were cooling blood and defending yin·clear away heat and detoxification, warming kidney and descending yang·establishing spleen and flowing water, nourishing yin and cooling blood, relaxation of liver and circulatin of qi·activating blood and removing stagnant blood,activating blood and promoting meridian. 5. the highest frequent prescription of SLE was jibakjihwanghwan(地柏地黃丸), in decending order segakjihwangtanggagam(犀角地黃湯加減), jinmutanggagam(眞武湯加減), soyosangagam(逍遙散加減), saengmakyingagam(生脈飮加減), daeboyinhwangagam(大補陰丸加減), yukmijihwanghwan(六味地黃丸), woogwihwangagam(右歸丸加減), kueibitang(歸脾湯), segakjihwangtanghaphwabantanggagam(犀角地黃湯合化斑湯加減), chengwonpaedokyingagam(淸溫敗毒飮加減), youngyanggudengyin(羚羊鉤藤飮).

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.162-168
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• 2015

Lotus (Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn.) seed is widely used as a traditional medicine in countries of Asia. Among many functions of the lotus seed, one interesting activity is its skin protection from the sunlight and scar. In this study, we focused on the skin protective property of lotus seed tea against ultraviolet B (UVB) irradiation. Two groups of a hairless mouse model, water as control (water group) and lotus seed tea (LST group), were administrated a fluid drink water for six months. After 6 month of administration, UVB exposure was carried out to both groups for another 3 months. During and after the administration, the skin moisture content and the morphological and histopathological analyses through biopsy were carried out. Prior to UVB irradiation, no significant difference was discovered in the skin moisture content for the water group and LST group (P<0.05). However, drastic changes were observed after the UVB treatment. The LST group showed a clear evidence of skin protection compared to the control group (P<0.05). The moisture content, epidermal and horny layer thickness, and protein carbonyl values all revealed that the intake of the lotus seed tea enhanced protection against UVB exposure. As a result, the long-term intake of the lotus seed tea showed the effect of preventing loss of skin moisture, mitigating the formation of abnormal keratinocytes, and contributing to protein oxidation inhibition.

• 제어로봇시스템학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2003.10a
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• pp.938-941
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• 2003

In this paper we develop an equipment which prevents vehicles from overheating their inside due to exposure to direct sunlight in summer. Overheating of inside vehicle may give rise to accidents, for instances, dying from suffocation, the deformation of its internal equipment and the explosion from the cracks of its internal parts etc.. The equipment is operated under no starting engine. We adjust the overheating of the inside vehicle by operating the equipment. This equipment checks the temperature of the inside vehicle using temperature sensor. If the temperature increases more than reference temperature(a condition which can be given by the driver), the equipment will operate until the temperature of the inside decreases to the given temperature. Its power is obtained from solar cell. So the equipment keeps away overheating accidents as well as provides the drivers with optimized condition. And also it increases the ability of original car battery through solar cell.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.73-79
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• 1990

In order to study on the riboflavin content of common foods for Korean and the rates of destruction of riboflavin during cooking 26 kinds of the foods were selected and 3 kinds of menu were cooked by standardized method. For each food item and menu riboflavin content was measured by AOAC method. The experimental values of 13 kinds of food such as rice oak mushroom carrot squarsh tangle dried large anchovy apple(Fuji) dried laver ramyun pork soybean curd fried soybean curd and danmugi were almost consistent with food compo-sition values. Whereas those of 12 kinds of foods such as cabbage onion potato kimchi beef sausage dried medium anchovy hair tail soybean paste and egg were considerably different from food composition table values, up to now Alaskan pollack maize loaf bread hamburger bread etc have not been analyzed in food composition table, The rates of retention of riboflavin in menu 1, 2, and 3 cooked by standardized method were 24% 69% 46% respectively. The overally retention rate was in inverse proportion to the time of sunlight exposure during cooking.

• The Korean Journal of Malacology
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.10-28
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• 1989

A study on the distribution and community structure of benthic macroinvertebrates on the intertidal zone of Cheju Island was carried out from June 1988 to May 1989. The macroinvertebrates collected and identified were composed of 7 phyla, 14 classes, 29 orders, 71 families and 135 species in this study. The dominant species of the upper tidal zone were Nodilittorina granularis and Heminerita japonica, those of the middle tidal zone were Monodonta neritoides and Lunella coronata coreensis, However, Monodonta neritoides and Chlorostoma arhyrostoma lischkei were dominant in the lower tidal zone. Community dominant indices were significantly high in the upper tidal zone. Macuoinvertebrates species which have the ability of resistance to the physical factors such as, strong waves and exposure to the hot sunlight were mainly distributed on the intertidal zone of Cheju Island. The difference in the number of species among seasons was not significant, but thao among zones was quite apparent and the lower the zone, the more abundant.

• Journal of Photoscience
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• v.9 no.3
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• pp.37-40
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• 2002

Astronauts are constantly exposed to space radiation at a low-dose rate during long-tenn stays in space. Therefore, it is important to determine correctly the biological effects of space radiation on human health. Space radiations contain various kinds of different energy particles, especially high linear energy transfer (LET) particles. Therefore, we have to study the relative biological effectiveness (RBE) of space radiation under microgravity environment which may change RBE from a stress for cells. Furthermore, the research about space radiation might give us useful information about birth and evolution of life on the earth. We also can realize the importance of preventing the ozone layer from depletion by use of exposure equipment to sunlight at International Space Station (ISS).

• Toxicological Research
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• v.35 no.2
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• pp.131-136
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• 2019

Ethylhexyl dimethyl para-aminobenzoic acid (PABA) is an oily yellow liquid derivative of water-soluble PABA commonly used in sunscreen. Ethylhexyl dimethyl PABA is widely used as an ingredient in many cosmetics at an average concentration of 1.25% (0.5-2.0%) in Korea. Previous studies, including those involving animals, have demonstrated that ethylhexyl dimethyl PABA is toxic to the following four organs: testis, epididymis, spleen, and liver. In addition, experiments using human keratinocytes found that ethylhexyl dimethyl PABA inhibits cell growth and DNA synthesis at low concentrations, and halted the cell cycle of MM96L cells (human melanoma cell line) at the G1 phase. Despite limited clinical data in humans, many studies have confirmed increased mutagenicity of ethylhexyl dimethyl PABA following exposure to sunlight, which suggests that this molecule is likely to contribute to onset of sun-induced cancer despite protecting the skin through absorption of UVB. For risk assessment, the no observed adverse effect level (NOAEL) chosen was 100 mg/kg bw/day in a 4 weeks oral toxicity study. Systemic exposure dosage (SED) was 0.588 mg/kg bw/day for maximum use of ethylhexyl dimethyl PABA in cosmetics. Based on the risk assessment and exposure scenarios conducted in this study, the margin of safety (MOS) was calculated to be 180.18 for a sunscreen containing 8% ethylhexyl dimethyl PABA, which is the maximum level allowed by the relevant domestic authorities.

• Safety and Health at Work
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• v.8 no.3
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• pp.237-245
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• 2017

Background: Solar furnaces are used worldwide to conduct experiments to demonstrate the feasibility of solar-chemical processes with the aid of concentrated sunlight, or to qualify high temperature-resistant components. In recent years, high-flux solar simulators (HFSSs) based on short-arc xenon lamps are more frequently used. The emitted spectrum is very similar to natural sunlight but with dangerous portions of ultraviolet light as well. Due to special benefits of solar simulators the increase of construction activity for HFSS can be observed worldwide. Hence, it is quite important to protect employees against serious injuries caused by ultraviolet radiation (UVR) in a range of 100 nm to 400 nm. Methods: The UV measurements were made at the German Aerospace Center (DLR), Cologne and Paul-Scherrer-Institute (PSI), Switzerland, during normal operations of the HFSS, with a high-precision UV-A/B radiometer using different experiment setups at different power levels. Thus, the measurement results represent UV emissions which are typical when operating a HFSS. Therefore, the biological effects on people exposed to UVR was investigated systematically to identify the existing hazard potential. Results: It should be noted that the permissible workplace exposure limits for UV emissions significantly exceeded after a few seconds. One critical value was strongly exceeded by a factor of 770. Conclusion: The prevention of emissions must first and foremost be carried out by structural measures. Furthermore, unambiguous protocols have to be defined and compliance must be monitored. For short-term activities in the hazard area, measures for the protection of eyes and skin must be taken.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.48 no.3
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• pp.567-574
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• 2021

In this study, we evaluated the wound healing rate and, inflammatory cells effects of by Abeliophyllum distichum Nakai (ADN) extract in mice. We also assessed the stability of the ADN extract upon exposure to sunlight. Treatments were as follows: 1) CON (only saline solution), T1 (CON + 0.0125% ADN extract), T2 (CON + 0.05% ADN extract), and T3 (CON + 0.5% ADN extract). A 4 mm punch was used in the central part of the dorsal area to separate it from the subcutaneous tissue, causing a full-thickness skin wound. An amount of 1 mL of each sample was sprayed onto the treatment section of the wound with a pipette every day from the day of wound creation, with proper application ensured using brush. In the stability test, the pH was measured at 1, 4, and 8 weeks after exposing the samples of each treatment section to sunlight considering, the higher concentrations of the ADN extract. The results of this study indicate that the effectiveness of the wound contraction rate in the mice to which the ADN extract was applied was low. Moreover, the stability of the sample containing a high concentration of the ADN extract could not be verified. In addition, no significant results were obtained in the inflammatory reaction assessment. Therefore, additional research focusing on wound contraction, stability, and inflammatory cell outcomes of the ADN extract is needed.