• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제64권1호
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• pp.38-51
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• 2022

Whole-plant corn (Zea may L.) and sorghum-sudangrass hybrid [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] are major summer crops that can be fed as direct-cut or silage. Proso millet is a short-season growing crop with distinct agronomic characteristics that can be productive in marginal lands. However, information is limited about the potential production, feed value, and ensilability of proso millet forage. We evaluated proso millet as a silage crop in comparison with conventional silage crops. Proso millet was sown on June 8 and harvested on September 5 at soft-dough stage. Corn and sorghum-sudangrass hybrid were planted on May 10 and harvested on September 10 at the half milk-line and soft-dough stages, respectively. The fermentation was evaluated at 1, 2, 3, 5, 10, 15, 20, 30, and 45 days after ensiling. Although forage yield of proso millet was lower than corn and sorghum-sudangrass hybrid, its relative feed value was greater than sorghum-sudangrass hybrid. Concentrations of dry matter (DM), crude protein, and water-soluble carbohydrate decreased commonly in the ensiling forage crops. The DM loss was greater in proso millet than those in corn and sorghum-sudangrass hybrid. The in vitro dry matter digestibility declined in the forage crops as fermentation progressed. In the early stages of fermentation, pH dropped rapidly, which was stabilized in the later stages. Compared to corn and sorghum-sudangrass hybrid, the concentration of ammonia-nitrogen was greater in proso millet. The count of lactic acid bacteria reached the maximum level on day 10, with the values of 6.96, 7.77, and 6.95 Log₁₀ CFU/g fresh weight for proso millet, corn, and sorghum-sudangrass hybrid, respectively. As ensiling progressed, the concentrations of lactic acid and acetic acid of the three crops increased and lactic acid proportion became higher in the order of sorghum-sudangrass hybrid, corn, and proso millet. Overall, the shorter, fast-growing proso millet comparing with corn and sorghum-sudangrass hybrid makes this forage crop an alternative option, particularly in areas where agricultural inputs are limited. However, additional research is needed to evaluate the efficacy of viable strategies such as chemical additives or microbial inoculants to minimize ammonia-nitrogen formation and DM loss during ensiling.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제63권1호
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• pp.91-103
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• 2021

To improve the fermentation quality of silage and reduce the nutrients loss of raw materials during the ensiling process, silage additives are widely used. The effect of additives on silage is also affected by the species of crop. Therefore, this study was designed to explore the effects of formic acid (FA) and lactic acid bacterial inoculant on the quality of main summer crop silage. The experiment was consisted on split-plot design with three replications. The experiment used the main summer forage crops of proso millet ("Geumsilchal"), silage corn ("Gwangpyeongok"), and a sorghum-sudangrass hybrid ("Turbo-gold"). Treatments included silage with Lactic acid bacterial Inoculant (Lactobacillus plantarum [LP], 1.0 × 106 CFU/g fresh matter), with FA (98%, 5 mL/kg), and a control (C, without additive). All silages were stored for 60 days after preparation. All additives significantly increased the crude protein content and in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD) of the silages and also reduced the content of ammonia nitrogen (NH3-N) and pH. Corn had the highest content of IVDMD, total digestible nutrients and relative feed value among silages. Compared with the control, irrespective of whether FA or LP was added, the water soluble carbohydrate (WSC) of three crops was largely preserved and the WSC content in the proso millet treated with FA was the highest. The treatment of LP significantly increased the lactic acid content of the all silage, while the use of FA significantly increased the content of acetic acid (p < 0.05). The highest count of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) was detected in the LP treatment of corn. In all FA treatment groups, the total microorganism and mold numbers were significantly lower than those of the control and LP groups (p < 0.05). In conclusion, both additives improved the fermentation quality and nutritional composition of the main summer forage crops. The application of FA effectively inhibited the fermentation of the three crops, whereas LAB promoted fermentation. So, both FA and LP can improve the quality of various species of silage.

• 한국초지조사료학회지
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• 제41권2호
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• pp.110-118
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• 2021

본 연구는 시화간척지에서 하계 사료작물의 초종 및 품종이 생육특성 및 생산성에 미치는 영향을 구명하기 위하여 수행하였다. 시험에 공시된 하계사료작물은 옥수수, 수수×수단그라스 교잡종 및 기장이었다. 시험에 공시된 각각의 품종은 옥수수는 광평옥, P15453, P1952 및 P2088을 이용하였고, 수수×수단그라스 교잡종은 877F, Green star, Honey chew 및 Turbo gold 품종을 이용하였다. 기장은 국립식량과학원에서 육성한 이백찰, 금실찰 및 만홍찰 품종을 이용하였다. 사료작물의 파종은 옥수수와 수수×수단그라스 교잡종은 2019년 5월 21일 그리고 기장은 6월 4일에 하였으며 수확은 9월 2일에 하였다. 옥수수의 초장 및 착수고는 품종간에 유의성이 없었으며 수량은 P1543 품종이 가장 많았고 P2088 품종이 가장 적었으나 처리간 유의성은 나타나지 않았다. 수수×수단그라스 교잡종은 877F의 초장이 가장 컸으며 Turbo gold 품종이 가장 작았다(p<0.05). 건물수량은 877F가 3,862 kg/ha로 가장 많았고 Green star가 2,669 kg/ha로 가장 낮았다(p<0.05). 기장의 초장은 이백찰이 138cm로 가장 컸으며 나머지 품종은 유의적인 차이가 없었다. 기장의 생초수량은 평균 15,778 kg/ha로 옥수수나 수수×수단그라스 교잡종보다 많았으며, 건물수량은 평균 4,780 kg/ha이었으며 이백찰 품종이 다른 품종들에 비해 가장 많았다(p<0.05). 옥수수의 사료가치에서 TDN 함량은 P2088품종이 가장 높았고 광평옥이 가장 낮았다(p<0.05). 수수×수단그라스 교잡종은 Green star 및 Honey chew 품종이 유의적으로 높았으며 RFV 값은 Turbo gold가 가장 낮았다. 기장은 평균 조단백질 함량은 7.03%이었고 TDN 및 RFV 값은 금실찰이 64.36% 및 106으로 가장 높았다. 염농도에 따른 하계 사료작물의 발아율 조사에서 옥수수는 0.4%까지는 83.1%의 발아율을 나타내었다. 특히 P2088 및 P1921 품종은 0.6% 농도에서도 발아율이 80% 이상이었다. 수수×수단그라스 교잡종은 877F 품종의 발아율이 0.8% 농도에서도 93.3% 이었으며 Honey chew는 88.3%로 나타나 다른 품종에 비해 염 농도에 대한 저항성이 높은 것으로 나타났다. 기장은 0.6%의 염 농도에서도 84.0-88.7%의 높은 발아율을 나타내었다. 이상의 결과를 종합하여 볼 때 염농도가 높은 시화 간척지에서 가장 적합한 초종은 기장이 추천되었으며, 이백찰은 수량이 높아 적합한 품종으로 권장되었다.

• 한국신재생에너지학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국신재생에너지학회 2010년도 추계학술대회 초록집
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• pp.101-101
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• 2010

Anaerobic digestion(AD) is the most promising method for treating and recycling of different organic wastes, such as organic fraction of municipal solid waste, household wastes, animal manure, agro-industrial wastes, industrial organic wastes and sewage sludge. During AD, i.e. organic materials are decomposed by anaerobic forming bacteria and fina1ly converted to excellent fertilizer and biogas which is a mixture of carbon dioxide and methane. AD has been one of the leading technologies that can make a large contribution to produce renewable energy and to reduce $CO_2$ and other green-house gas(GHG) emission, it is becoming a key method for both waste treatment and recovery of a renewable fuel and other valuable co-products. Currently some 80% of the world's overall energy supply of about 400 EJ per year in derived from fossil fuels. Nevertheless roughly 10~15% of this demand is covered by biomass resources, making biomass by far the most important renewable energy source used to date. The representative biofuels produced from the biomass are bioethanol, biodiesel and biogas, and currently biogas plays a smaller than other biofuels but steadily growing role. Traditionally anaerobic digestion applied for different biowaste e.g. sewage sludge, manure, other organic wastes treatment and stabilization, biogas has become a well established energy resource. However, the biowaste are fairly limited in respect to the production and utilization as renewable source, but the plant biomass, the so called "energy crops" are used for more biogas production in EU countries and the investigation on the biomethane potential of different crops and plant materials have been carried out. In Korea, with steadily increasing oil prices and improved environmental regulations, since 2005 anaerobic digestion was again stimulated, especially on the biogasification of different biowastes and agro-industrial biomass including "energy crops". This study have been carried out to investigate anaerobic biodegradability by the biochemical methane potential(BMP) test of animal manures, different forage crops i.e. "energy crops", plant and industrial organic wastes in the condition of thermophilic temperature, The biodegradability of animal manure were 63.2% and 58.2% with $315m^3CH_4/tonVS$ of cattle slurry and $370m^3CH_4/tonVS$ of pig slurry in ultimate methane yields. Those of winter forage crops were the range 75% to 87% with ultimate methane yield of $378m^3CH_4/tonVS$ to $450m^3CH_4/tonVS$ and those of summer forage crops were the range 81% to 85% with ultimate methane yield of $392m^3CH_4/tonVS$ to $415m^3CH_4/tonVS$. The forge crops as "energy crops" could be used as good renewable energy source to increase methane production and to improve biodegradability in co-digestion with animal manure or only energy crop digestion.

• 한국초지조사료학회지
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• 제40권3호
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• pp.149-155
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• 2020

Cattle feeding in South Korea has been heavily dependent on domestically produced rice straw and imported grain. Around 42% of domestically produced rice straw is utilized for forage, and the remainder is recycled to restore soil fertility. Approximately 35% of round baleages were made with rice straw. However, higher quality hay is desired over rice straw. Due to increasing stockpiles of rice, there has been an economic burden on the government to store the surplus; therefore production of annual forage crops in rice fields has been further promoted in recent years. Hay import from the USA currently constitutes more than 80% of total imported hays. The main imported hays are alfalfa (Medicago sativa), timothy (Phleum pretense), and tall fescue (Festica arundinacea). The estimated forage required for cattle feeding was approximately 5.4 million MT in 2016. Domestically produced forage sates only 43% of that value, while low quality rice straw and imported hay covered the rest of demand by 33% and 20%, respectively. As utilization of domestically produced forage is more desirable for forage-based cattle production, long-term strategies have been necessary to promote domestic production of high quality baleage. One such strategy has been utilizing the fertile soil and abundance of fallow rice fields of western region of S. Korea to produce forage crops. Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum) is the most successfully produced winter annual in the region and is approximately 56% of the total winter annual forage production. Forage sorghums (Sorghum bicolor), sorghum × sudangrass hybrids, and hybrid corn (Zea mays) produce a substantial amount of warm-season forage during summer. Produced forage has been largely stored through baleage due to heavy dew and frequent rains and has been evaluated according to S. Korea's newly implemented baleage commodity evaluation system. The system weighs 50% of its total grading points on moisture content because of its importance in deliverable DM content and desirable baleage fermentation; this has proved to be an effective method. Although further improvement is required for the future of forage production in South Korea, the current government-led forage production in rice fields has been able to alleviate some of the country's shortage for quality hay.

• 한국초지조사료학회지
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• 제43권1호
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• pp.35-41
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• 2023

본 시험은 남부지역 논에서 IRG를 수확한 후 하계사료작물로 사료용 벼 '영우'와 사료 피 '제주피'를 파종하여 하계사료작물의 이용성을 구명하고자 전라남도 농업기술원 축산연구소 시험포장(강진, 논 조건)에서 2020년 10월부터 2022년 10월까지 수행하였다. IRG 초장은 108^-112 cm범위었고 건물수량은 6,783~11,530 kg ha^-1로 조사되었다. IRG의 조단백질 함량은 6.0-8.44%, NDF와 ADF 함량은 각각 55.6~60.2%와 32.58~36.7%로 나타났다. 사료용벼의 건물수량은 숙기가 진행될수록 수량(유숙기 14,310 kg ha^-1, 황숙기 16,167 kg ha^-1, 완숙기 18,891 kg ha^-1)은 증가하였으나(p<0.05) 사료가치는 감소하는 경향을 보였다. 사료 피의 건물수량은 숙기가 진행될수록 수량(출수후기 11,194 kg ha^-1, 완숙기 14,308 kg ha^-1)은 증가하였으나(p<0.05) 사료가치는 감소하는 경향을 보였다. 동계사료작물인IRG와 하계작물인 사료용 벼 및 사요용 피를 이용한 작부체계에서 총 건물수량은 숙기가 진행됨에 따라 유의적으로 증가하였다(p<0.05). 이상의 결과에서 보는바와 같이 남부지역 논에서 IRG 후작으로 사료용벼가 생산성이 높게 나타났으나 사료 피도 재배 가능성이 있는 것으로 보인다.

• 농업과학연구
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• 제45권1호
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• pp.43-49
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• 2018

The species of forage crops used in this study were Italian ryegrass (cv. Kowenery), sorghum (cv. SX17), proso millet (cv. domestic) and Japanese millet (cv. Jeju). The plant height of the summer crops was the highest at the dough stage. The dry matter yield of Italian ryegrass was 902.7 kg per 10 a. The dry matter yield of the winter crop and sorghum was 11,985 kg when harvested at the dough stage rather than at the first and second harvests. The proso and Japanese millet also had higher yields for dry matter during the dough stage rather than during heading and regeneration. The acid detergent fiber (ADF) content of Sorghum was lower than that of the first and second harvest; however, the proso and Japanese millet had a higher ADF content at the dough stage. The neutral detergent fiber (NDF) content was higher at the dough stage than at the first and second harvest, and the crude protein content was also lower at the dough stage than at the first and second harvest. The crude protein production for the dry matter yield was about 84 kg in Sorghum when harvested at the dough stage. Proso millet showed no difference for the crude protein production at the heading and dough stage while the Japanese millet had a higher crude protein production. There were no differences in the total digestible nutrients (TDN) content for the three crops according to the harvesting time. Therefore, if Sorghum and Proso and Japanese millet are to be combined with Italian ryegrass, it is better to harvest them at the dough stage.

• 한국토양비료학회지
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• 제42권3호
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• pp.179-186
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• 2009

최근에 간척 조성된 화옹, 이원 및 영산강간척지에서 밭작물재배가능성을 검토하기 위하여 2007~2008년 2년간 간척지의 염농도변이와 녹비 사료작물의 생육과의 관계를 시험연구하였다. 토양염농도는 여름철 호우시 배수불량에 의한 침수피해가 심하였든 영산강간척지와 화옹간척지에서는 시험작물의 생육에 유의적 영향을 보이지 않았으나 침수피해가 없었든 이원간척지는 염농도가 증가함에 따라 작물생육과 수량은 로그함수적으로 감소하는 경향을 보였으며, 가장 큰 초장에 대한 대비 50% 이상 생육저해를 나타내는 표토염농도는 콩 $5dS\;m^{-1}$, 옥수수 $6dS\;m^{-1}$, 수단그리스, 피 및 세스바니아는 $7dS\;m^{-1}$ 정도로 추정되었고, 이 저해농도에서의 녹비수량의 감수율은 최고수량대비 26~44%수준으로 염농도에 대한 수량감수피해가 초장단축저해보다 더 큰 것으로 나타났다. 시험작물의 건물수량 $kg\;10a^{-1}$)은 장소에 따라 변이가 매우 커서 잘 된 장소가 수단그라스 2,426, 제주재래피 907, 세스바니아 1,881, 옥수수 2,032, 콩 924정도로 높은 편이지만 염농도가 높고 침수나 습해를 입은 장소는 전혀 수확이 없는 개무 상태였다. 상대적으로 염농도가 낮은 영산강과 배수가 좋은 이원간척지는 비교적 수량이 많았으나 화옹간척지는 염농도도 높고 배수도 불량하여 매우 낮은 수준이었다.

• 한국초지조사료학회지
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• 제41권3호
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• pp.198-204
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• 2021

Intercropping cereals with legumes is known to improve forage production and crude protein yield. Sorghum × sudangrass hybrids (SSH) have excellent dry matter content and high cultivation temperatures. In this study, we investigated the growth characteristics, forage productivity, and feed value of intercropping SSH with different legumes in rice paddy fields. We used five treatments in this study SSH monocropping and four intercropping treatments of SSH with, lablab, cowpea, sesbania, and two cultivars of soybean (Chookdu 1 and 2). SSH plant height was not significantly different between the monocropping and intercropping treatments. However, the plant heights of lablab, cowpea, and sesbania were significantly higher than those of the two soybean cultivars. The total dry matter yield (kg/ha) was significantly higher in SSH monocropping than in intercropping; among the intercropping treatments, the one with SSH and Chookdu 2 yielded the highest total dry matter yield. The SSH feed value was significantly different between the monocropping and intercropping treatments, although there were no differences between the intercropping treatments. Among the intercropped legumes, lablab showed the highest neutral detergent fiber and acid detergent fiber contents, and cowpea had the highest crude protein content. These results reveal that intercropping SSH with legumes in paddy fields could be a promising cultivation technique to maintain stable forage productivity.

• 한국초지조사료학회지
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• 제34권4호
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• pp.227-233
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• 2014

이 연구는 남부지역 논에서 동계 사료맥류, 하계 조생종 벼, 추계 하파귀리 등 삼모작 재배기술을 확립하기 위해실시하였다. 월동 사료작물을 조생종 벼인 조평벼의 이앙시기에 맞춰 4월 30일 1차 수확한 처리구와 사료맥류의 수확기인 5월 30일에 수확한 처리구 모두 곡우호밀이 각각 생초수량 32.0톤/ha과 42.3톤/ha, 건물수량이 5.8톤/ha과 16.5톤/ha로 다른 작물에 비해 높은 수량을 보였다. 하계 조평벼는 5월 6일에 1차 이앙한 처리구보다 6월 4일에 2차 이앙한 처리구에서 등숙비율이 떨어지고 수량도 약 22% 감소하여 조기 이앙이 유리한 것으로 나타났다. 틈새작물로 재배한 하이스피드 귀리는 8월 28일에 1차 파종한 귀리는 10월 10일에 출수하였지만 9월 2일에 입모중으로 2차 파종한 귀리는 출수도 하지 못하였으며 1차 파종에 비해 건물수량과 TDN 수량 모두 50%를 못 미치는 결과를 나타내어 파종이 빠를수록 유리한 것을 알 수 있었다. 따라서 남부지역에서 삼모작을 하기 위해서는 호밀을 재배하여 4월 30일 전에 수확한 후 조평벼의 조기 이앙과 하이스피드 귀리의 적기 파종이 쌀 수량과 조사료 수량 확보에 유리한 것으로 사료되었다.