• Journal of Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.55 no.4
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• pp.241-246
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• 2012

Veterinary antibiotics can enter the soil ecosystem and then may be transported into groundwater via leaching process. The main aim of this study is to investigate the distribution and mobility of tetracycline, amoxicillin and sulfathiazole in soil. The adsorption of veterinary antibiotics were applied to the Freundlich adsorption isotherms. Adsorption coefficient ($K_F$) was indicated oxytetracycline > amoxicillin > sulfathiazole. Oxytetracycline concentration was highly detected in soil than in leachate. It is assumed that oxytetracycline was strongly absorbed by divalent cations such as $Ca^{2+}$ in soil. However, amoxicillin and sulfathiazole were shown higher mobility due to the lower distribution coefficient.

• Environmental Analysis Health and Toxicology
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.311-320
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• 2009

The short term (24-hr) and long term (21 days) effects of copper, cadmium, fenbendazole and sulfathiazole on the survival of the Korean fairy shrimp Branchinella kugenumaensis were evaluated. The 24-hr median lethal concentrations ($LC_{50}$) of copper, cadmium, fenbendazole, and sulfathiazole were 39, 512, 182, and 31,818 ${\mu}g/L$, respectively. The toxicity of copper is highest among 4 chemicals used in this study, while sulfathazole the lowest. After the long term (21 days) exposure experiment, the $LC_{50}$ copper, cadmium, fenbendazole, and sulfathiazole were 1.12, 2.1, 0.1, 6.6 ${\mu}g/L$, respectively. The long term effects of antibiotics were highly enhanced while the short-term effects were not strong. The sensitivities of B. kugenumaensis to copper and cadmium were higher than or comparable to those of other freshwater branchiopods (Streptocephalus spp., Thamnocephalus sp.), and far higher than the marine species (Artemia sp.). There were significant effects on the survival of B. kugenumaensis after long term exposure to relatively lower concentrations of copper, cadmium, fenbendazole and sulfathiazole. Therefore, B. kugenumaensis seems quite a good candidate species for the ecotoxicological assessments of freshwater environments.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Service
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.299-308
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• 2002

The purposes of this study were to characterize the disposition of sulfathiazole(ST) and to investigate the effects of sodium bicarbonate on the disposition of ST in broiler chicks(2.5～3.0kg). Animals were given ST acutely(10～80mg/kg, PO), and plasma, kidney, muscle, heart, liver and spleen samples were collected and analyzed for ST by high performance liquid chromatography. The plasma and tissue data was consistent with a one-compartment pharmacokinetic model. The drug is rapidly but incompletely(2.5～3.87%) absorbed with peak plasma and tissue levels being achieved within one hour after dosing. The plasma and tissue levels depended on drug dosage, and the descending order in concentration of ST was kidney > plasma > heart > muscle $\geq$ spleen $\geq$ liver from animals sacrificed at one hour after dosing. Moreover, significant positive correlations(r>0.9) existed between plasma and tissue levels of ST. In addition, sodium bicarbonate pretreatment decreased plasma level, indicating that an alkalinization stimulate the excretion of ST. Results of this study suggest that oral application of ST was rapidly absorbed and eliminated, and confirmed that tissue residues of ST can be estimated from plasma drug concentration in broiler chicks.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.29 no.8
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• pp.857-870
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• 2020

In this study, the antibiotic components in the final effluent from the 12 wastewater treatment facilities located in the Nakdong River basin were investigated, and the correlation between organic matters, nutrients and antibiotics was analyzed. In the final effluent of the wastewater treatment facilities, three sulfonamides antibiotics (sulfamethazine, sulfathiazole, sulfachlorpyridazine) and tetracyclines antibiotics (oxytetracycline, doxycycline) were detected. Sulfamethazine were detected at all points and ranged from 10.398 to 278.784 ng/L. Sulfathiazole were detected at 6 points (Andong, Gumi, Hapcheon, Miryang, Uiryeong, Haman), and ranged from 23.773 to 144.468 ng/L. The correlation coefficients between sulfathiazole and TSS, COD, TOC, NH₃-N, NO₂-N, and T-N components were high in the range of 0.73 to 0.92. The correlation coefficient between sulfamethazine and T-N was 0.48, and the correlation with the rest of the water quality components was low. The correlation coefficient between sulfamethazine and sulfathiazole was 0.78. Through this study, it was confirmed that the concentration of sulfonamides antibiotics was higher than the concentration of tetracyclines antibiotics in the final effluent of 12 wastewater treatment facilities in the Nakdong River basin, and the concentration of sulfathiazole increased with organic matters and nutrients.

• Journal of Korean Society of Water and Wastewater
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.347-356
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• 2017

Oxidation of erythromycin, sulfamethazine and sulfathiazole by ozone was experimentally investigated to see the effects of background water quality such as ultrapure water, humic acid and biologically treated wastewater and water temperature on the removal rate, consequently to provide design information when the ozone treatment process is adopted. Initial concentration of the antibiotics was spiked to $10{\mu}g/l$ and ozone dose was 1, 2, 3, 5, 8 mg/l. While the removal rate of erythromycin under ultrapure water background by ozone oxidation was over 99%, that under humic acid and biologically treated wastewater background was markedly reduced to the range of 59.8%~99% and 17.0%~99%, respectively. When water temperature is decreased from $20^{\circ}C$ to $4^{\circ}C$, the removal rate is reduced from the range of 17.0%~99% to the range of 9.4%~97.4% under biologically treated wastewater background. The effects of background and temperature on the removal rate of sulfamethazine and sulfathiazole were similar to erythromycin, but the degree was different. Therefore, it is concluded that the background of water to be treated as well as water temperature should be taken into consideration when the design factor such as ozone dose is determined to meet the treatment objective in the ozone treatment process.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.40 no.1
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• pp.13-19
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• 2021

BACKGROUND: Chemicals such as antibiotics and surfactants can enter agricultural environment and they can be degraded by natural processes such as photolysis. These chemicals exist in mixtures in the environment, but studies on degradation of the mixtures are limited. This study compares the photodegradation of Triton X-100 (TX) and antibiotics [tetracycline (TC) and sulfathiazole (STH)] when they are in a single solution or in mixtures. METHODS AND RESULTS: TC, STH, and TX solutions were exposed to UV-A for the photodegradation tests for 14 days. The residual TC, STH, and TX concentrations were analyzed by using HPLC. The TC degradation was similar regardless of the presence of TX, while the TX degradation was lower in the presence of TC. The STH degradation was similar regardless of the presence of TX, while the TX degradation was greater in the presence of STH. However, the STH degradation was slower in the TC-STH-TX mixture than in the STH-TX mixture. Also, the TX degradation was negligible in the TC-STH-TX mixture. The results show that the photodegradation of TC, STH, and TX can be different in mixtures. This can be attributed to the different emission and absorption wavelengths of each compound and interaction between these compounds and photoproducts. CONCLUSION: Overall, this study emphasizes that photodegradation of single chemicals and chemical mixtures can be different, and more studies on single compounds as well as mixtures are required to understand the fate of chemicals in the environment in order to manage them properly.

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.39 no.7
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• pp.403-411
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• 2017

In this study, the occurrence and temporal variation of eight pharmaceuticals comprising antibiotics (clarithromycin, sulfathiazole, sulfamethazine, sulfamethoxazole, trimethoprim), scabicide (carbamazepine) and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (acetylsalicylic acid, naproxen) in main stream and its tributary of the Nakdong River basin, were investigated. Concentrations of the target compounds ranged from $1.076{\mu}g/L$. The highest average concentration was observed for clarithromycin ($0.0316{\mu}g/L$), followed by sulfamethazine ($0.0170{\mu}g/L$), sulfamethoxazole ($0.0161{\mu}g/L$), naproxen ($0.0129{\mu}g/L$), carbamazepine ($0.0093{\mu}g/L$), acetylsalicylic acid ($0.0047{\mu}g/L$), sulfathiazole ($0.0024{\mu}g/L$) and trimethoprim ($0.0022{\mu}g/L$). The decreasing pattern of pharmaceutical concentrations was observed along with Nakdong River and the higher concentrations in downstream were observed than those in upstream. There was no temporal variation of the target compounds although the highest level was found in February. The calculated hazard quotients (HQs) for eight pharmaceuticals were below 1, indicating no environmental hazard in Nakdong River. However, further monitoring is still needed due to the other pharmaceuticals widely used in Korea.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Service
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.79-93
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• 1997

The sulfonamide is one of potentiative antimicrobial agents which is being used widely in veterinary medicine for control of several animal diseases such as mastitis as well as for promotion of growth. However, the misusages of sulfonamides in food producing animals, especially cattle produce several considerable problems in human health caused from residues of this antibiotic in milk product. To determine the most effective analytical methods for residual sulfonamides in raw milk, this study was performed comparatively using by some applicable screening detecting method such as TTC, Charm II test (sulfonamides), and Lactek tests (sulfamethazine kit). The positive result from screening tests was confirmed by HPLC method. Milk samples (540 raw milks) were collected from dairy farms. Results of this study are summariezed as follorrs ; 1. All samples (540 raw milks) showed negative response from TTC test, however, 18 raw milks of those samples responded positively to Charm II test. 2. By Lactek test, residual sulfamethazine was detected from 4 raw milks. Fifteen raw milks of 18 samples which were classified as positive one by Charm II test, showed positive response 3. Retention time of sulfonamides added at the level of 100ppb into sklm milk was ranged from 1.55 minute to 23.3 minute. Recovery rates of sulfonamides were variable from 6.7% upto 94.2% depended on the types of sulfonamlde. 4. Single type of sulfonamides was detected from 10 raw milk samples, 2 types of sulfonamides from 3 samples and 3 types from 2 raw milks by HPLC. 5. Sulfonamides was detected in this study were 5 types : 11 samples for sulfisomidine, 5 samples for sulfamethazine, 3 samples for sulfadlmethoxine, 2 samples for sulfathiazole and 1 sample for sulfadiazine. 6. The highest levels of residual sulfonamides was 210.3 ppb of sulfamethazine but the lowest concentration of residue was 2.2 ppb of sulfamethazine and sulfisomidine, respectively. Number of samples detected positively in this experiment were belows : above 100 ppb for 1 sample (4.5%) (sulfamethazine), 50~100 ppb for 4 samples (18.1%) (each 2 samples for sulfamethazine and sulfisomidine, respectively), 25~50 ppb for 6 samples (27.1%) (2 sulfisomidine, each 1 sample for sulfadiazine, sulfadimethoxine, sulfamethazine and sulfathiazole, respectively), 10~25ppb for 3 samples (13.7%) (3 sulfisomidine), and below 10ppb for 8 samples (36.4%) (4 sulfisomidine, 2 sulfadimethoxine and each 1 for sulfamethazine and sulfathiazole).

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.9 no.1_2
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• pp.4-7
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• 1965

Acid dissociation constants of sulfamethoxypyridazine, sulfadimethoxine, sulfamerazine, sulfathiazole and sulfadiazine, and stability constants for formation of copper chelate were calculated from their titration curves in 80% dimethylformamide with ionic strength 0.1 at $25{\deg}$ It was found that the acid dissociation constants (pKa) of sulfa-drugs were in the range of 9.33 - 10.05, and the stability constants (log $k_{1}$, $k_{2})$ of their copper chelates were in the range of 9.33-9.71.

• Proceedings of the KSAR Conference
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• 2002.06a
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• pp.181-181
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• 2002