• Journal of Yeungnam Medical Science
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.111-119
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• 1988

To elucidate the effects of dimethyl sulfoxide on myocardial and endothelial cells in culture, the cells were exposed to 10% dimethyl sulfoxide in culture medium for 1 hour at 48 hours after cell isolation. The general morphology and the cytochemical reaction of marker enzymes for mitochondria and Golgi complexes were investigated. The results were summarized as follows. : 1. DMSO induced elongation and narrowing of the cells and increase of mitochondrial reaction in myocardial cells. 2. DMSO induced destruction and disruption of myofibrils in myocardial cells resulting in increase of contractile activities. 3. In the endothelial cells, DMSO suppressed proliferative activities but thiamine pyrophosphatase reactions were enhanced indicating increase of Goigi complex activity. 4. DMSO seemed to hamper with the adhesiveness and motility of the endothelial cells causing the decrease of the number of cells in vitro.

• Journal of Yeungnam Medical Science
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.133-140
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• 1989

To investigate recovery, growth, and activity of hepatocyte in primary culture after cell separation, the authors followed up the marker enzyme activities of golgi complex, mitochondria and biologic membrane. Thiamine pyrophosphatase, the marker enzyme of golgi complex, activity approached the level of long term culture at 4th day. Succinate dehydrogenase, the marker enzyme of mitochondria, activity decreased with time, then it maintained constant level after 4th day. Alkaline phosphatase, the marker enzyme of biological membrane, activity increased from 3rd day, and after 5th day it showed strong reaction. These data suggested that hepatocytes were stabilized and recovered normal activity 4 day after cell separation, but the main secretory function was speculated to be reduced in culture.

• Korean Journal of Acupuncture
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• v.36 no.4
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• pp.200-209
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• 2019

Objectives : The liver is rich in mitochondria and it plays a key role in whole-body energy homeostasis. Mitochondria is double membrane-bound organelle that supplies energy for intracellular metabolism including Krebs cycle and beta-oxidation. Acupuncture is known to stimulate and regulate the flow of energy. To explore the effect of acupuncture on the mitochondrial respiratory chain activity in the rats' livers, the activity of mitochondrial respiratory chain complexes I to IV was observed. Methods : The rats were divided into 4 groups; Normal 1 (no acupuncture treatment and anesthesia for 5 min), Normal 2 (no acupuncture treatment and anesthesia for 10 min), MA1 (acupuncture treatment at bilateral LR3 under anesthesia for 5 min), and MA2 (acupuncture treatment at bilateral LR3 under anesthesia for 10 min). All rats were sacrificed and the livers were examined for respiratory chain change. Results : There was no difference in ubiquinon oxidoreductase, succinate dehydrogenase, and ubiquinol cytochrome C oxidoreductase after acupuncture at LR3. Acupuncture at LR3 for 10 min increased the activity of cytochrome C oxidase compared with no acupuncture groups. Conclusions : Acupuncture at LR3 mediated mitochondrial respiratory chain activity via the cytochrome C oxidase signaling pathway in the livers of rats.

• The Korean Journal of Zoology
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• v.38 no.4
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• pp.498-504
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• 1995

The effeds of riboflavin defidency on the biosynthesis of flavin pepddes and levels of flavoenzymes and catecholamines have been investigated. The percentage of 14C. riboflavin radioactivity formed in mitochondria appeared to increase up to 2 weeks but started to decline at 3 weeks. A significant increase of radioactivity incorporation into mitochondria and into trypsin-digestable plus trypsin-non-digestibie flavin peptides was detected in riboflavin-deficient animals. More than 35% of incorporation was observed at the end of the first week and 160% higher incorporation was observed in fiavin peptide after the second week. Activities of MAO and succinate dehydrogenase were affected markedly by riboflavin status whereas those of acetyichoilnesterase were not affected. Riboflavin defidency also brought about marked reductions in levels of epineplrrine and norepinephrine. it is concluded that the levels of flavin peptides, MAO and succinate dehydrogenase, and catecholamines were affected significanily by the availability of riboflavin and in particular the duration of its depiction.

• Korean Journal of Acupuncture
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• v.37 no.1
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• pp.37-45
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• 2020

Objectives : Mitochondria are typically known as intracellular double membrane-bound structures that supply energy for intracellular metabolism including Krebs cycle and beta-oxidation. Also, acupuncture has been known to stimulate the flow of energy. To explore the effect of acupuncture on the mitochondrial respiratory chain activities in rat's heart and kidneys, the activities of mitochondrial respiratory chain complexes I to IV were observed. Methods : The rats were divided into 11 groups; Normal (no acupuncture treatment and under anesthesia for 10 min), heart meridian five-transport-points (acupuncture treatment at HT9, HT8, HT7, HT4 and HT3 under anesthesia for 10 min), and kidney meridian five-transport-points (acupuncture treatment at KI1, KI2, KI3, KI7 and KI10 under anesthesia for 10 min). All rats were sacrificed and the heart and kidneys were examined for the changes of respiratory chain activities. Results : Acupuncture at HT7 increased the activity of succinate dehydrogenase; acupuncture at KI2 increased the activity of ubiquinol cytochrome C oxidoreductase; and acupuncture at HT9, HT8, HT3 and KI1 increased activities of cytochrome C oxidase. Conclusions : Acupuncture assists mitochondrial repiratory chain activity via the Cytochrome C oxidase signaling pathway in heart and kidney of rats.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.25 no.11
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• pp.1290-1297
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• 2015

Studies of the inactivation of a gene encoding pyruvate decarboxylase, pdc, in an ethanol-producing bacterium, Zymomonas mobilis, identified a mutant strain with 50% reduced PDC activity. To evaluate the possibility of a carbon-flux shift from an ethanol pathway toward higher value fermentation products, including pyruvate, succinate, and lactate, fermentation studies were carried out. Despite attempts to silence pdc expression in the wild-type strain ZM4 using cat-inserted pdc and pdc-deleted homologs by electroporation, the strain isolated showed partial gene activation. Fermentation experiments with the PDC mutant strain showed that the reduced expression level of PDC activity resulted in decreased rates of substrate uptake and ethanol production, together with increased pyruvate accumulation of 2.5 g l^-1 , although lactate and succinate concentrations were not significantly enhanced in these modified strains. Despite numerous attempts, no strains were isolated in which complete pdc inactivation occurred. This result indicates that the ethanol fermentation pathway of this bacterium is totally dependent on the activity of the PDC enzyme. To ensure a redox balance of intracellular NAD and NADH levels, other enzymes, such as lactate dehydrogenase for lactate, and enzymes involved in the production of succinic acid, such as pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH) and malic enzymes, may be needed for their increased end-product production.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.94-100
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• 1987

Plant mitochondria, irradiated with blue-colored $sunlight(350{\sim}500nm)$ under aerobic and anaerobic conditions, were assayed as to the electron transfer activity of respiratory enzyme system, and compared with those irradiated with orange-colored light(white sunlight minus blue-colored light). The respiratory activity of mitochondria was most seriousely inhibited by illumination with blue-colored light under aerobic condition. Deaeration of mitochondrial suspension resulted in substantial decrease of the photoinhibition by blue-colored light. Meanwhile, orange-colored light demonstrated much less effectiveness-almost ineffectiveness-in causing the inhibition of mitochondrial respiration system. The results of enzymatic assay revealed a strong possibility that FMN in NDH and heme group at least in cytochrome c oxidase, but not FAD in SDH, are the photodynamic sensitizers in mitochondrial inner membrane. Also worthwhile to note is the significant difference from the others of SDH in its photoinhibitory response to the light quality of visible light; that the inhibition of SDH by irradiation was not affected by atmospheric condition and that orange-colored light gave rise to considerable extents of inhibition to the enzyme. This observation was tentatively interpreted in terms of photosensitized reaction not involving molecular oxygen possibly catalyzed by Fe-S centers in the enzyme. The superoxide production and the membrane peroxidation of mitochondria under various treatments also indicated that there was blue-light photodynamic reaction in mitochondria involving active oxygens.

• Korean Journal of Microbiology
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.237-244
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• 1989

A soluble intracellular protease from cells of Pseudomonas carboxydovorans, a carboxydobacterium, grown on nutrient broth was purified 68-fold in five steps to better than 95% homogeneity with a yield of 2.4% using azocasein as a substrate. The enzyme activity was not detected from cells grown on pyruvate, succinate, acetate, or CO as a sole source of carbon and energy. The molecular weight of the native enzyme was determined to be 53,000. Sodium dodecyl sulfate-gel electrophoresis revealed the purified enzyme a monomer. The enzyme was found to be a serine-type protease. The enzyme activity was inhibited completely by several divalent cations such as $Cd^{2+}, Cu^{2+}, Hg^{2+}$, and $Fe^{2+}$. The enzyme was also inhibited by EGTA, but was stimulated by iodoacetamide. The optimal pH and temperature for the enzyme reaction were found to be 8.0 and $50^{\circ}C$, respectively. The enzyme was inactive on CO dehydrogenase.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.31 no.5
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• pp.520-526
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• 2021

Microbial protein is one of the sources of protein in the rumen and can also be the source of glutamate production. Glutamic acid is used as fuel in the metabolic reaction in the body and the synthesis of all proteins for muscle and other cell components, and it is essential for proper immune function. Moreover, it is used as a surfactant, buffer, chelating agent, flavor enhancer, and culture medium, as well as in agriculture for such things as growth supplements. Glutamic acid is a substrate in the bioproduction of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA). This review provides insights into the role of glutamic acid and glutamic acid-producing microorganisms that contain the glutamate decarboxylase gene. These glutamic acid-producing microorganisms could be used in producing GABA, which has been known to regulate body temperature, increase DM intake and milk production, and improve milk composition. Most of these glutamic acid and GABA-producing microorganisms are lactic acid-producing bacteria (LAB), such as the Lactococcus, Lactobacillus, Enterococcus, and Streptococcus species. Through GABA synthesis, succinate can be produced. With the help of succinate dehydrogenase, propionate, and other metabolites can be produced from succinate. Furthermore, clostridia, such as Clostridium tetanomorphum and anaerobic micrococci, ferment glutamate and form acetate and butyrate during fermentation. Propionate and other metabolites can provide energy through conversion to blood glucose in the liver that is needed for the mammary system to produce lactose and live weight gain. Hence, health status and growth rates in ruminants can be improved through the use of these glutamic acid and/or GABA-producing microorganisms.

• Journal of Pharmacopuncture
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.68-74
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• 2015

Objectives: The present study was undertaken to determine the modulatory effect of taurine on the liver mitochondrial enzyme system with reference to mitochondrial lipid peroxidation (LPO), antioxidants, major tricarboxylic acid cycle enzymes, and electron transport chain enzymes during 7,12-dimethyl benz[a]anthracene (DMBA) induced breast cancer in Sprague-Dawley rats. Methods: Animals in which breast cancer had been induced by using DMBA (25 mg/kg body weight) showed an increase in mitochondrial LPO together with decreases in enzymic antioxidants (superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glutathione reductase (GR) and glutathione-S-transferase (GST)), non-enzymic antioxidants (reduced glutathione (GSH), vitamin C, and vitamin E), in citric acid cycle enzymes (isocitrate dehydrogenase (ICDH), alpha ketoglutarate dehydrogenase (alpha KDH), succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) and malate dehydrogenase (MDH)), and in electron transport chain (ETC) complexes. Results: Taurine (100 mg/kg body weight) treatment decreased liver mitochondrial LPO and augmented the activities/levels of enzymic, and non-enzymic antioxidants, tricarboxylic acid cycle enzymes and ETC complexes. Conclusion: The results of our present study demonstrated the chemotherapeutic efficacy of taurine treatment for DMBA-induced breast carcinomas.