• International Journal of Oral Biology
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• v.40 no.3
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• pp.127-133
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• 2015

The salivary gland undergoes complex process of growth and differentiation of the branching morphogenesis of ductal system during the prenatal and early postnatal periods which are regulated by various elements in the extracellular matrix. Extracellular matrix metalloproteinase inducer (EMMPRIN) is a cell adhesion molecule. In the present study, localization and expression of EMMPRIN in development and effects of chorda-lingual denervation and cyclosporine A (CsA) treatment on the EMMPRIN expression were investigated. Immunohistochemistry, RT-PCR and Western blot were used to determine expression level. Immunohistochemistry revealed that EMMPRIN was localized specifically in the cytoplasm of ductal cells, not acini of the submandibular gland all the postnatal periods. At prenatal day 18, when the formation of ducts was not definite, no immunoreactivity was observed. Both Western blot and RT-PCR analyses revealed that EMMPRIN expression was maintained up to postnatal day 7, decreased after postnatal day 10. The EMMPRIN expression was upregulated by the surgical denervation of the chorda-lingual nerve in the gland as well as by the CsA treatment. The present study suggests that EMMPRIN is a crucial molecule for maintaining physiological functions of the salivary gland.

• Applied Microscopy
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• v.37 no.2
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• pp.103-109
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• 2007

The ultrastructure of submandibular gland was examined in the Korean spider shrew, Sorex caecutiens. The submandibular gland wat composed of acini and salivary ducts. A submadibular acinus was a mixed gland having serous demilune cells and mucous cells that were filled with well developed rER, mitochondria and large amount of dense secretory granules. Serous acinar granules were oval shape without distinct limiting membrane on the border and it had only coarse specks with various density. Mucous acinar granules were oval shape without distinct limiting membrane and had a variety pattern with several thin or transparent bands into the homogeneous dense matrix. Thus submandibular acinar granules of S. caecutiens belonging to subfamily Soricinae were distinct from the other mammalian species including Crocidurinae, because of the absence of limiting membrane of acinar granules and specific pattern of mucous acinar granules. Granular duct cells had large amount of small granular vesicles and several characteristic structures of granule which were revered with stratified limiting membranes and filled with coarse serous-like granule or homogeneous matrix.

• Journal of Oral Medicine and Pain
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.309-326
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• 1998

In general, the major causative factor of halitosis is thought to be a sulfated compounds. Clusterin, a sulfated glycoprotein-2(SGP-2), is frequently found in diabetic conditions and cold stress conditions. The same result is werum glucose level to diabeteic and cold stress conditions that founded Clusterin. Therefore, this study was performed to examine Clusterin in the slivary glands under stress conditions before insulin injection I.M. Fourty rats were diveded into 3 groups ; 1) 10 rats of gorup I were selected as a control 2) 15 rats beloning to group II were bathed in cold water for 30 seconds twice a day 3) 15 rats in group III received cold stress and injected I.M. with insulin. The rats were sacrifeced at day 0, 3, 5, 7 and 10 of the experiment and the submandibular glands and parotid galnds were removed. RNAs were purified from the salivary of the salivary glands were subjected to Hematoxillin-Eosin stainings and examined under the light microscope. The obtained results were as follows : 1. With immunohistochemistric method, in normal control goup, Clusterin was moderately stained in the intercalated ductal cell of the submandibualr glands, mild stained in the striated ductal cell of the submandibular glands, heavily stained on the cytoplasm of the intercalated ductal cell in the mucous submandibular glands nad slightrly stained in the intercalated ductal cell of the paroted gland, expressed negativity in the acina cell. 2. With immunohistochemistric method, Clusterin slightly increased in the acina cell of the submandibular glands under stress condition at 3 days after experement, moderately stained at 5 days after experiment so revealed positive response. And hearily in the intercalated ductal cell and mildly lin the acina celluar eytoplasm of the parotid glands under stress condition at 3 days experiment. 3. With immunohistochemistric method, no remarkable differences are found between the normal control group and stress conditioned group that insulin administration was performed before. 4. In the stressor-giving group, Clusterin mRNA was porminently expressed in submandibular gland after 5 days after experiment, in parotid gland after 3 days after experiment, performed in immunoelectrophoresis method. 5. In the insulin-injected nad stressor-giving group, Clusterin mRNA was not observed in all experimental submandibular and parotid gland, performed in immunoelectrophoresis method.

• Imaging Science in Dentistry
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• v.38 no.1
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• pp.57-62
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• 2008

The Warthin tumor is a benign neoplasm that occurs mostly in the parotid gland. The tumor frequently occurs in the tail of the parotid gland. A 75-year-old man was referred to Wonkwang dental hospital with a chief complaint of swelling on the right submandibular area. Numerous salivary stones were observed in the right submandibular gland on computed tomography (CT). And the two tumorous lesions were incidentally found in the parotid gland bilaterally. The tumorous lesions showed homogeneous enhancement on the CT and intermediate signal intensity on both T1- and T2-weighted magnetic resonance (MR) images. This tumorous lesions also showed contrast enhancement on fat suppressed T1 weighted MR images. We report common CT and MR features of this case of Warthin tumor in the parotid gland with literature review.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
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• v.43 no.5
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• pp.299-304
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• 2017

Objectives: To test the feasibility of submandibular salivary gland (SMG) replantation techniques and the survival of the replanted glands. Such a study can provide a rationale for later allotransplantation procedures, along with implementation of conventional and advanced immunosuppression therapy. Materials and Methods: Six SMG replantations were performed in New Zealand white rabbits. One week postoperatively, $^{99m}Tc$ scintigraphy was performed and the uptake ratio and salivary excretion fraction were calculated. Two to four weeks later, submandibular glands were excised, fixed, and stained with H&E for histomorphometric evaluation. Results: Intraoperatively, all glands showed patent blood perfusion except gland 5. Positive tracer uptake and saliva excretion were documented by scintigraphy. On excision, all of the glands except glands 4 and 5 looked viable, with a red color and patent pedicles. Gland 4 was infected and filled with creamy pus, while gland 5 looked pale and necrotic. Histologically, glands 1, 2, 3, and 6 had preserved normal glandular tissue with slight variations from the contralateral normal glands, as their parenchyma was composed of mildly atrophic acini. Conclusion: Four out of six replanted SMGs successfully survived. The glands maintained good viability and function. Such success depends on safe harvesting, short anastomosis time, and strict control of infection.

• The Korean Journal of Cytopathology
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.64-68
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• 1996

The report of aspiration cytologic findings of epithelial-myoepithelial carcinoma(EMC) in the salivary gland is extremely rare. We present a case of fine needle aspiration cytology(FNAC) from EMC in the right submandibular gland of a 46 years old male patient. Neck CT scan revealed a confined lesion in the submandibular gland without enlargement of the regional lymph node. FNAC from the tumor showed several three-dimensional cellular clusters with admixed normal acinar cells. They frequently formed blanching tubular structures composed of two type of cells; darker cells haying eosinophilic scanty cytoplasm with round dense nuclei and clear cells having abudant pale cytoplasm with vesicular nuclei at the periphery of clusters. The tumor cells of both types did not show pleomorphism or mitoses. The resected submandibular gland showed an ill-defined whitish firm tumor, measuring $2{\times}1.5{\times}2cm$. The histology revealed an infiltrative tumor showing characteristic two cell types in a duct-like arrangement surrounded by thin basement menbrane. An inner layer of darker cells and outer layer of clear cells were postive for cytokeratin in the former and S-100 protein in the taller on the immunohistochemical stain.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
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• v.32 no.1
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• pp.1-7
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• 2006

The present study was aimed to explore the role of sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves in the regulation of sodium transporters and water channels in the salivary gland. Rats were denervated of their sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves to the submandibular gland, and the glandular expression of sodium transporters and water channels was determined by Western blot analysis. The expression of either ${\alpha}1$ or ${\beta}1$ subunit of Na, K-ATPase was not significantly affected either by the sympathetic or by the parasympathetic denervation. The expression of subunits of epithelial sodium channels was significantly increased both in the denervated and contralateral glands either by the sympathetic or by the parasympathetic denervation. Neither the sympathetic nor the parasympathetic denervation significantly altered the expression of aquaporin-1 (AQP1). Nor was the expression of AQP4 affected significantly by the parasympathetic or the sympathetic denervation. On the contrary, the expression of AQP5 was significantly increased not only by the parasympathetic but also by the sympathetic denervation. These results suggest that sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves have tonic regulatory effects on the regulation of certain sodium transporters and AQP water channels in the salivary gland.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.65-69
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• 2006

The present study was undertaken to explore the role of autonomic nerves in the regulation of sodium transporters and water channels in the salivary gland. Rats were denervated of their sympathetic or parasympathetic nerves to the submandibular gland. One week later, the expression of Na,K-ATPase, epithelial sodium channels (ENaC), and aquaporins (AQP) was examined in the denervated and contralateral glands. The sympathetic denervation slightly but significantly decreased the expression of ${\alpha}1$ subunit of Na,K-ATPase, whereas the parasympathetic denervation increased it. The expression of ${\alpha}$-subunit of ENaC was significantly increased in both the denervated and contralateral glands either by the sympathetic or parasympathetic denervation. The sympathetic denervation significantly increased the expression of AQP5 in both the denervated and contralateral glands, whereas the parasympathetic denervation decreased it. It is suggested that the autonomic nerves have a tonic effect on the regulation of sodium transporters and AQP water channels in the salivary gland.

• Journal of Oral Medicine and Pain
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.123-131
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• 1989

The purpose of this study is to evaluate an effect of levamisole on the chemical crcinogenesis in the submandibular salivary gland of rats through histopathologic observation. 60 male Sprague Dawley rats were employed in this study, divided into one control and two experimental groups. An pellet of 5 mg of 9, 10-dimethyl-1,2-benzathracene(DMBA) powder was implanted into submandibular salivary gland of each animal among 20 in control. And each animal among 20 in experimental group 1 received 0.7 mg of levamisole hydrochloride orally every day starting at the beginning of the fifth week after DMBA implantation under the same methods as in control. And each animal among 20 in experimental group 2 received the same treatment as in control at the beginning of the fifth week after oral administration of levamisole hydrochloride under the same method as experimental group 1. Each 5 animals in control at the end of 2nd, 4th, 6th 8th, week after experiments, and each 10 animals in experimental group 1,2 at the end of 6th, 8th week after experiments were sacrificed at random. Also the specimens from experimental sites of submandibular salivary glands were routinely processed for histopathologic observation under Hematoxilin-eosin(H-E) staining. The obtained results were as follows : 1. In control, generally, the glandular ductal cell showed the tendency of dysplasia or malignancy with progression of experiment. 2. In experimental group 1, generally, the dysplasia or malignancy of the glandular ductal cell was less prominent than in control, while the lymphocyte infiltration and fibrosis were prominent. 3. In experimental group 2, generally, the dysplasia of the glandular ductal cell was significantly less prominent than in control, while the fibrosis was prominent. 4. Under above results levamisole was thought to delay or prevent the chemical carcinogenesis in the submandibular salivary gland.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
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• v.37 no.2
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• pp.137-141
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• 2011

The extraction of an impacted third molar tooth is associated with many complications during the procedure and postoperative care. These complications include bleeding, swelling, pain, infection, as well as root fracture, proximal tooth injury, alveolar bone fracture, lingual nerve and inferior alveolar nerve injury etc. With the exception of a fractured root dislocation in the submandibular space, no direct submandibular gland injury related to extraction surgery has been reported until now. A 40 year old man visited the department of oromaxillofacial surgery at Yeouido St. Mary's Hospital for an extraction of the right mandible third molar. A partial third molar impaction was diagnosed by a clinical and radiographic examination. A surgical tooth extraction was practiced including buccal cortical bone osteotomy. During socket curettage, an encapsulated cyst-like lesion and a verified $3{\times}3\;cm$ neoplasm in the apically lingual direction were found during process of dissection. A biopsy confirmed that the neoplasm involved the submandibular gland and nerve trunk. This unusual anatomical organ injury during the surgical tooth extraction procedure is reported as a new complication during impacted third molar extraction.