• Journal of the Korean Geotechnical Society
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• v.19 no.6
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• pp.71-84
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• 2003

The metallic shell of soil-steel structures are so weak in bending moment that it should sustain the applied load by the interaction of the backfill soil around the structures. The shell can be subjected to excessive bending moment during side backfilling or under live-load when the soil cover is less than the minimum value. The current design code specifies the allowable deformation and Duncan(1979) and McGrath et al.(2001) suggested the strength analysis methods to limit the moments by the plastic capacity of the shell. However, the allowable deformation is an empirically determined value and the strength analysis methods are based on the results of FE analysis, hence the experimental verification is necessary. In this study, the full-scale tests were conducted on the high-profile arch to investigate its behaviors during backfilling and under static live-loads. Based on the measurements, the allowable deformation of the tested structure could be estimated to be 1.45% of rise, which is smaller than the specified allowable deformation. The comparison between the measurements and the results of two strength analyses indicate that Duncan underestimates the earth-load moment and overestimates the live-load moment, while McGrath et al. predicts both values close to the actual values. However, as the predicted factors of safeties using two methods coincide with the actual factor of safety, it can be concluded that both methods can predict the structural stability under live-loads adequately when the cover is less than the minimum.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Electrical and Electronic Material Engineers Conference
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• 2004.11a
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• pp.247-251
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• 2004

반도체 소자의 제조에 있어 실리콘 표면에 성장한 자연산화막을 제거하기 위해 일반적으로 습식 세정 기술이 이용되어 왔다. 하지만 소자의 최소 선폭(design rule)이 nano급으로 고집적화 됨에 따라 contact hole 바닥의 자연산화막을 깨끗이 제거하는데 있어서 그 한계를 나타나고 있다. 이에 대한 효과적인 대안 공정으로 가스 건식 세정 기술이 연구되고 있다. 본 논문에서는 한 번에 50매 이상의 웨이퍼를 처리함으로써 생산성 측면에서 월등한 배치식 설비에서 원거리 플라즈마(remote plasma) 장치에서 2.450Hz의 마이크로웨이브(${\mu}$-wave)에 의해 형성시킨 수소라디칼과 $NF_3$ 가스를 이용하여 실리콘에 결함을 주지 않고 자연산화막을 선택적으로 제거하는 공정에 대해 고찰하였다. AFM을 이용한 표면분석, TEM을 이용한 물성분석, 그리고 ToF-SIMS 및 XPS를 이용한 화학 분석을 습식 및 건식 세정을 비교 평가한 결과, 건식 세정 공정이 실리콘 표면에 결함을 주지 않고 자연산화막을 제거 할 수 있음을 확인하였다. 산화막$(SiO_2)$, 질화막$(Si_3N_4)$, 그리고 다결정 실리콘(Poly-Si) 등의 각 막질별 식각 특성을 고찰하였으며, $NH_3$의 캐리어 가스인 $N_2$의 주입량을 조절함으로써 수소라디칼 형성 효율의 개선이 가능하였으며, 이로부터 게이트와 소스/드레인 사이를 절연하기 위해 이용되는 질화막의 식각 선택비를 2배 정도 개선할 수 있었다. nano급 소자에 실장하여 평가한 결과에서 불산(HF)에 의한 습식 세정 방식에 비하여 약 $20{\sim}50%$ 정도의 contact 저항 감소 효과가 있음이 확인되었다.두 소자 모두 $40mA/cm^2$ 에서 이상적인 화이트 발란스와 같은(0.33,0.33)의 색좌표를 보였다.epsilon}_0=1345$의 빼어난 압전 및 유전특성과 $330^{\circ}C$의 높은 $T_c$를 보였고 그 조성의 vibration velocity는 약4.5 m/s로 나타났다.한 관심이 높아지고 있다. 그러나 고 자장 영상에서의 rf field 에 의한 SAR 증가는 중요한 제한 요소로 부각되고 있다. 나선주사영상은 SAR 문제가 근원적으로 발생하지 않고, EPI에 비하여 하드웨어 요구 조건이 낮아 고 자장에서의 고속영상방법으로 적합하다. 본 논문에서는 고차 shimming 을 통하여 불균일도를 개선하고, single shot 과 interleaving 을 적용한 multi-shot 나선주사영상 기법으로 $100{\times}100$에서 $256{\times}256$의 고해상도 영상을 얻어 고 자장에서 초고속영상기법으로 다양한 적용 가능성을 보였다. 연구에서 연구된 $[^{18}F]F_2$가스는 친핵성 치환반응으로 방사성동위원소를 도입하기 어려운 다양한 방사성의 약품개발에 유용하게 이용될 수 있을 것이다.었으나 움직임 보정 후 영상을 이용하여 비교한 경우, 결합능 변화가 선조체 영역에서 국한되어 나타나며 그 유의성이 움직임 보정 전에 비하여 낮음을 알 수 있었다. 결론: 뇌활성화 과제 수행시에 동반되는 피험자의 머리 움직임에 의하여 도파민 유리가 과대평가되었으며 이는 이 연구에서 제안한 영상정합을 이용한 움직임 보정기법에 의해서 개선되었다. 답이 없는 문제, 문제 만들기, 일반화가 가능한 문제 등으로 보고, 수학적 창의성 중 특히 확산적 사고에 초점을 맞추어 개방형 문제가 확

• Culinary science and hospitality research
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.13-28
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• 2016

This study performed quantitative analysis of isoflavone glycoside contents on Buseoktae, Daewon, Wooram beans and cheonggukjang made of Buseoktae beans from the LC/MS/MS. Also, the experiment carried out by means of RSM(response surface methodology), which included 10 experimental points for the two independent variables addition(40, 55, 70 g) and time(2, 3, 4 min) from the beginning point to boil of cheonggukjang. These were optimized using a Face-centered central composite design. Daidzein contents were $212.16{\mu}g/mL$ in Buseoktae, $212.21{\mu}g/mL$ in daewon, $158.54{\mu}g/mL$ in wooram beans. Genistein contents were $318.84{\mu}g/mL$ in Buseoktae, $310.50{\mu}g/mL$ in daewon, $262.71{\mu}g/mL$ in wooram beans. Total isoflavone contents were $532.50{\mu}g/mL$ in Buseoktae, $524.19{\mu}g/mL$ in Daewon, $422.71{\mu}g/mL$ in Wooram beans. Isoflavone contents of Buseoktae and Daewon were quite similar, relatively contents of Wooram beans were low. Total isoflavone contents of Buseoktae cheonggukjang (for business use) was $430.10{\mu}g/mL$ in A ($32^{\circ}C$, 96 h fermentation), $460.09{\mu}g/mL$ in B ($36{\sim}40^{\circ}C$, 30 h fermentation), $417.46{\mu}g/mL$ in C cheonggukjang($36{\sim}38^{\circ}C$, 72 h fermentation), B cheonggukjang was just a bit more than A, C cheonggukjang. The estimated response surfaces confirmed that the amount and time had significant effects on taste. The optimum condition of Buseoktae cheonggukjang taste was predicted to be 55.20 g addition at 2.92 min.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.525-534
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• 2001

A total of 120 pigs were used to investigate the effects of yucca extracts on the growth performance, nutrient digestibility, nutrient excretion and carcass characteristics of finishing pigs fed different levels of dietary protein. Pigs were allotted into $2{\times}3$ factorial design by the supplementation of yucca extracts (YE, 0 and 120 mg/kg) and 3 levels of dietary protein (14, 16, 18% for early finisher and 12, 14, 16% for late finisher for low, medium and high protein diet, respectively). During the early finishing period (51~76 kg BW), no significant difference was found in growth performance regardless of the YE supplementation or dietary protein levels. Growth performance of late finishing pigs (76~101 kg BW) was also not significantly different among treatments. However, ADG of pigs fed YE diet was significantly improved (p<0.05) regardless of the dietary protein levels. For the overall period (51~101 kg BW), although adding YE to the diet and elevating the protein level showed better ADG, there were no significant differences on growth performance among treatments. Early finishers showed significantly higher crude protein, crude ash and crude fat digestibilities when they were fed diets supplemented with YE. Digestibilities of amino acids were not affected by YE. Late finishers did not show any significant differences in proximate nutrient digestibilities regardless of YE supplementation or dietary protein levels. YE tended to slightly improve the CP digestibility, however no significant difference was found with increased dietary protein levels. There was no significant difference in amino acid digestibilities with YE supplementation or dietary CP levels during the late finishing period. Dry matter (DM) and nitrogen (N) excretion in feces did not show any significant difference among treatments. Early finishing pigs also did not respond to the inclusion of YE or dietary protein levels (p<0.05). Fecal N excretion of early finishing pigs seemed to be lowered in pigs fed YE. Pigs fed medium dietary protein diet tended to excrete a higher amount of N during the early finishing period, but not statistically different. A slight increase in fecal N excretion was found with the increased level of dietary protein during the late finishing period. For ammonia nitrogen excretion, although there was no significance, the NH3-N content tended to be increased by the increased dietary protein levels and with YE supplementation. The NH3-N content in manure increased by 24.5% with YE supplementation. There were no significant differences in carcass weight, backfat thickness, carcass grade and loin eye area among treatments. However, pigs fed non-YE with low protein diet showed a significantly (p<0.05) low carcass ratio among treatments and there was significant (p<0.05) difference between the YE-added treatment and non YE treatment in carcass ratio. As for the feed cost, the cost of feeding high level protein was higher than that of medium level protein by 5% and low level protein by 9% (p<0.05). Therefore, based on this study, it could be concluded that environmentally friendly agents might play a role to some extent in finishing pigs from the aspect of pollution control, and that more than 14 and 12% of dietary protein for early finishing and late finishing pigs respectively do not necessarily guarantee high growth performance.

• Journal of the Economic Geographical Society of Korea
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.23-38
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• 2006

This study attempts to investigate the spatial characteristics of cultural economies of Bukchon in Seoul, where abundant cultural assets exist. This area has been the administrative-political core locale since 14C, therefore, a lot of traditional- and contemporary-cultural facilities are remains, This area possessed unique place characteristics by coexisting traditional and modern cultures, and thus attracted to culture demanders. Recently many economic activities have increased in this area, and most of them are related with the cultural elements of the region, In particular creative retail shops, which produce goods by flexible-specialized production system, have been agglomerated in this area, The goods are designed, produced, and sold at the shop place. Most of them are uniquely designed hand made products, and produced a few amount. The economic value of these products related with the cultural environment of Bukchon. These creative shops emerged at the front of Samcheongdong street in the beginning, and then have diffused into the inside of Samcheongdong street and Hwagae street. The shops have very unique exteriors related with traditional houses in this area, and located on roadsides where are not many passerby. Most owners of the retail stores are highly educated and studied design, and produce goods by themselves at the shops. The reason that they opened their shops in Bukchon is directly related with the unique cultural environment of this area. They hope that more unique and artistic stores join this area so that developed this area as culture and fashion combined area.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.41 no.2
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• pp.213-220
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• 2012

This study was conducted on 4th and 5th grade elementary school students in Daegu, Korea for the purpose of promoting health and proper dietary habits. A children food safety education program was developed and its effects evaluated on 4th and 5th graders (3,932 students for 4th year, 4,438 students for 5th year) at 46 elementary schools, which were under the jurisdiction of the four educational bureaus of Daegu city. Education was conducted in accordance with an education design plan, of which there were two goals, including know the contents of 'special act on children's dietary life safety management' and 'practice proper hand-washing'. 'Special act on children's dietary life safety management' was explained, and the education curriculum included proper hand-washing for prevention of food poisoning, quality certification mark on children's favorite foods, harmful foods such as unsanitary and adulterated foods, and green food zone. Flash songs, PowerPoint, 'glitter burger' notice note, and banner were used as education media. It was found that the awareness level of items related to 'special act on children's dietary life safety management' increased significantly after education (p<0.001). 'Necessity of nutrition education and children's food safety' also increased significantly (p<0.05) after education. Lastly, children answered that they washed their hands more often after education (62.9%) than before (60.7%).

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.46 no.2
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• pp.229-240
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• 1999

Background: The impact of the immune response on cancer gene therapy using viral vectors to deliver a "suicide gene" is currently unclear. A vigrous immune response targeted at viral proteins or transgene may enhance the efficacy of tumor destruction and even augment responses to tumor antigens. These responses may involve the release of cytokines and stimulation of tumor specific cytotoxic T-lymphocytes that enhance therapeutic efficacy. On the other hand, a vigorous rapid cellular immune response may destroy cells expressing the therapeutic gene and attenuate the response to therapy. Furthermore, development of neutralizing antibody responses may prevent readministration of virus, a potentially significant limitation. Evaluating the significance of these limitations in animal models and developing solutions are therefore of obvious importance. Methods: After retroviral transduction of mouse mesothelioma cell line(AB12) with Herpes Simplex Virus thymidine kinase (HSVtk) gene in vitro, subcutaneous flank tumors were established. To study the effect of intact immune system on efficacy of tumor erradication, the ability of the HSVtk/ganciclovir system to inhibit tumor growth was compared among normal Balb/c mice, immunodeficient Balb/c-nude and SCID mice, and Balb/c mice immunosuppressed with cyclosporin. Results: Ganciclovir treatment resulted in greater inhibition of tumor growth in Balb/c mice compared with immunodeficient Balb/c-nude mice and SCID mice(in immunodeficient mice, there were no growth inhibition by ganciclovir treatment). Ganciclovir treatment resulted in greater inhibition of tumor growth in noncyclosporin (CSA) treated Balb/c mice compared with CSA treated Balb/c mice. On day 8, mean ganciclovir-treated tumor volume were 65% of control tumor volume in Balb/c mice versus 77% control tumor volume in CSA-treated Balb/c mice. This effect was still evident during therapy (day 11 and 13). On day 13, non-CSA treated tumor volume was 35% of control tumor volume versus 60% of control tumor volume in CSA treated Balb/c mice. Duration of expression of HSVtk was not affected by the immunosuppression with CSA. Conclusion: These results indicate that the immune responses against retrovirally transduced cells enhance the efficacy of the HSVtk/ganciclovir system. These findings have important implications for clinical trials using currently available retrovirus vectors as well as for future vector design.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.308-316
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• 2015

This study was conducted to investigate the situation of ICT apply to plastic greenhouse, and the results be apply to design of new one. A CFD analysis were conducted to monitering the ventilation and energy saving of the single span greenhouse newly designed. The causes of delay to apply ICT to plastic greenhouse are the high cost for installation(24%), insufficiency of after services(19%), often disorder(16%), unskillful management of soft ware(15%), insufficient ICT efficiency(13%) and unsatisfying of income increase(12%). The parts of problem occurred in ICT plastic greenhouse are the structure, actuator, environmental control system and sensor(approximate 14%, respectively), remote control technique(13%), plant management technique(12%), energy saving technique(10%) and utilization of software(8%). In the condition of lateral window closed, the average wind speed changed to slow, but it was faster in the condition of leeward side window opened than in the condition of lee and winward side window opened. The air movement in the condition of lateral window closed occur by air moving fan not by out air. It is not affect the room temperature but effective the uniformity of room temperature. The average temperature of low height greenhouse was uniform than high height one. The average temperature in condition of 3rd curtain opened become same with outside temperature after 2 hours, but take more 5 hours in condition of 3rd curtain closed.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.88-94
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• 2014

This study was carried out to survey the early growth characteristics of Ligularia fischeri, plants of half-shaded grounds, primarily used as functional wild edible greens and examine its shading treatment to transplant seedling. The shading treatment was regulated with the shading level(full sunlight, 35%, 50%, 75%, and 95% of full sunlight). According to the experiment, the height was the highest under 75% of shading (17.3 cm), and root diameter was the highest under full sunlight (2.13 mm). It was found that fresh weight (leaf, shoot, root and whole) was the highest (1.784 g, 1.330 g, 0.791 g, 3.905 g respectively ) under 50% of shading. In case of dry weight, leaf, shoot and whole dry weight were surveyed the highest under 35% of shading, and root dry weight was the highest under full sunlight. It was found that S/R ratio and moisture contents (leaf, shoot, root and whole) were the highest under 95% of shading. Leaf area was the highest under 50% of shading ($39.3cm^2$) and the higher shading level, the higher SLA and LAR. It was surveyed that the higher shading level, the thinner leaf thickness. In case of root characteristics, it was showed that the relatively high height growth under 35%~75% of shading, excepting 95% of shading. As a result of surveying the whole experiment, it is concluded that the early growth of L. fischeri is more effective in producing it under 50% of shading.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.353-360
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• 2017

In this study, the design and performance test of the air to water heat pump capable of producing hot water for greenhouse heating by using the surplus solar heat inside the greenhouse and the air heat outside greenhouse as the selective heat source were conducted. The heat storage operations using the surplus solar heat and the outside air heat were designed to be switched according to the setting temperature of the greenhouse in consideration of the optimum temperature range of the crop. In the developed system, it was possible to automatically control the switching of heat storage operation, heating and ventilation by setting 12 reference temperatures on the control panel. In the selective heat storage operation with the surplus solar heat and outside air heat, the temperature of thermal storage tank was controlled variably from $35^{\circ}C$ to $52^{\circ}C$ according to the heat storage rate and heating load. The heat storage operation times using the surplus solar heat and outside air heat were 23.1% and 30.7% of the experimental time respectively and the heat pump pause time was 46.2%. COP(coefficient of performance) of the heat pump of the heat storage operation using the surplus solar heat and outside air heat were 3.83 and 2.77 respectively and was 3.24 for whole selective heat storage operation. For the comparative experiment, the heat storage operation using the outside air heat only was performed under the condition that the temperature of the thermal storage tank was controlled constantly from 50 to $52^{\circ}C$, and COP was analyzed to be 2.33. As a result, it was confirmed that the COP of the heat storage operation using the surplus solar heat and outside air heat as selective heat source and the variable temperature control of the thermal storage tank was 39% higher than that of the general heat storage operation using the outside air heat only and the constant temperature control of the thermal storage tank.