• International Journal of Control, Automation, and Systems
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• 제1권2호
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• pp.194-202
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• 2003

In this paper, we introduce a category of Multi-FNN (Fuzzy-Neural Networks) models, analyze the underlying architectures and propose a comprehensive identification framework. The proposed Multi-FNNs dwell on a concept of fuzzy rule-based FNNs based on HCM clustering and evolutionary fuzzy granulation, and exploit linear inference being treated as a generic inference mechanism. By this nature, this FNN model is geared toward capturing relationships between information granules known as fuzzy sets. The form of the information granules themselves (in particular their distribution and a type of membership function) becomes an important design feature of the FNN model contributing to its structural as well as parametric optimization. The identification environment uses clustering techniques (Hard C - Means, HCM) and exploits genetic optimization as a vehicle of global optimization. The global optimization is augmented by more refined gradient-based learning mechanisms such as standard back-propagation. The HCM algorithm, whose role is to carry out preprocessing of the process data for system modeling, is utilized to determine the structure of Multi-FNNs. The detailed parameters of the Multi-FNN (such as apexes of membership functions, learning rates and momentum coefficients) are adjusted using genetic algorithms. An aggregate performance index with a weighting factor is proposed in order to achieve a sound balance between approximation and generalization (predictive) abilities of the model. To evaluate the performance of the proposed model, two numeric data sets are experimented with. One is the numerical data coming from a description of a certain nonlinear function and the other is NOx emission process data from a gas turbine power plant.

• 생물정신의학
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• 제25권4호
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• pp.110-117
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• 2018

Objectives This study aimed to investigate the relationship between depressive and anxiety symptoms and tardive dyskinesia (TD) and reveal the association of cognitive function and TD in patients with schizophrenia. Methods We recruited 30 schizophrenia patients with TD and 31 without TD from a national mental hospital in South Korea. To assess depressive and anxiety symptoms, the Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II) and the Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI) were conducted. Using the five-factor structure of the BDI-II and BAI, somatic anxiety, cognitive depression, somatic depression, subjective anxiety, and autonomic anxiety were assessed. Computerized neurocognitive function test (CNT) was performed to assess levels of cognitive functions. We compared the clinical characteristics, levels of cognitive functions, and depressive and anxiety symptoms between schizophrenia patients with TD and without TD. Chi-square test, Fisher's exact test, independent t-test and Mann Whitney U test were conducted to compare two groups. Pearson correlation analysis was conducted to evaluate relationships among the abnormal involuntary movement scale (AIMS), BDI-II, BAI, somatic anxiety, cognitive depression, somatic depression, subjective anxiety, and autonomic anxiety. Results The subjects with TD had significantly lower score on the cognitive depression than those without TD (t = -2.087, p = 0.041). There were significant correlations between the AIMS score and the BDI-II score (r = -0.386, p = 0.035) and between the AIMS score and cognitive depression score (r = - 0.385, p = 0.035). Conclusions Our findings suggest the inverse relationship between severities in TD and depression and support the assumption that there is an inverse relationship between the pathophysiology of TD and depression.

• 기록학연구
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• 제11호
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• pp.15-40
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• 2005

'Governance' is a subject that is widely discussed these days in the government and the academic world. I think that the new concept, 'governance', is a strategy to develop the democracy of the society in its institutional and functional aspects. When we are going to discuss about governance, public records and their relationships, without understanding the meaning of 'public' in Korea, we cannot expect to discuss the matter precisely. It is said that Korean public service sectors are awash with authoritarianism and unreasonableness, and that they are at the center of seething corruption and bribe scandals. It is the legacy that the regimes adopted in the aftermath of the Japanese colonial rule for 35 years. The colonial legacy included not simply the practice of the Japanese colony, but also people who had collaborated the Japanese. The American military government and Rhee, Sung-Man regime also appointed the same officials to government posts. As was the same case in other areas including economy, press, education, politics, law, etc. In this point of view, "Righting historical wrongs", a controversial issue now in Korea, aims at establishing the right relationships between an individual and the public, and eventually laying the foundation of democracy for future generation, a procedure of achieving good governance. Apparently, Korea has made progress in developing democracy, as well as in reforming the government policy and organization. Many independent commissions are performing the projects instead of the government institutions that mandated to do the job, but has not played their roles. The e-government projects in Korea was launched in 2001 by the former administration. However, the confusion of records-management after the promulgation of the act is the result of the lack of strategy and the inconsistency of the vision. Good record-keeping supports effective, transparent and accountable government. Accountability is a key element of good governance. It is a recognized fact that without information, there is no guidance for decision-making, and accountability. Thus without records, there is no accountability for the decisions of actions. Transparency means that the decisions taken and their enforcement are carried out based on led-out rules and regulations. When both accountability and transparency are non-existent, good governance is bound to fail. Archival institutions have to give an attention to inner-governance because of the new trend of archival practice, namely 'macro-appraisal'. This 'macro-appraisal' is a kind of a functions-based approach. However, macro-appraisal focuses not just on function, but on the three-way interaction of function, structure and citizen, which combined reflect the functioning of the state within civil society, that is to say, its governance. In conclusion, the public and democracy are major challenges in the Korean society. The so-called good governance requires good record management. In this respect, records managers are in the front line of instituting good governance, and achieving better public and democracy for future generation, a procedure of achieving good governance.

• Genomics & Informatics
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• 제13권1호
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• pp.15-24
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• 2015

Fatty acid synthase (FASN, EC 2.3.1.85), is a multi-enzyme dimer complex that plays a critical role in lipogenesis. This lipogenic enzyme has gained importance beyond its physiological role due to its implications in several clinical conditions-cancers, obesity, and diabetes. This has made FASN an attractive pharmacological target. Here, we have attempted to predict the theoretical models for the human enoyl reductase (ER) and ${\beta}$-ketoacyl reductase (KR) domains based on the porcine FASN crystal structure, which was the structurally closest template available at the time of this study. Comparative modeling methods were used for studying the structure-function relationships. Different validation studies revealed the predicted structures to be highly plausible. The respective substrates of ER and KR domains-namely, trans-butenoyl and ${\beta}$-ketobutyryl-were computationally docked into active sites using Glide in order to understand the probable binding mode. The molecular dynamics simulations of the apo and holo states of ER and KR showed stable backbone root mean square deviation trajectories with minimal deviation. Ramachandran plot analysis showed 96.0% of residues in the most favorable region for ER and 90.3% for the KR domain, respectively. Thus, the predicted models yielded significant insights into the substrate binding modes of the ER and KR catalytic domains and will aid in identifying novel chemical inhibitors of human FASN that target these domains.

• Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• 제33권1호
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• pp.67-77
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• 2010

Stand structure and spatial associations of the dominant tree species in Quercus mongolica stands were investigated to understand interspecific relationships and the persistent dominance of Q. mongolica. We examined the species composition, DBH (diameter at breast height) distribution, and spatial distribution of trees (${\geq}\;2.5\;cm$ DBH) in two permanent $100\;m\;{\times}\;100\;m$ plots in Q. mongolica-dominant stands on the western part of Mt. Jiri. Ripley's K-function was used to characterize the spatial patterns and associations of dominant tree species. Q. mongolica showed a continuous and reverse-J shaped DBH distribution with clumped spatial distribution in both study sites. Q. mongolica and Abies koreana exhibited a negative association implying potential interspecific competition. The positive spatial association between Q. mongolica and Alnus hirsuta var. sibirica and Fraxinus sieboldiana were affected by site characteristics: limited habitat conditions with a large proportion of rock surface. Our results suggest that interactions among species were complex and ranged from positive to negative. Differences in stand and site characteristics and regeneration mechanisms among the species play an important role in regulating their spatial distribution patterns, while competition between individuals also contributes to spatial patterning of these communities. The high density and the early developmental stage of spatial distribution and structural characteristics of Q. mongolica and the relatively low importance values of other species in the stands imply that Q. mongolica will remain dominant in the study sites in the near future.

• 환경생물
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• 제30권2호
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• pp.77-89
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• 2012

With the advent of the genomics era powered by DNA sequencing technologies, life science is being transformed significantly and biological research and development have been accelerated. Environmental biology concerns the relationships among living organisms and their natural environment, which constitute the global biogeochemical cycle. As sustainability of the ecosystems depends on biodiversity, examining the structure and dynamics of the biotic constituents and fully grasping their genetic and metabolic capabilities are pivotal. The high-speed high-throughput next-generation sequencing can be applied to barcoding organisms either thriving or endangered and to decoding the whole genome information. Furthermore, diversity and the full gene complement of a microbial community can be elucidated and monitored through metagenomic approaches. With regard to human welfare, microbiomes of various human habitats such as gut, skin, mouth, stomach, and vagina, have been and are being scrutinized. To keep pace with the rapid increase of the sequencing capacity, various bioinformatic algorithms and software tools that even utilize supercomputers and cloud computing are being developed for processing and storage of massive data sets. Environmental genomics will be the major force in understanding the structure and function of ecosystems in nature as well as preserving, remediating, and bioprospecting them.

• 한국산학기술학회논문지
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• 제17권1호
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• pp.733-744
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• 2016

BPMN 모델로부터 휘처(Feature) 모델로 변환하는 기존 방법들이 도메인 분석가의 직관에 의존하여 자동화된 변환이 어려운바, 비즈니스 모델링 연계의 휘처 지향 개발의 활성화에 저해가 되고 있다. 본 고는 구조 기반의 BPMN 비지니스 모델을 휘처 도메인 모델로 변환하는 방법을 제시한다. 상호 이질적인 BPMN(Business Process Modeling Notation)과 FM(Feature Model) 모델간의 변환을 위해서, 액티비티의 구조에 기반한 그룹핑 기법을 정의하고, 이들 모델의 공통 구조물인 요소(비지니스 기능을 표현)와 구조(요소간 관계 및 프로세스)에 기반해서 모델간 변환 규칙과 방법을 정립한다. 온라인쇼핑몰 시스템을 대상으로 적용 사례를 보인다. 이로서, BPMN 모델로부터 휘처 모델로의 기계적인 혹은 자동화된 구조 변환을 도모할 수 있다.

• 한국진공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국진공학회 2012년도 제42회 동계 정기 학술대회 초록집
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• pp.239-240
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• 2012

With advancements in semiconductor device technologies, manufacturing processes are getting more complex and it became more difficult to maintain tighter process control. As the number of processing step increased for fabricating complex chip structure, potential fault inducing factors are prevail and their allowable margins are continuously reduced. Therefore, one of the key to success in semiconductor manufacturing is highly accurate and fast fault detection and classification at each stage to reduce any undesired variation and identify the cause of the fault. Sensors in the equipment are used to monitor the state of the process. The idea is that whenever there is a fault in the process, it appears as some variation in the output from any of the sensors monitoring the process. These sensors may refer to information about pressure, RF power or gas flow and etc. in the equipment. By relating the data from these sensors to the process condition, any abnormality in the process can be identified, but it still holds some degree of certainty. Our hypothesis in this research is to capture the features of equipment condition data from healthy process library. We can use the health data as a reference for upcoming processes and this is made possible by mathematically modeling of the acquired data. In this work we demonstrate the use of recurrent neural network (RNN) has been used. RNN is a dynamic neural network that makes the output as a function of previous inputs. In our case we have etch equipment tool set data, consisting of 22 parameters and 9 runs. This data was first synchronized using the Dynamic Time Warping (DTW) algorithm. The synchronized data from the sensors in the form of time series is then provided to RNN which trains and restructures itself according to the input and then predicts a value, one step ahead in time, which depends on the past values of data. Eight runs of process data were used to train the network, while in order to check the performance of the network, one run was used as a test input. Next, a mean squared error based probability generating function was used to assign probability of fault in each parameter by comparing the predicted and actual values of the data. In the future we will make use of the Bayesian Networks to classify the detected faults. Bayesian Networks use directed acyclic graphs that relate different parameters through their conditional dependencies in order to find inference among them. The relationships between parameters from the data will be used to generate the structure of Bayesian Network and then posterior probability of different faults will be calculated using inference algorithms.

• 철학연구
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• 제141권
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• pp.287-311
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• 2017

이 논문의 주된 목적은 이제마의 '수신' 개념을 검토하여 한의학이나 성리학의 '수양' 개념과 그 의미가 다르다는 것을 드러내는 데 있다. 이를 위해 필자는 한의학과 유가의 수양 개념을 살펴본 다음, 사상의학 이론의 철학적 근거를 분석하여 이제마의 수신 개념이 이들의 수양 개념과 본질적으로 다른 점이 무엇인가를 분석했다. 한의학이나 유학의 수양 개념은 자연의 변화원리나 천과의 합일을 추구한다는 점에서 초월적이다. 그러나 이제마는 경험의 관점에서 인간의 존재구조와 성명, 그리고 사단을 재해석하고 이를 토대로 의학이론을 전개했다. 그는 인간을 경험적으로 인식 가능한 시 공간과 인륜관계 안의 존재로 재해석하고 성명과 사단 또한 인간의 지행 능력과 심신의 기능으로 재해석하여 천인합일을 지향하는 초월적인 해석을 벗어나려고 했다. 또한 그는 감정(도덕/사적)의 편착이 발병의 가장 큰 요인임을 발견하고 편착된 감정은 심신 기능에 영향을 미쳐 발병의 원인이 된다는 인과관계를 검증하여 의학이론의 기초로 삼았다. 따라서 그의 수신 개념은 감정의 편착을 경계하는 것으로 한정된다. 이것은 사상의학이 비록 한의학에서 파생하고 유학의 도덕이론에 근거하고 있지만 의학이론과 의학이론의 철학적 근거는 이들과 다르다는 것을 의미한다. 이러한 관점에서 필자는 이제마의 수신을 변화원리나 천인합일을 지향하는 수양 개념과 구별하고자 하였다.

• 한국산림과학회지
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• 제96권4호
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• pp.438-447
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• 2007

이 연구의 목적은 송이산 소나무림생태계의 구조와 기능, 그리고 토양 수분동태를 이해하는 것이다. 연구는 충북 괴산군 칠성면 속리산국립공원내 쌍곡의 송이산 소나무림에서, 생태계 구조에 속하는 식생구성 및 엽면적지수 그리고 기능에 속하는 광합성, 증산, 목부수분포텐셜과 토양수분변동을 측정분석하였다. 송이산의 수직적 구조로써 주요 상층식생은 소나무였고, 중층은 신갈나무, 하층은 진달래, 철쭉, 신갈나무, 쇠물푸레나무였다. 송이산의 엽면적지수는, 6월~9월에 3.8, 10월에 2.6, 11월~4월에는 2.1로 연중 변하였다. 수목들의 광합성은 8월말에 $6.0{\sim}7.0{\mu}mol\;CO_2/m^2/s$였으나, 10월 말경에는 소나무 $4.0{\mu}mol\;CO_2/m^2/s$, 신갈나무 $2.0{\mu}mol\;CO_2/m^2/s$, 철쭉은 마이너스 값이었고, 쇠물푸레나무는 낙엽되었다. 수목들의 증산량은 8월말경에 $2.5{\sim}3.5mmol\;H_2O/m^2/s$, 10월 중순경에는 약 $1.0 mmol\;H_2O/m^2/s$로 감소하였다. 신갈나무는 다른 활엽수보다 늦게까지 광합성과 증산작용을 하였다. 각 수종의 목부수분포텐셜은 소나무가 -10~ -22 bars, 진달래와 철쭉, 신갈나무, 쇠물푸레나무는 -5~-12 bars의 범위로 변화하였는데, 8월 말경이 -12 bars로 가장 낮았고, 10월 중순경에 -3 bars 정도였다. 송이산의 토양수분은 지형과 관련이 깊었다. 수분함량은 산능선부에서 7~11%, 중간인 산복에서 8~15%, 산록은 11~19%의 범위였다. 송이균환내부의 온도는 비균환보다 약 0.2~0.4 높은 경향이었고 송이원기 형성온도인 $19.0^{\circ}C$는 9월 중순경에 도달한 것으로 추정되었다. 송이균환의 수분은 비균환보다 약 0.5~2.0% 낮았다. 이것은 송이균환이 대사작용을 하면서 열이 발생하고 수분을 소비하고 있음을 나타낸다. 송이 발생에는 생태계의 구조와 기능이 복합적으로 관여하므로 이들의 관계에 대한 연구가 더욱 필요하다고 생각한다.