• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• 제35권12호
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• pp.3576-3582
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• 2014

Zeolite-templated carbons (ZTCs), which have high specific surface area, were prepared by a conventional templating method using microporous zeolite-Y for catalyst supports in direct methanol fuel cells. The ZTCs were synthesized at different temperatures to investigate the characteristics of the surface produced and their electrochemical properties. Thereafter, Pt-Ru was deposited at different carbonization temperatures by a chemical reduction method. The crystalline and structural features were investigated using X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy. The textural properties of the ZTCs were investigated by analyzing $N_2$/77 K adsorption isotherms using the Brunauer-Emmett-Teller equation, while the micro- and meso-pore size distributions were analyzed using the Barrett-Joyner-Halenda and Harvarth-Kawazoe methods, respectively. The surface morphology was characterized using transmission electron microscopy and inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry. The electrochemical properties of the Pt-Ru/ZTCs catalysts were also analyzed by cyclic voltammetry measurements. From the results, the ZTCs carbonized at $900^{\circ}C$ show the highest specific surface areas. In addition, ZTC900-PR led to uniform dispersion of Pt-Ru on the ZTCs, which enhanced the electro-catalytic activity of the Pt-Ru catalysts. The particle size of ZTC900-PR catalyst is about 3.4 nm, also peak current density from the CV plot is $12.5mA/cm^2$. Therefore, electro-catalytic activity of the ZTC900-PR catalyst is higher than those of ZTC1000-PR catalyst.

• 공업화학
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• 제20권1호
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• pp.40-45
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• 2009

본 연구는 유기발광디바이스(OLED)용 적색형광물질인 N-알킬카르바졸-3-비닐렌-2-메틸-4-디시아노메틸렌-4H-피란의 합성에 관한 것으로서 유도체들은 탈수축합, $S_N2$, Vilsmeier, 그리고 Knoevenagel축합반응에 의하여 합성되었다. 이들은 전자공여성의 N-알킬카르바졸-3-비닐렌기와 전자흡인성의 2-메틸-4-디시아노메틸렌-4H-피란의 공액구조를 가지고있다. 합성한 물질은 각각 FT-IR, $^1H-NMR$ 등을 통하여 그의 구조적 특성을 확인하였고, 융점, 수득률을 통하여 열적 안정성, 반응성 등을 확인하였으며, 여기 발광스펙트럼으로부터 이 형광재료들의 광학적 특성을 확인하였다.

• 한국세라믹학회지
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• 제23권1호
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• pp.51-59
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• 1986

It was the first time the MgO-C brick was developed for the lining materials in the hot spots in electric are furnace in 1972. MgO-C brick is high registant to thermal and structural spalling. Futhermore for the reason that carbon is hard to react with slag and MgO is high fireproof MgO-C brick shows a high corrosion registance to slag attack compared with conventional basic refractories. Owing to their excellent properties the use of MgO-C refractories are being developed widely in the field of shaped refractories and even in that of monolithic refractories. In this paper the oxidation of carbon the infiltration of slag into the brick texture and effects of additions were investigated. The results obtained were as follows : 1) The use of fused MgO-clinker and high purity carbon as raw materials increased the corosion registance and hot modulus of rupture of MgO-C brick. 2) As the oxidation reaction of the carbon proceeded the slag infiltrated into the brick texture. And then the slag components reacted with the MgO grains and formed low melting point compounds particulary CaO.MgO.$SiO_2$ and 3CaO.MgO.$2SiO_2$ that resulted in the wear of the brick. 3) It is recongnized the Al, Si, $B_3C$ effects on the oxidation registant properties of MgO-C brick by contribu-ting to the decrease of permeability according to the formation of $Al_4C_3$, SiC, $B_2O_3$ and the decrease of open pores relating to the formation of MgO.Al2O3, $SiO_2$, 3MgO.$B_2O_3$ at the decarbonized layer.

• Composites Research
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• 제27권3호
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• pp.90-95
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• 2014

복합재료의 경화 시 발생하는 수축 변형률은 복합재료 구조물 내에 잔류응력을 발생시키며 이러한 잔류응력은 spring-in, spring-out, warpage와 같은 구조물 변형의 원인이 된다. 본 연구에서는 Hexcel사의 "Hexply M21EV/34%/UD268NFS/IMA-12K" prepreg를 사용하였다. 시험편의 경화에 따른 cure shrinkage 변화를 DSC(differential scanning calorimetry)와 TMA(thermomechanical analyzer)를 이용하여 측정하였다. 수지의 수축률은 $140{\sim}240^{\circ}C$ 구간에서 $20^{\circ}C$ 간격으로 질소 분위기에서 측정하였다. 경화도는 dynamic과 isothermal DSC scanning을 통하여 측정된 반응열을 이용하여 산출하였으며, DSC 시험은 Argon 분위기에서 수행하였다. 시험결과, 열경화성 수지는 27~80% 경화도에서 급격한 수축이 일어났으며, 경화온도가 높을수록 더 낮은 경화도에서 수축이 시작되는 것을 알 수 있었다.

• 한국재료학회지
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• 제21권8호
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• pp.419-424
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• 2011

Pt nanoparticle catalysts incorporated on $RuO_2$ nanowire support were successfully synthesized and their electrochemical properties, such as methanol electro-oxidation and electrochemically active surface (EAS) area, were demonstrated for direct methanol fuel cells (DMFCs). After fabricating $RuO_2$ nanowire support via an electrospinning method, two different types of incorporated Pt nanoparticle electrocatalysts were prepared using a precipitation method via the reaction with $NaBH_4$ as a reducing agent. One electrocatalyst was 20 wt% Pt/$RuO_2$, and the other was 40 wt% Pt/$RuO_2$. The structural and electrochemical properties of the Pt nanoparticle electrocatalysts incorporated on electrospun $RuO_2$ nanowire support were investigated using a bright field transmission electron microscopy (bright field TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and cyclic voltammetry. The bright field TEM, XRD, and XPS results indicate that Pt nanoparticle electrocatalysts with sizes of approximately 2-4 nm were well incorporated on the electrospun $RuO_2$ nanowire support with a diameter of approximately 50 nm. The cyclic voltammetry results showed that the Pt nanoparticle catalysts incorporated on the electrospun $RuO_2$ nanowire support give superior catalytic activity in the methanol electro-oxidation and a higher electrochemically active surface (EAS) area when compared with the electrospun Pt nanowire electrocatalysts without the $RuO_2$ nanowire support. Therefore, the Pt nanoparticle catalysts incorporated on the electrospun $RuO_2$ nanowire support could be a promising electrode for direct methanol fuel cells (DMFCs).

• 한국재료학회지
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• 제23권4호
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• pp.211-214
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• 2013

The effects of a Ni coating on the sensing properties of nano ZnO:Ni based gas sensors were studied for $CH_4$ and $CH_3CH_2CH_3$ gases. Nano ZnO sensing materials were prepared by the hydrothermal reaction method. The Ni coatings on the nano ZnO surface were deposited by the hydrolysis of zinc chloride with $NH_4OH$. The weight % of Ni coating on the ZnO surface ranged from 0 to 10 %. The nano ZnO:Ni gas sensors were fabricated by a screen printing method on alumina substrates. The structural and morphological properties of the nano ZnO : Ni sensing materials were investigated by XRD, EDS, and SEM. The XRD patterns showed that nano ZnO : Ni powders with a wurtzite structure were grown with (1 0 0), (0 0 2), and (1 0 1) dominant peaks. The particle size of nano ZnO powders was about 250 nm. The sensitivity of nano ZnO:Ni based sensors for 5 ppm $CH_4$ gas and $CH_3CH_2CH_3$ gas was measured at room temperature by comparing the resistance in air with that in target gases. The highest sensitivity of the ZnO:Ni sensor to $CH_4$ gas and $CH_3CH_2CH_3$ gas was observed at Ni 4 wt%. The response and recovery times of 4 wt% Ni coated ZnO:Ni gas sensors were 14 s and 15 s, respectively.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제26권12호
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• pp.2087-2097
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• 2016

Most cold-adapted enzymes possess higher $K_m$ and $k_{cat}$ values than those of their mesophilic counterparts to maximize the reaction rate. This characteristic is often ascribed to a high structural flexibility and improved dynamics in the active site. However, this may be less convincing to cold-adapted metabolic enzymes, which work at substrate concentrations near $K_m$. In this respect, cold adaptation of a shikimate kinase (SK) in the shikimate pathway from psychrophilic Colwellia psychrerythraea (CpSK) was characterized by comparing it with a mesophilic Escherichia coli homolog (EcSK). The optimum temperatures for CpSK and EcSK activity were approximately $30^{\circ}C$ and $40^{\circ}C$, respectively. The melting points were $33^{\circ}C$ and $45^{\circ}C$ for CpSK and EcSK, respectively. The ${\Delta}G_{H_2O}$ (denaturation in the absence of denaturing agent) values were 3.94 and 5.74 kcal/mol for CpSK and EcSK, respectively. These results indicated that CpSK was a cold-adapted enzyme. However, contrary to typical kinetic data, CpSK had a lower $K_m$ for its substrate shikimate than most mesophilic SKs, and the $k_{cat}$ was not increased. This observation suggested that CpSK may have evolved to exhibit increased substrate affinity at low intracellular concentrations of shikimate in the cold environment. Sequence analysis and homology modeling also showed that some important salt bridges were lost in CpSK, and higher Arg residues around critical Arg 140 seemed to increase flexibility for catalysis. Taken together, these data demonstrate that CpSK exhibits characteristics of cold adaptation with unusual kinetic parameters, which may provide important insights into the cold adaptation of metabolic enzymes.

• 한국학교수학회논문집
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• 제16권1호
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• pp.219-240
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• 2013

각 문제를 해결하는 과정에서 우리는 필연적으로 문제에 대한 스키마를 갖게 된다. 그런데 유사 문제를 해결하다 보면 각 문제를 관련 짖는 추상적 스키마를 발견하게 된다. 이러한 추상적 스키마는 문제 해결자에게 통합적 시각을 갖게 함으로써 문제를 바라보는 안목을 높이며, 아울러 유추 전이의 상승에 기여한다는 점에서 매우 중요한 것이라고 생각된다. 유사 문제에서 추상적 스키마를 구성하기 위해서는 등장하는 어떤 요소를 제외하고도 문제의 본질을 훼손하지 않는 것과 훼손하는 것을 찾아야 한다고 생각하였다. 이와 같은 관점에서 본 연구는 유사 문제에서 추상적 스키마의 구성을 돕는 방법을 설계하였다. 또한 그것을 한 학생에게 적용하여 그 방법의 가능성을 살펴보았다. 본 연구를 통해 학생들이 갖는 개별적 수학적 지식이라고 생각되는 요소들을 통합하는 것이 가능함을 확인하였다. 이는 기존 학자들(Gick and Holyoak, 1983; Kintsch & Dijk, 1978)이 언급한 추상적 스키마의 구성을 구체화하는 방법을 제시했다는 의의를 갖는다. 이런 결과는 향후 교수 학습 방법의 개선에 도움을 줄 것으로 기대된다.

• 한국잡초학회지
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• 제18권3호
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• pp.246-256
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• 1998

Metsulfuron-methyl 처리시 옥수수에 발현되는 자색화의 원인을 알아보기 위하여 제반실험을 수행하였다. Metsulfuron-methyl 처리시 농도와 시간에 의존하여 당과 anthocyanin의 함량이 증가되었고, 증가된 anthocyanin은 ILE+VAL이나 DCMU 처리에 의해서 경감되었다. 당을 외부로부터 공급하였을 때 당 농도에 의존하여 anthocyanin 함량이 증가되었고, 당형성이 제한되어 있는 백화조직에서는 metsulfuron-methyl 처리로 anthocyanin 생성이 증가되지 않았다. 그리고 metsulfuron-methyl은 광합성 자체를 억제하지 않았다. Metsulfuron-methyl에 의한 anthocyanin 축적을 구조 유전자 변이주 모두에서는 관찰할 수 없었고, 조절유전자 변이주 중에서는 R-r, r-r에서만 anthocyanin축적을 관찰할 수 있었다. 이들의 제반 결과는 metsulfuron-methyl이 처리되면 광합성 산물인 당이 축적되고, 이는 anthocyanin 생합성 과정에 관련된 유전자를 자극함으로써 anthocyanin 생합성과정을 활성화시키며 이로 인해 옥수수가 자색화됨을 시사해 준다.

• 한국분말재료학회지
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• 제23권2호
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• pp.95-101
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• 2016

Carbon nanofiber (CNF) composites coated with spindle-shaped $Fe_2O_3$ nanoparticles (NPs) are fabricated by a combination of an electrospinning method and a hydrothermal method, and their morphological, structural, and chemical properties are measured by field-emission scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. For comparison, CNFs and spindle-shaped $Fe_2O_3$ NPs are prepared by either an electrospinning method or a hydrothermal method, respectively. Dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) fabricated with the composites exhibit enhanced open circuit voltage (0.70 V), short-circuit current density ($12.82mA/cm^2$), fill factor (61.30%), and power conversion efficiency (5.52%) compared to those of the CNFs (0.66 V, $11.61mA/cm^2$, 51.96%, and 3.97%) and spindle-shaped $Fe_2O_3$ NPs (0.67 V, $11.45mA/cm^2$, 50.17%, and 3.86%). This performance improvement can be attributed to a synergistic effect of a superb catalytic reaction of spindle-shaped $Fe_2O_3$ NPs and efficient charge transfer relative to the one-dimensional nanostructure of the CNFs. Therefore, spindle-shaped $Fe_2O_3$-NP-coated CNF composites may be proposed as a potential alternative material for low-cost counter electrodes in DSSCs.