• Geomechanics and Engineering
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.217-231
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• 2018

Clayey soils with swelling and shrinkage characteristics have been major causes for many problems in roads, buildings and other civil engineering infrastructure in various areas of Pakistan, particularly where there are several patches of such soils on either side of Indus River. As the consistency characteristics are directly related with the variation of moisture content; therefore, this study was explicitly focused to investigate the effect of lime and wheat straw on the consistency characteristics of clayey soils with relatively high swelling and shrinkage characteristics. The consistency test results indicate that by the increase in lime content there is a decrease in the plasticity index of soil; for instance, 10% lime content resulted to 59% decrease in the plasticity index value. On the other hand; the addition of wheat straw resulted in a significant increase in the plasticity index; for instance, 10% wheat straw content resulted to a 120% increase in the plasticity index. This study has further shown that the shrinkage and swelling of clayey soils which resulting to several problems in the civil engineering infrastructures may adequately be managed through mixing an appropriate amount of lime and wheat straw as soil stabilizing agent for both immediate and long-term effects.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.51-54
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• 1992

Silages were prepared with different ratios of oat and wheat straw 100:0, 80:20, 60:40, 40:60, 20:80, and 0:100 with or without urea supplementation and were ensiled for 60 days in air tight polyethylene bags and kept at room temperature. Results showed that dry matter loss was maximum in 100% oat silage and it decreased as the ratio of wheat straw increased. There was a significant difference in crude protein value of the silages prepared by different ratios of oat and wheat straw. Addition of urea significantly increased the crude protein and decreased the crude fibre value. Silage made with urea supplementation were well fermented as indicated by higher value of volatile fatty acids (VFA) and lower value of residual carbohydrates. Maximum VFA concentrations were observed in 60:40 oat-wheat straw silages. The value of enzyme soluble organic matter (ESOM) was high in all the urea supplemented silages as compared to without urea and maximum value was found in 60:40 oat-wheat straw combination.

• KSBB Journal
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.297-302
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• 2014

The autoclaving assisted by an irradiation pretreatment method was developed without toxic chemicals to produce fermentable sugars for their conversion to bioethanol. In the first step, electron beam irradiation (EBI) of rice straw was performed at various doses. The electron beam-irradiated rice straw was then autoclaved with DI water at $120^{\circ}C$ for 1 h. A total sugar yield of 81% was obtained from 300 kGy electron beam-irradiated rice straw after 72 h of enzymatic hydrolysis by Cellulase 1.5L (70 FPU/mL) and Novozyme-188 (40 CbU/mL). Also, the removal of hemicellulose and lignin was 32.0% and 32.5%, respectively. This result indicates that the environmentally-friendly pretreatment method of rice straw by an electron beam irradiation could be applied for bioethanol production in plant.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.26-32
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• 2015

Four types of straw, namely, soybean, wheat, corn, and rice, were investigated for use in lactic acid production. These straws were mainly composed of cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin. After pretreatment with ammonia, the cellulose content increased, whereas the hemicellulose and lignin contents decreased. Analytical results also showed that the liquid enzymatic hydrolysates were primarily composed of glucose, xylose, and cellobiose. Preliminary experiments showed that a higher lactic acid concentration could be obtained from the wheat and soybean straw. However, soybean straw was chosen as the substrate for lactic acid production owing to its high protein content. The maximum lactic acid yield (0.8 g/g) and lactic acid productivity (0.61 g/(l/h)) were obtained with an initial reducing sugar concentration of 35 g/l at 30℃ when using Lactobacillus casei (10% inoculum) for a 42 h fermentation period. Thus, the experimental results demonstrated the feasibility of using a soybean straw enzymatic hydrolysate as a substrate for lactic acid production.

• Journal of Korea Technical Association of The Pulp and Paper Industry
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• v.39 no.2 s.120
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• pp.9-16
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• 2007

Biological treatment using the activated sludge method and biofilm process has been developed for paper wastewater treatment. It is known that a water treatment using biofilm process has a high efficiency be-cause a great deal of microorganism could adhere to media. It is also known that various plastics such as polyurethane and polyethylene have been used as the media. In this study polyethylene was used as a media and rice straw an additive agent to improve porous and hydrophilic properties of the media for waste water treatment. Porosity and hydrophilic characteristics of polyethylene was increased as rice straw was added to polyethylene. Paper wastewater was then treated with newly developed environment materials. Rice straw showed excellent results in waste water treatment in various media. This environmentally friendly material prepared by polyethylene and rice straw could show similar results to those of a commercial porous polyurethane foam in wastewater treatment.

• Transactions of the Korean hydrogen and new energy society
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.85-94
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• 2007

Rice straw, produced as an agricultural by-product, is usable biomass as fuels if depolymerized to monomer unit, because the chemical structure are similar to high octane materials found in gasoline. In this study, parameters of thermochemical degradation by solvolysis reaction of rice straw such as the effect of reaction temperature, reaction time and type of solvent on conversion yield and degradation products were investigated. It was found that the effectiveness of the solvent on the solvolysis reaction was as follows; acetone>cresol>butanol. When acetone was used as a solvent, the highest rice straw conversion was observed to be 91.5% at $500^{\circ}C$, 40 min. Combustion heating value of liquid products from thermochemical conversion processes was in the range of 7,380 cal/g. The energy yield and mass yield in acetone-solvolysis of rice straw was as high as 69.0% and 38.2 g-oil/100g-raw material after 40 min of reaction at $350^{\circ}C$. Various aliphatic and aromatic compounds were detected in the rice straw solvolysis products. The major components of the solvolysis products, that could be used as fuel, were 4-methyl-2-pentanone, 3,5,5-trimethyl-2-cyclopentan-1-one as ketones.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.373-379
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• 1988

This experiment was carried out to investigate the effects of long-term applications of rice straw and compost on the physical and mechanical properties of paddy fields and the yearly variation of rice yield in Fluvio-Marine plain of Jeonbug series. Amounts of rice straw and compost applied in this experiment were 500kg/10a, 1,000kg/10a respectively, and the nitrogen levels were 0, 15 and 20kg/10a. This experiment were continued for 9 years from 1979 to 1987. The results are summarized as follows: 1. Clay and silt ratios were decreased but versa in sand ratio, by the long-term application of rice straw and compost. 2. Bulk density in the long-term application of organic matter was lower in surface soil of non-application than nitrogen application (15kg/10a) and in rice straw than compost. 3. Solid ratio went down, but liquid and gaseous ratio went up especially, by organic matter application liquid ratio were increased by compost and gaseous ratio were increased by in rice straw. 4. Aggregates of bigger than 2mm were increased by long-term application of organic matter, and the effects was better in rice straw than compost. Accumulative aggregate of 2mm was 66.5% in nitrogen of 15kg/ 10a with rice straw, which showed the increase of 9.1% in comparison with the non-application of nitrogen and organic matter. 5. Liquid limit, plastic limit and plastic index were high in order of rice straw, compost and control, and liquid index was lower in compost than in rice straw. 6. Cole value was higher in vertical than horizontal and highest in the application of rice straw with nitrogen of 15kg/10a. Cone and shearing resistance were lowest in the application of rice straw with nitrogen. In total vertical pressure friction was higher in the long-term application of organic matter than control. 7. The change of yield index was higher in the long-term application of compost than rice straw in non-nitrogen and it showed the yearly competitive variation between the long-term application of compost and rice straw in nitrogen of 10kg/10a. In nitrogen application of 20kg/10a, it was increased from 6th year by rice straw application.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.14 no.5
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• pp.631-639
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• 2001

Two experiments were carried out concerning the effects of urea-molasses cake (UMC) and its separate components as supplements on rumen environment, in sacco feed degradability and intake of swamp buffaloes fed rice straw, grasses or a mixture of grasses and rice straw. Experiment 1 was a change-over design with 4 animals and 6 treatments. The buffaloes were fed rice straw ad libitum, and the experimental treatments were: no supplementation (R); 700 g of the complete urea-molasses cake (RUMC); 53.2 g urea (RU); 276 g rice bran and 52.5 coconut meal (RRC); 26.6 g salt, 26.6 g bone meal and 2.1 g trace minerals (RMi); and 25 g molasses (RMo). Experiment 2 was a Latin square design with four diets and four animals. The treatments were: rice straw ad libitum and mixed grass (RG) at 2.5 g dry matter per kg live weight (LW); RG plus 700 g urea-molasses cake (RGUMC); mixed grass ad libitum (G); and G plus 700 g cake (GUMC). In both experiments the supplements were fed once daily. In Exp. 1 although the rumen pH was significantly different (p<0.05) among diets, it varied only from 6.90 to 7.06. The ruminal ammonia was also significantly (p<0.05) different among the diets with RUMC significantly higher than R. Total bacterial and protozoal counts were significantly (p<0.05) higher for the RUMC, RU, RMo and RRC diets. Total feed and rice straw intakes were highest for RUMC (p<0.05) and lowest for the RMi and RMo diets, but in sacco degradability of four different roughages were not significantly different among diets. In Exp. 2, rumen pHs of the diets differed significantly and (p<0.01) ranged from 7.04 - 7.19. Ruminal $NH_3-N$ concentrations (mg/100 ml) were also significantly different (p<0.05), and higher for the RGUMC, G and GUMC diets. The total counts of bacteria and protozoa were significantly (p<0.05) higher for the RGUMC, G and GUMC diets. The total feed intake and roughage intake were significantly (p<0.05) higher for the RGUMC, G and GUMC diets compared to the RG diet. Correspondingly, LW changes also differed among treatments (p=0.06). It was concluded that there were significant increases in rumen $NH_3-N$ concentration, microbial populations and feed intake in the buffaloes by UMC supplementation, whereas the significant difference in in sacco DM degradation was not found by any type of supplementation. There seemed to be a need of a combination of urea, molasses, minerals and other protein nitrogen sources to enhance rice straw intake. Adding grass to the rice straw diet at 0.25% LW (DM) should also be considered to maintain buffalo rumen function and production with UMC supplementation, when rice straw is the main roughage.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.77-81
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• 2020

The aim of this study was to overcome some of the limiting factors that the maxi cryopreservation straw of 5 ml presents in processing boar semen. Cryopreservation of semen samples was conducted in 0.5 ml and 5.0 ml straws at two freezing rates: -140℃ in 8 minutes and 30 seconds (FR-1) and -140℃ in 14 minutes (FR-2). The straws were then thawed and the semen parameters were compared by Computer Assisted Sperm Analysis, and sperm morphology and acrosome status were examined by Coomassie blue staining. The effects of different thawing temperatures and durations were also compared, namely 37℃ for 115 sec, 50℃ for 45 sec, or 70℃ for 25 sec. In general, the FR-1 group showed higher (p<0.05) sperm viability and motility than the FR-2 group in the 5.0 ml straws. Compared to other ranges, thawing at 50℃ for 45 sec showed the highest sperm viability and motility (68.4±3.6% and 69.5±2.2%, p<0.05), suggesting that thawing temperature should be adjusted concurrently with freezing rate. Sperm morphology and acrosome integrity did not significantly differ among the groups (p>0.05). The data obtained in this study suggest that improving the freezing-thawing protocol for one artificial insemination dose straws (5.0 ml) retains the sperm's parameters from 0.5 ml cryopreservation, and is more convenient to handle, which could result in enhanced reproductive performance.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.46 no.1
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• pp.49-54
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• 2004

Effects of low quality roughage sources on duration and frequencies of rumination and chewing in Hanwoo steers were determined, Animals were fed three diets; concentrate+rice straw(SO:SO), concentrate+ rice straw + popped rice hull(SO:3S: IS) and concentrate+ rice straw+ground rice hull(SO:3S: IS) to compare both rice straw alone and combination with rice hull. Eating and ruminating time of steers fed concentrate+ rice straw(SO:50), concentrate+ rice straw + popped rice hull(50:35:15) and concentrate + rice straw + ground rice hull(50:3S:15) were 78.8 and 338.4minlday; 98.0 and 362.5minlday, and 160 and 519.2min/day, respectively. When steers were fed popped rice hull and ground rice hull, time spent for both eating and ruminating was significantly increased(p <0.05). When steers fed popped and ground rice hull, number of ruminating chews and number of chews per rumination time were significantly decreased(p<0.05). The number of rumination boli and boli per rumination time had significantly decreased(p<0.05), but chewing time per boli, number of chew'S per bolus were significantly increased(p