• Journal of Korea Water Resources Association
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• v.56 no.9
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• pp.587-602
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• 2023

Due to climate change, population growth, and economic development, the demand for water in the urban water system (UWS) and the energy required for water use constantly increase. Therefore, beyond the traditional method of considering only the water sector, the Nexus approach, which considers synergies and trade-offs between the water and energy sectors, has begun to draw attention. In previous researches, the Nexus methodology was used to demonstrate that the UWS is an energy-intensive system, analyze the water-energy efficiency relationship surrogated by energy intensity, and identify climate (long-term climate change, drought, type), geographic characteristics (topography, flat ratio, location), system characteristics (total supply water amount, population density, pipeline length), and operational management level (water network pressure, leakage rate, water saving) effects on the UWS. Through this, it was possible to suggest the direction of policies and institutions to UWS managers. However, there was a limit to establishing and implementing specific action plans. This study built the energy intensity matrix of the UWS, quantified the impact of city conditions, external influences, and operational management levels on the UWS using the water-energy Nexus model, and introduced water-energy efficiency criteria. With this, UWS managers will be able to derive strategies and action plans for efficient operation management of the UWS and evaluate suitability and validity after implementation.

• Journal of Venture Innovation
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.115-137
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• 2023

This study analyzed the relationship between organizational innovative capability and absorptive capacity, market and technology orientations, and their impact on business performance for IT-BPO companies that are required to absorb new technologies from a leading perspective in the digital transformation era. To achieve this, an online specialized research company and offline surveys were conducted on 291 domestic IT-BPO companies, and SPSS 23 was used for descriptive statistics and reliability analysis while AMOS 23 was used for hypothesis testing including validity and mediating effects. The main findings were as follows: First, in the relationship between innovation and absorptive capabilities and Market Orientation Strategic(MOS), learning capability and knowledge network capability were found to have a statistically significant positive (+) effect on MOS. In the relationship between innovation and absorptive capabilities and Technology Orientation Strategic(TOS), R&D capability, potential absorptive capacity, and realized absorptive capacity had a statistically significant positive (+) effect on TOS. Second, in the relationship between innovation and absorptive capabilities and BP, only R&D capability was found to have a significant effect on BP. Third, both market orientation and technology orientation were found to have a significant positive (+) effect on BP. These findings suggest that effective competency factors can be identified according to the market and technology orientations pursued by IT-BPO companies to increase their growth and value creation, and provide implications for developing differentiated competency enhancement strategies based on strategic objectives.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.13 no.5
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• pp.82-89
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• 2013

The phase in digital technology expedited low-budget digital film productions in the Korean film industry; hence the international film festivals circuit became the launching pad for Korean directors as they built their reputation and careers around the critical acclaim. Pieta (Kim Ki-Duk)'s Claim on Golden Lion prize at the Venice Film Festival in 2012 would be one of the splendid achievements - the festival is considered to be one of the top the international film festival. However, the increased volume of the low-budget digital film productions are not necessarily proportional to the growth in the quality of the productions. The drawbacks to the production system appeared to be the underlying cause. In attempt to approach the issue, this article explores the production system from 2000 until now. It is illustrated that the value chain model has been transformed from general ones into vertical & horizontal integrated ones. A notable example of successful indie bands-around Hongik university area-, as well the analysis on the low-budget hit productions, especially from the mid-2000's, are introduced as the case studies. The strategies that led the success, such as subsidies policy, the tax benefits on investment firms and production companies, and the aid in international film festival submissions on low-budget digital film productions, are thus examined with further suggestions.

• Journal of Environmental Policy
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.119-144
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• 2009

The integration of environmental and innovation policies is perceived to be essential in order to deal efficiently with environmental and innovation problems. This study analyzed environmental policy integration in Finnish technology policies in view of system transitions and policy integration. Finnish environment-innovation policy integration is assessed empirically by focusing on the policy strategies, implementation, and evaluation processes. Furthermore, this study compared Korea's environment-innovation policy integration with that of the Finnish experience, and drew up policy implications from the comparative study in order to come up with Korean contexts. Moreover, since green growth and eco-innovation are core issues in Korea today, it is important to ensure that system transitions and policy implementations take into account the various forms of policymaking, as well as political, organizational, and procedural activities.

• Journal of Environmental Policy
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.109-133
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• 2014

With a growing concern about climate change and green house gases mitigation, carbon labeling policy has been launched in several countries as an environmental policy which connects low carbon production to low carbon consumption. This research aims to propose a model that explains consumers' attitude and brand loyalty toward carbon labeling products. This model specifies the consumer's psychological processes by which consumer values, such as autonomy and environmental values, affect carbon labeling product and corporate images and finally form brand loyalty toward carbon labeling products. Panel data were collected in two separate surveys and analyzed using a structural equation technique. Results are summarized as follows. First, consumers' autonomy value(AV) positively affects locus of control(LC) and corporate image(CI). Second, consumers' environmental value(EV) positively influences perceived consumer effectiveness(PCE), which in turn has a negative effect on perceived barriers(PB). Perceived barriers finally affect product image(PI) negatively. Third, both corporate image and product image have causal relationships with brand loyalty. Our results suggest that carbon labeling policy contributes not only to the reduction of greenhouse gases but also to the increase of consumers' attitude and brand loyalty toward carbon labeling products. This research also provides governments with directions for efficient environmental policy and firms with guidance on effective marketing strategies about carbon labeling.

• Food Science and Industry
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• v.40 no.2
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• pp.46-58
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• 2007

제2형 당뇨병은 대사성 질환으로 간, 근육 그리고 지방 조직 세포에서 인슐린 작용의 장애로 나타나는 인슐린 저항성으로 혈당의 이용이 감소하여 혈당이 높아짐에도 불구하고 췌장의 베타세포에서 인슐린 분비가 충분하지 못할 때 유발된다. 서구에서는 비만 등으로 인해 인슐린 저항성이 증가하면 인슐린 분비가 높은 고인슐린혈증을 나타내어 당뇨병으로의 진전은 늦다. 하지만 우리나라를 비롯한 아시아의 사람들은 인슐린 저항성이 증가할 때 인슐린 분비가 충분치 못해 혈청 인슐린 농도가 정상인과 비슷하거나 더 낮은 상태에서 당뇨병으로 진전된다. 이러한 차이는 우리나라를 비롯한 아시아 사람들에게서 제2형 당뇨병의 발생이 급격하게 증가할 것이라는 보고되었다. 결국 당뇨병은 간, 근육 및 지방조직에서의 인슐린 작용의 장애와 췌장의 베타세포에서 인슐린 분비의 부족의 복합적인 장애에 의해서 나타나고 이것은 공통적으로 각 조직에서의 인슐린/insulin growth factor (IGF)-1 신호전달의 장애와 관련이 있다. 베타세포에서의 인슐린분비 자체는 인슐린/IGF-1 신호전달과 관계가 없지만 간접적으로 관련이 있다. 인슐린 분비능은 베타세포의 증식과 생존에 의한 베타세포의 양과 밀접한 관련이 있는데 인슐린/IGF-1 신호전달은 베타세포의 증식과 생존을 조절한다. 그러므로 혈당 조절에 관여하는 기능성 식품은 인슐린 작용을 향상시키는 인슐린 민감성 특성을 가지거나, 혈당이 높아질 때 인슐린 분비를 촉진시키는 insulinotropic 작용을 하는 성질을 가지고 있어야 하겠다. 전자의 대표적인 약은 1999년에 미국 FDA에서 승인 받은 peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor $(PPAR)-{\gamma}$ agonist 인 thiazolidinedione 계통의 약물인 troglitazone, pioglitazone, rosiglitazone 등이 있고, 후자는 2007년에 승인 받은 Exenatide는 glucagon like peptide (GLP)-1 agonist이다. 이 두 가지 약은 모두 자연계에 존재하는 동식물에서 유래된 것으로 식품에도 많이 다양한 종류의 인슐린 민감성 물질이나 insulinotropic 작용을 하는 물질이 함유되어 있을 것이다. 이러한 기능 이외에 혈당조절 약이나 식품으로 사용되는 것은 탄수화물의 소화를 방해하는 것으로 탄수화물 소화효소인 a-amylase 또는 maltase의 활성을 억제하여 식후 혈당의 급격한 상승을 방지하는 것이 있다. 우리나라 사람들은 탄수화물의 섭취가 너무 많아서 실제로 이러한 식품이나 약의 효능이 높지 않을 것이다. 혈당을 조절하는 기능성 식품은 이 세 가지 효능 중 일부를 가지고 있는 것이 될 수 있다. 이러한 기능을 스크리닝하기 위해서 3가지 단계를 거쳐야 한다. 먼저 시험관에서 또는 세포 실험을 통해서 앞서 언급한 3가지 기능을 가지고 있는 지 여부를 각각 조사한다. 이중에서 효과가 있는 것은 당뇨 동물 모델을 사용하여 in vivo에서 혈당 강하기능과 혈당 강하기전을 조사하는 실험을 한다. 효과가 있는 식품이 우리가 전통적으로 식품으로 섭취해 왔다면 독성 검사를 거쳐야 할 필요가 없지만 한약재이거나 특수 식품의 경우에는 in vivo 실험 전에 GLP 기관에서 반드시 독성 실험을 거쳐 독성 유무를 확인할 필요가 있다. 동물 실험에서 효과적인 것은 인체 실험을 거쳐 혈당 조절 기능성 식품으로 식약청에서 허가를 받을 수 있겠다. 결론적으로 식품에는 항당뇨 특성을 가진 물질들이 함유되어 있는 것들이 상당히 많다. 혈당 조절기능이 있는 기능성 식품으로 개발할 때 고려해야 할 것은 1) 그 양이 혈당 강하 기능성 식품으로 지정받을 수 있을 정도로 충분히 함유되어 있느냐, 2) 혈당을 강하시키는 기전이 단순히 당의 배설을 촉진시켜서 혈당을 저하시키는 것이 아니라, 인슐린 작용을 촉진시키거나, 포도당 자극에 의한 인슐린 분비를 촉진시키거나 탄수화물의 소화 흡수를 억제시킴으로 혈당을 강하시키는 지 등을 파악하는 것이다. 이러한 조건을 만족시키는 식품은 지속적으로 섭취할 때 당뇨병을 예방하거나 진전을 지연시킬 수 있는 혈당조절기능이 있는 기능성 식품으로 개발 가능성이 있겠다.

• Journal of the Korean Geographical Society
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.35-56
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• 1995

During the last two decades, Korea has achieved remarkable economic growth. In this process the nation has become urbanized and industrialized. But we have also encountered widening regional disparity, housing shortage of larger cities, transportation congestion, environmental pollution and many other problems. Rapid increasing urbanization and continuous migration toward Seoul since the late 1960s have been one of the major concerns of government. Government has sought ways to moderate the population increase in Seoul. The regulation which include new town development near Seoul and dispersion strategies of higher education and other administration and living facilities outside of Seoul havemade a great expansion of the spatial influence of Seoul city. Seoul metropolitan reaion has evolved as the most powerful center of political and economical spaces. Generally within a metropolitan region, there exists a growing mutual interdependence economically, as well as socially between a central city and its surrounding area. Seoul metropolitan region manifests itself not only as a coherent system of urbanized regions, but also as an integral part of the daily urban system. The surrounding Gyunggi province and Seoul city become closely linked both economically and functionally, constituting true functlonai urban system. This study is primarily undertaken with the purpose of delineation of the sphere of influence of Seoul city in 1990. At the time of 1985, Seoul metropolitan region was delineated according to the result of the study which was performed by Korea Research Institute for Human Settlements. Afterward, the rapid speed of metropolitanization process with dramatic increase in mobility through the provision of wider transportation system across the Capital region have evolved, resulting in the great expansion of the spatial influence of Seoul city. So this study examines the expanded area of Seoul metropolitan regin during the period of 1985-90. In order to delineate Seoul metropolitan region, the indices of urbanization and functional linkage are selected. Variables included in the measurement of the urbanization level are agricultural structure, population characteristics, manufacturing and service industries, and cultural aspects such as newspaper circulation, the ratio of car ownership and piped water supply. Variables included in the measurement of functional linkage are commuting, shopping pattern, centralized service such as medical facilities and trade of agricultural products. The standardization method and factor analysis are employed in making the delineation of Seoul metropolitan region. According to the result of this study, 2 cities, 8 Eups and 46 Myuns are included Seoul metropolitan region in 1990. If we compare this delineated area in 1990 to that of 1985, we can find the distinctive pattern of expanded axes according to the main transportation routes such as Seoul-Suweon, Seoul-Gwangju, Seoul-Incheon. In 199O, all the Gyunggi province, except a few Myuns located at the north and northwest part of Gyunggi province, are included in Seoul metropolitan region. Furthermore, this study attempts to the analysis of regional structure of Seoul metropolitan region according to the functional characteristics of each city and Gun. Variables included in this analysis are the new residential function, manufacturing function, service function, education and infermation function, public facility function and agricultural function. Factor analysis and cluster analysis are employed in making regionalization. Seoul metropolitan reaion is subdivided into four subregions which reflect different functional specialization. The first group is the specialized region of newly formed residential function. The second group is the specialized reaion of manufacturing function. The third group is the specialized region of service function. And the fourth group has little specialized in terms of manufacturing, service, and residential function. But this region has some potentiality of development when Seoul metropolitan region grow continuously. Seoul metropolitan region accounted for 43% of national population, despite 11.8% of national land size in 1990. Although Seoul metropolitan region enjoys important agglomeration economies, it also has huge social cost in the form of transportation congestion, housing shortage, rapid increase of land value, environment pollution, and etc. Efficient metropolitan plan making is a vital element in promoting Seoul's economic development and providing high quality living environment at low cost. In the light of the result of this study, the outer ring of Seoul metropolitan region, especially northeastern part, are underdeveloped compared to overdeveloped southwestern area. It is needed to develop the guidelines for the implement of the growth control and management plan, inducing more balanced development for whole Seoul metropolitan reaion.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.36 no.2
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• pp.177-201
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• 2022

Following the adoption of the global plant conservation strategies at the Conference of the Parties for Biodiversity Conservation, diligent actions to achieve each targets are actively carried out. In particular, the need for ecological conservation research to achieve targets 2 and 7 of GSPC-2020 has increased. The priority taxa to accomplish the objectives of GSPC-2020 are rare and endemic plants. In particular, endemic plants with limited distribution in specific regions are evaluated to face a high risk of extinction. To address the necessity to preserve endemic plants, we investigated the distribution of Prunus choreiana H. T. Im, a Korean endemic plant. After that, we examined the vegetational environment of the habitat of P. choreiana and evaluated its population structure. The productivity of its fruits and the effects of pollinators on fruit production were evaluated as well. The fruiting ratio was calculated based on the number of flowers produced. Lastly, we observed the annual growth characteristics of P. choreiana. The habitats of P. choreiana did not show a specific type of vegetation. All of them were located in a limestone area of Gangwon-do in the central Korean Peninsula and occupied a site where the coverage of the tree layer and the sub-tree layer was not high or did not exist. The population structure of P. choreiana contained a high proportion of mature plants capable of producing fruits and a low proportion of seedlings and Juvenile plants. We found that the production of fruits required pollinators and was affected by the performance of each plant. Although P. choreiana produces many flowers, only a maximum of 20% and only 2-6% on average bear fruits. These flowering characteristics may be due to pollinators' low abundance and activity during the flowering season (between mid-March and early April), suggesting that many flowers are needed to attract more pollinators. We rarely observed the re-establishment of seedlings in the population of P. choreiana. Despite that, we predict the population to persist owing to its long lifespan and periodic production of numerous fruits. However, if the tree layer and sub-tree layer in competing status with P. choreiana increase their crown density, they are expected to inhibit the growth of P. choreiana and affect the risk of its extinction. Therefore, the current changes in the vegetational environment of the habitats are expected to decrease the number and extent of P. choreiana in the long term. The results of this study may serve as primary and important data necessary for the achievement of GSPC-2020 objectives.

• Journal of Intelligence and Information Systems
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.119-138
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• 2016

Since the Industrial Revolution, which made the mass production and mass distribution of standardized goods possible, machine-made (manufactured) products have accounted for the majority of the market. However, in recent years, the phenomenon of purchasing even more expensive handmade products has become a noticeable trend as consumers have started to acknowledge the value of handmade products, such as the craftsman's commitment, belief in their quality and scarcity, and the sense of self-esteem from having them,. Consumer interest in these handmade products has shown explosive growth and has been coupled with the recent development of three-dimensional (3D) printing technologies. Etsy.com is the world's largest online handmade platform. It is no different from any other online platform; it provides an online market where buyers and sellers virtually meet to share information and transact business. However, Etsy.com is different in that shops within this platform only deal with handmade products in a variety of categories, ranging from jewelry to toys. Since its establishment in 2005, despite being limited to handmade products, Etsy.com has enjoyed rapid growth in membership, transaction volume, and revenue. Most recently in April 2015, it raised funds through an initial public offering (IPO) of more than 1.8 billion USD, which demonstrates the huge potential of online handmade platforms. After the success of Etsy.com, various types of online handmade platforms such as Handmade at Amazon, ArtFire, DaWanda, and Craft is ART have emerged and are now competing with each other, at the same time, which has increased the size of the market. According to Deloitte's 2015 holiday survey on which types of gifts the respondents plan to buy during the holiday season, about 16% of U.S. consumers chose "homemade or craft items (e.g., Etsy purchase)," which was the same rate as those for the computer game and shoes categories. This indicates that consumer interests in online handmade platforms will continue to rise in the future. However, this high interest in the market for handmade products and their platforms has not yet led to academic research. Most extant studies have only focused on machine-made products and intelligent services for them. This indicates a lack of studies on handmade products and their intelligent services on virtual platforms. Therefore, this study used signaling theory and prior research on the effects of sellers' characteristics on their performance (e.g., total sales and price premiums) in the buyer-seller relationship to identify the key influencing e-Image factors (e.g., reputation, size, information sharing, and length of relationship). Then, their impacts on the performance of shops within the online handmade platform were empirically examined; the dataset was collected from Etsy.com through the application of web harvesting technology. The results from the structural equation modeling revealed that the reputation, size, and information sharing have significant effects on the total sales, while the reputation and length of relationship influence price premiums. This study extended the online platform research into online handmade platform research by identifying key influencing e-Image factors on within-platform shop's total sales and price premiums based on signaling theory and then performed a statistical investigation. These findings are expected to be a stepping stone for future studies on intelligent online handmade services as well as handmade products themselves. Furthermore, the findings of the study provide online handmade platform operators with practical guidelines on how to implement intelligent online handmade services. They should also help shop managers build their marketing strategies in a more specific and effective manner by suggesting key influencing e-Image factors. The results of this study should contribute to the vitalization of intelligent online handmade services by providing clues on how to maximize within-platform shops' total sales and price premiums.

• Journal of Distribution Science
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• v.10 no.4
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• pp.21-28
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• 2012

While recent economic stagnation has left consumers dispirited, rapid growth has been seen in the domestic coffee industry recently. With the growth in coffee consumption, a tremendous increase in the number of specialty coffee shops has been seen in the domestic coffee market. The expectation that markets specializing in coffee will continue to grow for a long time will cause existing enterprises to expand their shops and increase the rate of entry of new shops. Intense competition in the domestic coffee market will force companies to create a competitive advantage through differentiated marketing strategies. This paper focuses on how the shopping value and repatronage intention of customers using coffee shops is affected by service quality. Moreover, this paper intends to examine the service quality that is critical for the successful management of relationships and the values that are important to consumers. For these purposes, the discriminative effect of service quality on shopping value was analyzed and the effect of utilitarian and hedonic value on repatronage intention was reviewed. The results of this study are detailed below. First, interaction and outcome quality can positively affect the hedonic value, whereas environment quality is not meaningful for utilitarian value. Considering the relative effect on utilitarian value outcome, the effect of outcome quality is greater than that of interaction. This result shows that the role of outcome quality is most important for improving utilitarian value. Second, outcome and environment quality positively affect hedonic value; however, interaction quality does not meaningfully increase hedonic value. These results indicate that customers recognize hedonic value on the basis of their evaluation of the service outcomes and the background to delivery service. In particular, it was revealed that the relative effect of outcome quality on hedonic value is greater than that of environment quality. Third, both utilitarian value and hedonic value had a positive effect on repatronage intention. The relative influence of the hedonic value is that the shopping value affects the repatronage intention more than the utilitarian value. These results mean that customers recognize coffee shops as spaces for satisfying utilitarian and hedonic values, and they place more importance on the benefits of the emotional experience than functional needs. Finally, this study suggests that output quality is more important than other service factors, and the results of this paper give some implications to the coffee shop industry that customers seek utilitarian needs based on economic value and place more weight on hedonic value, such as that offered by relationship media.