• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• v.33 no.1
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• pp.1-8
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• 2017

Seed dehiscence of ginseng (Panax ginseng C. A. Mayer) is affected by moisture, temperature, storage conditions and microbes. Several microbes were isolated from completely dehisced seed coat of ginseng cultivars, Chunpoong and Younpoong at Gumsan, Korea. We investigated the potential of five Talaromyces flavus isolates from the dehiscence of ginseng seed in four traditional stratification facilities. The isolates showed antagonistic activities against fungal plant pathogens, such as Cylindrocarpon destructans, Fusarium oxysporum, Rhizoctonia solani, Sclerotinia nivalis, Botrytis cinerea, and Phytophthora capsici. The dehiscence ratios of ginseng seed increased more than 33% by treatment of T. flavus GG01, GG02, GG04, GG12, and GG23 in comparison to control (28%). Among the treatments, the reformulating treatment of T. flavus isolates GG01 and GG04 showed the highest of stratification ratio of ginseng seed. After 16 weeks, the reformulating treatment of T. flavus isolates GG01 and GG04 significantly enhanced dehiscence of ginseng seed by about 81% compared to the untreated control. The candidate's treatment of T. flavus GG01 and GG04 showed the highest decreasing rate of 93% in seed coat hardness for 112 days in dehiscence period. The results suggested that the pre-inoculation of T. flavus GG01 and GG04 found to be very effective applications in improving dehiscence and germination of ginseng seed.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.38 no.4
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• pp.679-692
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• 2018

The effects of high-pressure processing (HPP) treatment on the quality characteristics of low graded Hanwoo beef marinated with five different sauces (soy, fish, fish-soy, soy-fish and fish-soy-meat sauces) obtained from Asian countries were studied. The Hanwoo beef striploins were marinated with the aforementioned sauces (at ratio: 3:1 w/w) for 3 days at $4^{\circ}C$ before they were treated with HPP at 550 MPa for 5 min at $10^{\circ}C$. All the sauces used were equalized to a same salt level of 12.5%, and the samples marinated with a 12.5% brine solution were served as a control. After treating with the HPP, all the samples were stored for further 7 days at $4^{\circ}C$ for analyses. Results revealed that HPP treatments showed some effects on technological quality traits (pH, cooking loss and color) but had no effect on the collagen contents of the marinated beef. Noticeably, the HPP treatment led to the increases in amounts of free amino acids associated with monosodium glutamate-like taste and sweet taste in the samples marinated with fish sauce or soy-fish sauce, fish-soy sauce and fish-soy-meat sauce whereas, it only reduced these amino acids in the samples marinated with soy sauce or control. Furthermore, the total bacteria count in all the marinated beef samples treated with HPP were significantly (p<0.05) lower than those of the non-HPP-treated samples throughout the storage periods. It is concluded that HPP could be applied for enhancing the taste-active compounds production such as free amino acids, and improving the shelflife stability of the marinated beef.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.384-389
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• 2016

A total of 400, one day-old commercial broiler chicks were divided into five diet groups (negative control, positive control group with 55 ppm Zn-bacitracin, 15 ppm ${\beta}$-glucan, 30 ppm ${\beta}$-glucan, and 60 ppm ${\beta}$-glucan) and fed for six weeks. Ten broilers were allotted to each of 40 floor pens. Eight floor pens were randomly assigned to one of the 5 diets. Each diet was fed to the broilers for 6 weeks with free access to water and diet. The survival rate, growth rate, feed efficiency, and feed conversion rate of the broilers were calculated. At the end of the feeding trial, the birds were slaughtered, breast muscles deboned, and quality parameters of the breast meat during storage were determined. The high level of dietary ${\beta}$-glucan (60 ppm) showed better feed conversion ratio and survival rate than the negative control. The survival rate of 60 ppm ${\beta}$-glucan-treated group was the same as that of the antibiotic-treated group, which showed the highest survival rate among the treatments. There was no significant difference in carcass yield, water holding capacity, pH, color, and 2-thiobarbituric acid reactive substances values of chicken breast meat among the 5 treatment groups. Supplementation of 60 ppm ${\beta}$-glucan to broiler diet improved the survival rate and feed conversion rate of broilers to the same level as 55 ppm Zn-bacitracin group. The result indicated that use of ${\beta}$-glucan (60 ppm) can be a potential alternative to antibiotics to improve the survival and performance of broilers. However, dietary ${\beta}$-glucan showed no effects on the quality parameters of chicken breast meat.

• Polymer(Korea)
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.377-384
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• 2003

High impact polystyrene/organically modified layered silicate (HIPS/OLS) nanocomposites by in situ polymerization were synthesized to investigate the effect of clay on the particle size and properties of rubber. In the OLS, the montmorillonite having benzyl group showed best dispersion in polystyrene phase. With the addition of clay, the intercalated peak from XRB was confirmed, but the peak gradually shifted to lower angle as rubber concentration increased. Thus, it is speculated that the organoclay disperses better in rubber phase than in polystyrene phase. The average rubber particle size increased and the particle size distribution widened as the amount of clay increased, which may be caused by the increase of the viscosity ratio of rubber to polystyrene phases and the unstable dispersion. The materials having clay showed improved thermal properties from thermogravimetric analysis. Rheological properties such as complex viscosity and storage modulus increased as the amount of clay increased.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.11-17
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• 2002

This paper compares the difference between the village groves in the Jinan settlement region and the Hamyang settlment region in Honam and the Youngnam mountainous region. The results are as follows: Fifty-one village groves in the Jinan legion were found and 40 village groves were found in the Hamyang region. It was established that the village groves in the Jinan region of Honam province were conserved better than those of Hamyang region of Youngnam province. In the Jinan area, the village groves were principally found in the Jinan-eup and the Hamyang regions, primarily in Seosang-myun and Aneui-myun. So it was determined that the village groves were distributed inequitably in the two regions. In L / W ratio, the Jinan region is 3.6 and Hamyang region is 2.0 Jinan is 1.8 times greater than Hamyang. Therefore, it was concluded that Jinan is stronger than Hamyang in linear function of the village groves. Stone stooge for complementation function was found in 11 village groves in the Jinan region and 6 village groves in Hamyang. So the percentage of the remaining stone storage is 15-20 % of all village groves. Regarding grove makeup, the village gloves in Jinan region is deciduous forest principally. In contrast, the groves of Hamyang are principally coniferous forest. The dominant tree of the Jinan-gun region is Zelkova serrata, but in Hamyang it is Pinus densiflrora. By number, Hamyang region has two times the trees than Jinan region. In density of stand, the Hamyang region is 76.2% higher than Jinan region. In height and diameter of trees, the Jinan region is greater than the Hamyang region. It was identified that RSI of both region is 40%. So in density of trees, both region are sparse. This paper has a limit in ideiltiting the differences between Yolmg-nam ar\ulcorner Hnam village groves because comparative review only examined two regions.

• Computational Structural Engineering
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• v.6 no.4
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• pp.89-98
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• 1993

As the construction of nuclear power plants are increased, nuclear wastes disposal has been faced as a serious problem. If nuclear wastes are to be buried in the underground stratum, thermo-mechanical behavior of stratum must be analyzed, because high temperature distribution has a significant effect on tunnel and surrounding stratum. In this study, in order to analyze the structural behavior of the underground which is subject to concentrated heat sources, a coupling method of nonlinear finite elements and linear boundary elements is proposed. The nonlinear finite elements (NFE) are applied in the vicinity of nuclear depository where thermo-mechanical stress is concentrated. The boundary elements are also used in infinite domain where linear behavior is expected. Using the similar method as for the problem in mechanical field, the coupled nonlinear finite element-boundary element (NFEBE) is developed. It is found that NFEBE method is more efficient than NFE which considers nonlinearity in the whole domain for the nuclear wastes depository that is expected to exhibit local nonlinearity behavior. The effect of coefficients of the rock mass such as Poisson's ratio, elastic modulus, thermal diffusivity and thermal expansion coefficient is investigated through the developed method. As a result, it is revealed that the displacements around tunnel are largely dependent on the thermal expansion coefficients.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.36 no.6
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• pp.646-652
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• 2003

This study was performed to determine the iron status of the adolescent Korean girls before and after menarche. The 101 subjects aged 11-13 years who attending in an elementary school in Mokpo were recruited. They were divided into pre-menarche (A) group or post-menarche (B) group based on their menstruation status. The latter subjects were sub-divided into one of the four groups according to the times of their menstruation B-I( $\geq$ 3 times), B-II (4-6 times), B-III (7-9 times) or B-W ( $\geq$ 10 times). In the total subjects, dietary iron intake, 11.3 mg/day, was below the Korean RDA for iron, the percentage of heme iron to total iron intake, 15%, and the bioavailability of dietary iron, 12.3%, seemed to be low. And their body iron storage, 140.8 mg, seemed to be insufficient. However, they tended to meet body's iron requirement in the cell level. Red blood cell number (RBC), hematocrit (Hct), and hemoglobin (Hb) level in the total subjects were 4.5 1012/I, 39.3%, and 13.0 g/㎗, respectively. The subjects in B group had lower (p<0.05) RBC and Hct compared to those in A group and the prevalence of iron-deficiency anemia tended to be high. Serum iron, ferritin, and soluble transferrin receptor (sTfR) and sTfR:ferritin ratio were 86.7 $\mu\textrm{g}$/d, 17.6 $\mu\textrm{g}$/l, 3.58 mg/1, and 230, respectively. Those four indices were not significantly different among the groups. The results of this study imply that, although there a tendency to affect negatively iron status, menstrual blood loss in adolescent females does not deteriorate obviously their iron status during the relatively short period up to 1 you. However, it should be better to improve their iron status after starting menarche by increasing iron intake, especially heme-iron, and enhancing factors for iron absorption.

• IMMUNE NETWORK
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.18-26
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• 2012

Background: Vitamin C is an essential nutrient for maintaining human life. Vitamin C insufficiency in the plasma is closely related with the development of scurvy. However, in vivo kinetics of vitamin C regarding its storage and consumption is still largely unknown. Methods: We used $Gulo^{-/-}$ mice, which cannot synthesize vitamin C like human. Vitamin C level in plasma and organs from $Gulo^{-/-}$ mice was examined, and it compared with the level of wild-type mice during 5 weeks. Results: The significant weight loss of $Gulo^{-/-}$ mice was shown at 3 weeks after vitamin C withdrawal. However, there was no differences between wild-type and vitamin C-supplemented $Gulo^{-/-}$ mice (3.3 g/L in drinking water). The concentration of vitamin C in plasma and organs was significantly decreased at 1 week after vitamin C withdrawal. Vitamin C is preferentially deposited in adrenal gland, lymph node, lung, and brain. There were no significant changes in the numbers and CD4/CD8 ratio of splenocytes in $Gulo^{-/-}$ mice with vitamin C withdrawal for 4 weeks. And the architecture of spleen in $Gulo^{-/-}$ mice was disrupted at 5 weeks after vitamin C withdrawal. Conclusion: The vitamin C level of $Gulo^{-/-}$ mice was considerably decreased from 1 week after vitamin C withdrawal. Vitamin C is preferentially stored in some organs such as brain, adrenal gland and lung.

• Textile Coloration and Finishing
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.132-139
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• 2010

Sericin pulverization process was applied by freezing-thawing of sericin protein concentration solution and physicochemical properties of sericin/chitosan blended films were investigated. In sericin pulverization process by freezing-thawing method, the refrigeration storage at $4^{\circ}C$ maximized gelling between sericin molecules, which increased 10% of recovery ratio from sericin concentration solution that using ultrafiltration procedure. In physicochemical properties of sericin/chitosan blended films, the maximum load of chitosan (6.7kgf) had higher than that of sericin (1.2kgf), and the elongation of sericin and chitosan had 96% and 34%, respectively. Also FT-IR analysis of sericin/chitosan blended films showed that both sericin and chitosan films had amide I peak (N-H bond) in $1,521cm^{-1}$ and amide II peak (C=O bond) in $1,630cm^{-1}$. In addition, it could confirm compatibility between both materials as indicated by the decrease in the amide I peak's absorption value as chitosan content increases.

• Journal of Broadcast Engineering
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.330-340
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• 2016

This paper explains about the structure of multiple sensorial media application format (ISO/IEC 23000-17), which is newly standardized as a project of MPEG-A. This format facilitates effective storage, playing, and management of media with multiple sensorial effects. The ISO base media file format from MPEG-4 Part 12 and sensory effect metadata (SEM) from MPEG-V Part 3 are used to composed the multiple sensorial media application format. In this paper, a fragmentation method to break a SEM XML document into valid SEM samples is presented. Several binarization methods to compress the SEM samples are compared and evaluated as well. The compression ratio and processing time using the MPEG-V binary representation and the Binary MPEG format for XML (BiM) are superior to the gzip compression.