• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.159-169
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• 2012

Seokgasan(石假山) is originated in Goryeo, is a Korean traditional technique handed down to Joseon and Seokgasan is the Korean creative culture of gardening by artificial stones, which replicates small artificial mountain of natural landscape in the garden. The object of this study is Seokgasan made by Seong-im(成任), who was a civil minister in Joseon and lived from 1421 to 1484, in his residence located in Inwang Mountain, Hanyang and the purpose of this study is to investigate the historical meaning and symbol of Seokgasan made by Seong-im on the base of the relative old literatures and embody its shape and structure. According to the result of this study on Seokgasan of Seong-im, it can find out some facts as follows; Seokgasan of Seong-im in the early Joseon succeeded to the structural form of Seokgasan of the artificial rock mountain type connected pond, which was made-up firstly in the garden of the Palace of Manwoldae in the Middle Goryeo, and it was called firstly as 'Seokgasan' in the garden of Seong-im's house. Seong-im's Seokgasan in the early Joseon had more concentrated philosophical meanings, including the idea of taoist immortal, than those in the Goryeo dynasty and was be emblematic of an imaginative space. Also there were lots of gardens modeled on the famous mountains and famous lakes in China much the same as the Goryeo dynasty. In addition, there was an exceptional purpose for building Seokgasan which could not be found in the Goryeo dynasty. That was practicality for emotional stability and cure. Seong-im's Seokgasan is record-relics with high value of landscape architecture history, which can identify its historical meanings, shapes and structural frames succeeded from the Goryeo dynasty.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.101 no.1
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• pp.130-137
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• 2012

This study has conducted to develop new gabion wall systems with vegetation base materials for stream bank stability and rapid rehabilitation. Vegetation base materials are primarily compounded with fine soil, organic composts and peat moss as plant fibers, a water retainer and a soil improver. Normally gabion wall systems resist the lateral earth pressures or stream power by their own weight. Therefore, fill material must have suitable weight, compressive strength and durability to resist the loading, as well as the effects of water and weathering. In this project, 100 to 200-mm clean, hard stones are basically specified, and about 50-mm rubbles are also used. Test application of new gabion wall system carried out in the stream bank of a small stream in the Gwangreung experimental forest, belonging to Korea Forest Research Institute (KFRI) in December 16th, 2006. As a result of the analysis of hydraulic stability of new gabion wall system, gabion wall system has highest threshold shear stress when the gabion wall covered by vegetation. New gabion wall system is highly resistant to sliding and overturning because safety coefficients exceed 1.5. As a result of term of slope stability analysis of new gabion wall system by Bishop and Fellenius methods, stability of stream bank was highly increased after the construction of gabion wall. Therefore, new gabion wall system is effective to stabilize unstable stream bank.

• Journal of The Geomorphological Association of Korea
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.23-36
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• 2012

This study aims to think about the problem of dolmens: the reasons for the presence of dolmens and how to construct it, at the point of view of geographical and geomorphological. The subjects of this study is the dolmens which locate between at Dogok Hyosanri and Chunyang Daesinri Hwasoon-gun, Jeonlanamdo. The study areas in Hyosanri, Daesinri has been observed as follows. First, the long axis direction of Dolmen upper stone and the slope one are the same. Second, tor, block stream, hockey stick, etc. Third, Composition of the soil silt> sand> clay is distributed in the order. Forth, The soil of high quality silt and the roundness of angular, sub-angular-level and the high frequency, peaks of quarts and illite clay minerals show. Fifth, in the result of $SiO_2/Al_2O_3$, $SiO_2/R_2O_3$, and CIA(Chemical Index of Alteration), Hyosanri, Daesinri areas show mechanical weathering was dominant and chemical weathering environment was not being progressed. The blocks used in construction of dolmens had moved to the bottom of slopes by mass movement such as solifluction then them which had been placed in the position seem to be used by people of Bronze. Based on the above results, the process of construction of dolmens can be estimated as follows. They would dig up the ground under the upper stone of dolmens, put the supporting stone in the place, then dig up earth, place into remains, close the obturating stones, then heal up earth.

• Journal of the Regional Association of Architectural Institute of Korea
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• v.20 no.6
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• pp.131-137
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• 2018

The two recent excavations at the site of Beopsusa Temple in Seongju revealed that it contained eight building remains, three pedestrian facilities, four drainage facilities, two walls, three embankments, and an estimated pagoda remain. Even though this investigation was restricted to some sections of the site, it confirmed remains of architectural significance and thus attracted the attention of concerned researchers. This study thus set out to make an architectural survey of the site based on the excavation results and examine the characteristics and nature of remains of Buildings No.2 and 3 at the site. The planar analysis results show that Building No.2 (Remains 2-2) at the site of Beopsusa Temple was a gable-roofed building with a single story including 6 kan(間) in the front and 4 kan(間) in the flank and that Building No.3 (Remains 3-3) was a single-story building with a hipped-and-gable roof including 5 kan(間) in the front and 3 kan(間) in the flank. The most noteworthy remain of this excavation was the north-south square platform discovered at the Building No.2 at the site. It is estimated as a high chair platform used for Buddhist sermons. It was confirmed only at the lecture hall remains of Hwangnyongsa Temple and Anyangsa Temple in the nation and had never been found at remains related to Chinese and Japanese Buddhist Temples, being regarded as a very important and unique artifact. Since it was found at the remains of Building No.2, they was estimated as the lecture hall remain at the site. Found at the remains of Building No.3 at the site, the oblong altar remains were also very unique and rare and never found at other Buddhist temple sites. The inside of oblong altar was evenly covered with roof tiles instead of rubble, and there were small crushed stones for internal division, which is an altar construction method distinctly different from its counterparts at other Buddhist temple sites. Those findings raise the possibility high that a wooden facility was put up at the top of oblong remains.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.217-223
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• 2019

In this study, the acceleration changes of the surrounding ground when crushed stones were installed in a strip-type were analyzed using the 1-G shaking table test. The ground was constructed from clay, and the foundation was installed using crushed stone of strip-type form. The response acceleration and response spectrum for various input seismic motions were analyzed. The change in acceleration was examined according to the adjacent distance to the strip-type crushed stone foundation. In the Hachinohe seismic motion results, there was no significant decrease in acceleration, but the maximum response acceleration for the two seismic motions was inversely proportional to the distance from the crushed stone foundation. As a result of the response spectrum analysis, the attenuation period in the long period and the short period input wave were different from each other, and the change in response spectrum affected the maximum acceleration value. As the distance from the crushed stone foundation was increased, the attenuation was larger in the period between 0.08 and 0.5 sec in the Hachinohe seismic motion, the attenuation was larger in the period of less than 0.2 seconds in the Northridge seismic motion.

• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.46 no.4
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• pp.90-107
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• 2013

The Stone Monument of Taejong King in Heonreung Royal Tomb, Seoul was originally erected in 1424 to pay a tribute to Bang Won Lee's achievement who was named Taejong, the Third King of Joseon Dynasty. The monument has been damaged by Japanese Invasion of Korea in 1592 so that another monument was newly made and erected together with the original monument in 1695. The original monument was made of medium-grained biotite granite for the turtle base and medium-grained milky white crystalline limestone for the stele body and the top stone. The turtle base of the original monument is destroyed beyond the original shape and inscription due to irregular shaped breaking and a set of longitudinal crack. Analyzing the deterioration degree by using nondestructive methods, the 88 percentage of the front area and 38 percentage of the back area of the monument are damaged, and the lower part of the stele body is dominantly deteriorated especially due to the combination of discoloration and physical deterioration. The new monument in 1695 is also made of granite and limestone. The weathering indices of the turtle base and stele body stones by the calculation from ultrasonic velocity are 0.10 and 0.74, respectively. This is because the original monument is presumed to be degraded by heat shock and physical attack during the Japanese war, and the long-term outdoor exposure accelerated the weathering of the monument afterward without protective shelter.

• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.45 no.1
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• pp.70-85
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• 2012

Uiseong Tamni-ri Five-storied Stone Pagoda is composed of andesitic tuff and partially combined with tuff breccia and fine-grained granite. The andesitic tuff is identical to basement rock of Geumseongsan Mountain based on lithological, mineralogical and geochemical characteristics. The pagoda has suffered physical weathering such as crack and scaling, discoloration and biological colonization with complex reaction. Expecially, dark gray and brown discoloration appeared whole over the surface of the pagoda, and three to five-layered exfoliation and granular disintegration dominantly occurred in the fourth and fifth roof stones. It is assuming that the stone elements of the pagoda are evaluated as third to forth grades (average third grade) of weathering compared to fresh rock in Geumseongsan Mountain. The physical strength of the stone elements shows low values in the south and west sides of the pagoda that corresponds high weathering degree of the west side due to exfoliation, crack and granular disintegration. It is necessary to investigate the pagoda for precise deterioration assessment, monitoring and conservation treatment.

• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.46 no.4
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• pp.126-143
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• 2013

Myeonghwalsanseong Fortress and Namsansinseong Fortress in Gyeongju are one of the few that have accurate records of when and who constructed the structures. Based on the monument commemorating the construction of Myeonghwalsanseong Fortress and the construction technique and structure of the fortresses confirmed through excavation survey, it can be induced that Myeonghwalsanseong Fortress was built prior to the 7th century. Meanwhile, Namsansinseong Fortress is believed to have been erected in 679, with the exception of one part of the wall found in the northwestern valley that was built during the first construction period of 591. Referring to the construction method of these fortresses in the royal capital, Gyeongju, various recentlystudied fortresses were reviewed to estimate the construction periods. As a result, Haman Seongsansanseong Fortress, which takes similar form with Myeonghwalsanseong Fortress, is believed to have been built during the mid-6th century based on the construction method and supplementary work method(i.e. Bochuk). Yangdongsanseong Fortress in Gimhae and Singisanseong Fortress, similar in their construction method, are also believed to be from the same period. Meanwhile, Jusanseong Fortress of Goryeong, despite the similar construction technique used, the construction technique used for Bochuk or limited Bochuk imply a time gap. Separately, most of the remaining walls of Namsansinseong Fortress appear to date back to the additional construction period, and Sageunsanseong Fortress in Hamyang and Dadaesanseong Fortress in Geoje that show similar construction method are set for the same period. Such conclusion was drawn from straight layer piling using the refined rectangular stones found in the fortress and the supplementary part remaining thereof. In addition, the study discovered a cross-section triangular water hole at Yangdongsanseong Fortress in Gimhae and Sageunsanseong Fortress in Hamyang and the trace of wooden fences constructed before the construction of stone-wall, reaping outcomes rarely found in this region.

• Journal of the Korean Crystal Growth and Crystal Technology
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• v.29 no.5
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• pp.192-202
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• 2019

Physicochemical properties and sintering characteristics of pottery stone (Taebaek, Haenam, Aphae, Haengnam) were evaluated as a raw material for porcelain products. Due to acid leaching procedure, the concentration of iron oxide ($Fe_2O_3$) was decreased to < 1.0 wt%, which affects the whiteness of sintered samples. Mean particle size of acid leached samples is $5.7{\sim}10{\mu}m$ with narrow particle size distribution (PSD), which is lower than that of the pristine ($8{\sim}18{\mu}m$) with broad PSD. According to phase analysis by X-ray diffraction, most of pottery stones (PS) have Quartz phase as a main phase with Pyrophyllite as a second phase, however, Haenam PS shows halloysite phase. The absorption rate was in order of Taebaek (A, B, C)~Aphae (A, B) < Taebaek (Special A) < Haengnam < Haenam, and the samples sintered in reductive atmosphere showed lower absorption rate. This result might be due to the concentration of feldspar contained in PS, working as a flux in sintering process. Comparing the color of the sintered samples, the whiteness of refined PS (Taebaek special A, Haenam, Hangnam) is higher than acid leached PS (Taebaek A/B/C, Aphae A/B). The whiteness (L*) for refined PS is 95~97 %, which is higher than acid leached (82~96 %). This might be due to lower iron oxide concentration of the refined PS (0.11~0.58 %) than those of the acid leached PS (0.41~1.91 %) even though most of iron oxide was removed by acid leaching.

• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.40
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• pp.105-135
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• 2007

Since now, the study of wooden pagodas in ancient Korea have been proceeded to the site plan, the devices and the goods of sarari containers and the reconstruction. They are based on the result of archaeological excavations and the historical material documents. But the study of the foundations of wooden pagodas have been unsatisfactory. In this paper, the investigations of the wooden pagodas in the Three Kingdoms are proceeded. Through this action, we have checked the method of the foundations, the type and installation of Simchoseok(central base stone) and the erection of Simju(central base pillar). In the result of this study, three types were in the method of the foundations-the construction of the upper on the surface of the earth, the construction of the upper and lower on the surface of the earth. And we know the types of the installation of Simchoseok were the underground-type central base stone and the ground-type central base stoned. The factors of the central base pillars were changed with the rising of central base stones from the lower on the surface of the earth to the surface of the foundation. This change was needed to construct the larger wooden pagodas than the ones of the past. In especially, the large wooden pagodas with the ground-type central base stoned were appeared in the king of Baekje, Muwang(A.D. 600~640). We assume that the method of the construction of larger wooden pagodas like that was forwarded to Silla and Japan.