• Journal of Sport and Applied Science
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• 제7권2호
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• pp.39-51
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• 2023

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate differences in the control process to satisfy spatial and temporal constraints imposed upon the anticipation timing response by analyzing the effect of spatio-temporal accuracy demands on eye movements, response accuracy, and the coupling of eye and hand movements. Research design, data, and methodology: 12 right-handed male subjects participated in the experiment and performed anticipation timing responses toward a stimulus moving at three velocities (0.53m/s, 0.66m/s, 0.88m/s) in two task constraint conditions (temporal constraint, spatial constraint). During the response, response accuracy and eye movement patterns were measured from which timing and radial errors, the latency of saccade, fixation duration of the point of gaze (POG), distance between the POG and stimulus, and spatio-temporal coupling of the POG and hand were calculated. Results: The timing and radial errors increased with increasing stimulus velocity, and the spatio-temporal constraints led to larger timing errors than the temporal constraints. The latency of saccade and the temporal coupling of eye and hand decreased with increasing stimulus velocity and were shorter and longer respectively in the spatio-temporal constraint condition than in the temporal constraint condition. The fixation duration of the POG also decreased with increasing stimulus velocity, but no difference was shown between task constraint conditions. The distance between the POG and stimulus increased with increasing stimulus velocity and was longer in the temporal constraint condition compared to the spatio-temporal constraint condition. The spatial coupling of eye and hand was larger with the velocity 0.88m/s than those in other velocity conditions. Conclusions: These results suggest that differences in eye movement patterns and spatio-temporal couplings of stimulus, eye and hand by task constraints are closely related with the accuracy of anticipation timing responses, and the spatial constraints imposed may decrease the temporal accuracy of response by increasing the complexity of perception-action coupling.

• 한국융합학회논문지
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• 제6권4호
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• pp.249-255
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• 2015

이 연구의 목적은 불빛 자극의 이동속도가 농구 패스를 정확하게 예측하고 수행하는데 어떠한 영향을 미치는지를 알아보고 이러한 결과가 기술수준에 따라 어떠한 차이가 나타나는지 확인하는데 있다. 이를 위해 숙련자 7명, 초보자 7명의 대상에게 불빛 자극의 이동속도(4m/s, $3m/s{\rightarrow}5m/s$, $5m/s{\rightarrow}3m/s$)가 다른 실험과제 상황에서 불빛 자극이 목표지점에 도착하는 시점과 일치되게 체스트패스를 수행하도록 하였다. 실험과제는 각 자극조건 당 4회씩 총 12회가 무선으로 제시되었으며, 매 시행마다 예측 타이밍 수행의 차이를 확인하기 위해 절대오차, 항상오차 그리고 가변오차를 측정하였다. 연구 결과, 숙련자가 초보자에 비해 예측 타이밍의 정확성이 높은 것으로 나타났으며, 감속 및 등속 조건이 가속조건에 비해 타이밍 정확성이 높은 것으로 나타났다. 타이밍 수행의 경향을 측정한 항상오차는 숙련자가 초보자에 비해 적은 오차를 나타냈으며, 감속 조건이 가장 적은 오차를 나타냈다. 마지막으로 타이밍 수행의 일관성을 측정한 가변오차는 기술수준에 따른 주효과만 유의한 것으로 나타났다. 즉 숙련자가 초보자에 비해 수행의 일관성이 높은 것으로 나타났다. 이러한 결과를 종합해보면, 숙련자가 보다 예측 타이밍 수행능력이 높은 것으로 확인되었으며, 감속 조건이 다른 이동속도 조건에 비해 보다 낮은 오차를 보인 것으로 나타났다.

• 대한임상검사과학회지
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• 제36권1호
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• pp.43-48
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• 2004

Cerebral vasoreactivity is an index of autoregulation of cerebral perfusion, and can be measured using functional images such as Xe CT, SPECT and PET in reponse to hypercapneic stimulus. In order to measure cerebral $CO_2$ vasoreactivity in routine TCD study conveniently and reliably, we devised a method of rebreathing into closed volume of reservoir bag as a hypercapneic stimulus, and applied it to 44 healthy volunteers. As a hypercapneic stimulus, we applied fitting mask connected with closed reservoir bag for about 90 seconds, and mean blood flow velocity(MBFV) and pulsatility index(PI) were evaluated at proximal middle cerebral arteries(MCA) of 50-55 mm depth, before and after the hypercapneic stimulus. Age affected the MFV and PI value showed significant and the MFV was 56.45(SD=9.75)cm/sec, while PI was 0.406(SD=0.089). As age increases the flow velocity decreased significantly whereas PI value increased(P<0.05). The vasoreactvity significantly decreased with age(P<0.05). The decrease of cerebral blood flow quantity and cerebral blood flow velocity is not only because of increase of diameter of cerebrovascular resulting from aging, but the resistance increase of small blood vessel resulting from the increase of PI & RI value is regarded. We suppose that the rebreathing method is a reliable and convenient technique as a hypercapneic stimulus in determining cerebral $CO_2$ vasoreactivity. The rebreathing method could be non-invasive and useful methods in estimation of the cerebrovascular reactivity and could be applied to the basal and follow-up evaluation of the cerebrovascular reserve of the ischemic stroke patients.

• 한국운동역학회지
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• 제24권4호
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• pp.367-373
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• 2014

Most athletes execute rhythmic hop as a preparatory motion in Taekwondo sparring. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of rhythmic hop on the response times and kicking velocities of Taekwondo kicks. Twelve male elite Taekwondo athletes performed a roundhouse kick and a back kick as fast as possible immediately after seeing an external stimulus in rhythmic hop and in no hop, respectively. The three-dimensional marker data of the whole body were measured at sampling rate of 200 Hz. Paired t-tests were used to compare dependent measures between hop and no hop conditions. Results indicated that the rhythmic hop did not affect response time statistically but improved the kicking velocity significantly than no hop did. Different instants of detecting an external stimulus in rhythmic hop for the back kick showed significantly different response times. Conclusively, rhythmic hop is recommendable for the purpose of kicking velocity, but not for the purpose of response time. Athletes should be careful in executing rhythmic hop as their preparatory motions for the back kick, since the response time could be shortened or lengthened according to the instant of detecting an external stimulus.

• 대한임상전기생리학회지
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• 제7권1호
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• pp.7-10
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• 2009

Purpose : The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of electrical stimulation applied in dominant forearm on autonomic nervous system response of both hands. Methods : Fourteen healthy subjects (women) received low frequency-high intensity electrical stimulation to one forearm. The subjects assigned to two groups; a ipsilateral stimulation group (n=7) and a contralateral stimulation group (n=7). The electrode attachment was arranged on the forearm of the dominant arm and the electricity stimulus time was set as 15 minutes. Measuring items were the skin conduction velocity, the blood flow, and the pulse rate, which were measured total 3 times (pre, post, and post 10 min.). Results : The skin conduction velocity showed a significant difference according to the change of the time in both hands, but there was no significant difference according to time in the blood flow, and the change of the pulse frequency regardless of stimulus side. Conclusion : These results demonstrate that the low frequency-high intensity electrical stimulation applied dominant forearm can increase selectively only with the skin conduction velocity, which may be helpful for the activation of the sudomotor function of both hands by the activation of sympathetic nerve.

• 한국융합학회논문지
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• 제8권8호
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• pp.325-332
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• 2017

이 연구의 목적은 리시버의 움직임을 모사한 불빛자극의 이동속도와 농구 패스 유형에 따라 예측 타이밍 수행에 어떠한 영향을 미치는지 알아보는데 있다. 실험을 위해 10명의 대학생에게 세 가지 이동속도를 무선으로 제시한 후 불빛자극이 목표지점에 도착하는 시점과 일치되게 체스트 패스와 바운드 패스를 수행하도록 하였다. 실험과제는 패스 유형별로 각 속도조건 당 4회씩 수행하여 총 24회가 무선으로 제시되었으며, 매 시행마다 항상오차, 절대오차 그리고 가변오차를 측정하였다. 그 결과, 세 가지 시간오차는 가속조건일수록 크게 나타났으며 체스트패스가 바운드패스에 비해 타이밍의 정확성이 높게 나타났다. 이러한 연구 결과들을 통해 자극의 이동속도와 농구패스의 유형이 패스의 예측 타이밍 수행에 영향을 미치는 주요 변인임을 확인하였다.

• 대한의용생체공학회:의공학회지
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• 제14권3호
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• pp.251-256
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• 1993

The conduction velocity of the nerve is of importance to the diagnosis of various negromuscular disorders. A major technical problem encountered in nerve stimulation technique is the control of stimulus artifact and the convenience of nerve stimulator. The remained artifacts must be removed by processing the contaminated signal. This paper discusses about the artifact cancellation algorithms in constant voltage type nerve stimulator(CVS) and constant current type nerve stimulator(CCS).

• 국제물리치료학회지
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• 제1권2호
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• pp.143-148
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• 2010

The present study examined the effects of functional electrical stimulus(group 1), proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation(group 2) and combined training of functional electrical stimulus and proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation(group 3) with scapula adductor muscles on scapula movement, upper limb function and gait in fifteen subjects stroke patients. The training was thirty minutes a day, five times a week for six weeks, obtained result as follow, upper limb function was significant difference in the group 2(p<.05) but no significant difference in other groups. The change of weight bearing were significant difference in all the groups(p<.05), and increase of gait velocity were significant difference in all the group(p<.05). In conclusion, when applied with functional electrical stimulus, proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation and combined training to the scapular adductor muscles, it was oberved in the course of the experiment that proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation was the most effective treatment among the three methods applied to the scapula adductors.

• PNF and Movement
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• 제19권2호
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• pp.195-203
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• 2021

Purpose: Neurodynamic tests are used to examine neural tissue in patients with neuro-musculoskeletal disorders, although this has not yet been established in the intensity of nerve tension application. This study aimed to investigate the acute effects of neural stretching intensity on nerve excitability using the latency and amplitude of nerve conduction velocity test (NCV) analysis. Methods: Thirty young, healthy male and female subjects (mean age = 21.30 years) voluntarily participated in this study. Nerve excitability was assessed using the median sensory NCV test. The latency and amplitude of the NCV test were measured under four different conditions: reference phase (supra-maximal stimulus, without neural stretching), baseline phase (2/3 of the supra-maximal stimulus, without neural stretching), weak stretch phase (2/3 of the supra-maximal stimulus, with weak neural stretching), and strong stretch phase (2/3 of the supra-maximal stimulus, with strong neural stretching). Results: The NCV latency was significantly delayed after one minute of neural stretching at the baseline, weak phase, and strong phase in comparison with the reference phase. The NCV latency was significantly delayed by increasing the strength of neural stretching. Furthermore, the NCV amplitude was significantly increased at the weak and strong phases, which were under neural stretching, in comparison with the baseline phase. The NCV amplitude was significantly increased by increasing the strength of the neural stretching. Conclusion: Transient neural stretching as a neurodynamic test can increase the sensitivity of the nerve without negatively affecting the nervous system. However, based on the results of this study, strong neural stretching in the neurodynamic test may delay the transmission of nerve impulses and hypersensitivity.

• 한국자기학회지
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• 제27권3호
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• pp.92-97
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• 2017

펄스자기장을 인체에 자극했을 때 몸 안에 있는 이온성 전해물질에 의해 유도전류가 발생하며, 최근에는 이를 활용하여 자기장 치료기술이 새롭게 연구 개발되고 있다. 본 연구에서는 강한 펄스자기장을 자극했을 때, 여러 층으로 응집되어 붙어있는 적혈구 연전형성의 변화를 동역학적으로 조사 분석하였다. 적혈구의 연전형성은 여러 가지 원인에 의해 발생하는데 물리학적으로 보면 적혈구 중심에 있는 $Fe^{+3}$ 이온에 의한 전기장 발생과 혈액 내에 녹아있는 음이온의 상호작용이 원인으로 고려된다. 본 연구에서 사용된 펄스자기장의 세기와 시간은 0.27 Tesla, 0.102 msec이고 펄스 반복시간은 1초이다. 인체에 가한 펄스자기장의 자극시간은 5분에서 10분, 15분, 20분까지 증가시켰고, 이에 따라 적혈구의 연전상태 변화를 동영상으로 조사하였다. 펄스자기장을 10분 동안 가했을 때 적혈구의 연전상태는 매우 호전되어 대체로 개별로 분리되었으며 slide glass 위에서 이동속도 역시 가장 활발하게 움직여서 $8{\times}10^{-4}m/sec$로 증가하였다. 그러나 20분까지 자기장 자극을 증가시키면 오히려 적혈구의 연전상태가 증가하고 활동성이 떨어지는 것을 확인하였다. 이에 대한 해석은 좀 더 체계적인 연구와 분석이 필요해 보인다.