• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.43 no.11
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• pp.1681-1687
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• 2014

In the present study, we investigated the effect of ethyl acetate fraction from 50% ethanol extract of fermented Curcuma longa L. (FCEE) on lipid metabolism in 3T3-L1 cells. The safety range of FCEE was up to $300{\mu}g/mL$. Effects of FCEE on lipid accumulation and intracellular triglyceride (TG) content in 3T3-L1 cells were examined by Oil Red O staining and AdipoRed assay. Compared to adipocytes, lipid accumulation and intracellular TG content were significantly reduced by 10.2% and 13.7%, respectively, upon FCEE treatment at a concentration of $200{\mu}g/mL$. Glucose uptake by 3T3-L1 cells was significantly reduced by 36.6% compared to adipocytes at a concentration of $200{\mu}g/mL$. On day 8, free glycerol release into the culture medium was significantly reduced compared to adipocytes at concentrations of 50, 100, and $200{\mu}g/mL$ of FCEE. FCEE significantly stimulated RNA expression of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and suppressed mRNA expressions of sterol regulatory element-binding protein-1c (SREBP-1c), CCAAT/enhancer binding proteins ${\alpha}$ ($C/EBP{\alpha}$), and peroxisome proliferator- activated receptor ${\gamma}$ ($PPAR{\gamma}$) in 3T3-L1 cells. These results suggest that FCEE inhibits adipogenesis through activation of AMPK mRNA expressions and inhibition of SREBP-1c, $C/EBP{\alpha}$, and $PPAR{\gamma}$ mRNA expressions.

• BMB Reports
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• v.42 no.4
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• pp.232-237
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• 2009

Sterol regulatory element-binding protein (SREBP)-1c plays a crucial role in the regulation of lipogenic enzymes in the liver. We previously reported that an X-chromosome-linked RNA binding motif (RBMX) regulates the promoter activity of Srebp-1c. However, still unknown was how it regulates the gene expression. To elucidate this mechanism, we screened the cDNA library from mouse liver by yeast two-hybrid assay using RBMX as bait and identified scaffold attachment factor B1 (SAFB1). Immunoprecipitation assay demonstrated binding of SAFB1 to RBMX. Chromatin immunoprecipitation assay showed binding of both SAFB1 and RBMX to the upstream region of Srebp-1c gene. RNA interference of Safb1 reduced the basal and RBMX-induced Srebp-1c promoter activities, resulting in reduced Srebp-1c gene expression. The effect of SAFB1 overexpression on Srebp-1c promoter was found only in the presence of RBMX. These results indicate a major role for SAFB1 in the activation of Srebp-1c through its interaction with RBMX.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Plant Biotechnology Conference
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• 2002.04a
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• pp.69-75
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• 2002

Sterols play two major roles in plants: a bulk component in biological membranes and precursors of plant steroid hormones. Physiological effects of plant steroids, brassinosteroids (BRs), include cell elongation, cell division, stress tolerance, and senescence acceleration. Arabidopsis mutants that carry genetic defects in BR biosynthesis or its signaling display characteristic phenotypes, such as short robust inflorescences, dark-green round leaves, and sterility. Currently there are more than 100 dwarf mutants representing 7 genetic loci in Arabidopsis. Mutants of 6 loci, dwf1/dim1/cbb1, cpd/dwf3, dwf4, dwf5, det2/dwf6, dwf7 are rescued by exogenous application of BRs, whereas bri1/dwf2 shares phenotypes with the above 6 loci but are resistant to BRs. These suggest that the 6 loci are defective in BR biosynthesis, and the one locus is in BR signaling. Biochemical analyses, such as intermediate feeding tests, examining the levels of endogenous BR, and molecular cloning of the genes revealed that dwf7, dwf5, and dwf1 are defective in the three consecutive steps of sterol biosynthesis, from episterol to campesterol via 5-dehydroepisterol. Similarly, det2/dwf6, dwf4, and cpd/dwf3 were shown to be blocked in $D^4$ reduction, 22a-hydroxylation, and 23 a-hydroxylation, respectively. A signaling mutant bri1/dwf2 carries mutations in a Leucine-rich repeat receptor kinase. Interestingly, the bri1 mutant was shown to accumulate significant amount of BRs, suggesting that signaling and biosynthesis are dynamically coupled in Arabidopsis. Thus It is likely that transgenic plants over-expressing the rate-limiting step enzyme DWF4 as well as blocking its use by BRI1 could dramatically increase the biosynthetic yield of BRs. When applied industrially, BRs will boost new sector of plant biotechnology because of its potential use as a precursor of human steroid hormones, a novel lead compound for cholesterol-lowering effects, and a various application in plant protection.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.164-171
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• 1988

The composition of lipid class and fatty acid of free lipids(FL) and bound lipids(BL at low temperature and BL at high temperature) from Mungbean (Phaseolus radiatus, L) was investigated with the chromatographic procedures. The contents of neutral lipid (NL), glycol lipids(GL) and phospholipids(PL) in FL were 89.1%, 7.1%, and 3.7%, on the other hand those of BL were $49{\sim}56%,\;28{\sim}29%\;and\;15{\sim}21%$, respectively. The major components of NL fraction were triglycerides, 1,2-diglycerides and esterified sterol in the lipids of FL and BL. Esteryl steryl glycosides and monogalactosyl diglycerides were observed as major GL components of FI and BL. Of the PL in FL and BL, phosphatidyl ethanolamine, diphosphatidyl glycerides and phosphatidyl choline were the major components. The predominent fatty acids of NL, GL and PL were linoleic, palmitic and linolenic acids. There are a little difference between the compositions of BL at low and high temperature extraction.

• KSBB Journal
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• v.24 no.6
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• pp.549-555
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• 2009

4 kinds of Regional Special Natural Products (RSNPs), such as Anthrisci radix, Psoraleae semen, Siegesbeckiae herba and Corni fructus were examined to verify for anti-obesity effect. $PPAR\gamma$ (peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor $\gamma$) from 3T3-L1 cell concerning adipocyte differentiation was suppressed by different concentraton of 4 RSNPs with western blot, when treated RSNPs' extract and MDI (IBMX, Dexamethasone, Insulin) at the same time. Also, SREBP-1 (Sterol regulatory element binding protein) controlling lipogenesis and $PPAR\gamma$ expression levels were reduced by these 4 RSNPs' extract, when these chemicals after differentiation of 3T3-L1 cell. And lipid droplets were reduced by 7.5%, 14.4%, 18.3% and 30% at different concentration of Anthrisci radix from Oil Red O staining. Also, it was reduced by 2%, 4.9%, 9.3% and 38% at different concentration of Psoraleae semen. For Siegesbeckiae herba, it was inhibited by 1.4%, 6.4%, 16.4% and 30.1%, respectively. And Corni fructus was also showed by 0.9%, 6.3%, 13.7% and 33% at same concentration of Siegesbeckiae herba. These 4 kinds of RSNPs were expected for a useful material for anti-obesity materials.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.319-328
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• 1995

This study was carried out to investigate the resistance mechanism by three different kinds of procymidone-resistant and susceptible isolates of Botrytis cinerea which had been collected from green houses. The average resistance level of the resistant strains was 1,000 times higher than that of susceptible ones. Also, it was revealed that the resistance was not originated from components excreted by Botrytis cinerea, based on the result obtained from the treatment with piperonyl butoxide and triphenyl phosphate as an inhibitor of monooxygenase and esterase, respectively. The total lipod content of resistant strains was 1.3 times higher than that of susceptible ones, among fatty acids, palmitic acid, stearic acid, and linoleic and being 3.0, 2.5, and 2.0 times higher, respectinely. Also slight differences in sterol contents and components were observed. The crude chitin content was slightly higher in susceptible strains but contents of N-acetyl glucosamine, a hydrolysate of chitin, were about 2 times higher in resistant ones.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
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• v.22
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• pp.71-77
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• 2004

Alkylphenols (8), chlorophenols (2), bisphenol A, eoprostanols (2) and cholesterol compounds were analyzed in the surface water and surface sediment taken from Gwangyang Bay and surrounding streams in 2001. Among the target analytes, nonylphenol and dihydrocholesteyol compounds were detected with high concentration and high frequency. t-Octylphenol, bisphenol A and coprostanols were detected only in some sediment samples from the stream. The highest concentration of nonylphenol was determined in stream sample, and concentrations of nonylphenol in the inner part of Gwangyang Bay were higher than those in the out part. Nonylphenol concentrations in the surface seawater and surface sediment samples ranged from 4.0 to 74.0 ng l$\^$-1/ and from 3.1 to 74.3 ng g$\^$-1/ dry wt., respectively. Partition coefficient (LogK$\_$oc/) of nonylphenol between sediment and water was 4.8. Nonylphenol nnd dihydrocholesteol concentrations in the stream surface sediment samples ranged from 4.6 to 808.6 and from 78.4 to 1133.6 ng g$\^$-1/ dry wt., respectively. Relatively high concentrations of nonylphenol were found in the stream samples which aye flowing through industrial complex area, while dihydrocholesterol concentration was relatively high in the stream samples which are flowing through only municipal area. Seaward decreasing tyend in nonylphenol concentration was observed from the Seomjin River estuary to the Gwanyang Bay. Such trend was best supported by the strong correlation between nonylphenol concentration and salinity in water samples.

• Herbal Formula Science
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.457-469
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• 2017

Obesity is one of the most serious health problem because it induced numerous metabolic syndrome and increases the incidence of various disease, including diabetes, hypertension, dyslipidemia, atherosclerosis, and cancer. In 3T3-L1 adipocytes, increases in reactive oxygens species (ROS) occur with lipid accumulation. NADPH oxidase, producing superoxide anion, may contribute to the development of obesity-associated insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. In this study, we elucidated the effect of Chaenomeles sinensis koehne extract (CSE) against the development of obesity and the inhibition mechanisms in 3T3-L1 preadiocytes. CSE decreased triglyceride content and inhibited the expression of adipogenic transcription factors including peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor $(PPAR){\gamma}$, CCAT/enhancer binding protein $(C/EBP){\alpha}$ and sterol regulatory element-binding protein (SREBP-1). In addition, CSE highly increased antioxidant activity in a dose-dependent manner. CSE remarkably reduced intracellular ROS increase and NAD(P)H oxidase activity, NOX1, NOX4, Rac1 protein expression, and phosphorylation of p47phox and p67phox We also studied the effect of CSE on weight gain induced by high-fat diet. The oral treatment of CSE (500 mg/kg, body weight) in diet-induced obese (DIO) mice showed decrease in triglyceride and adipocyte size. Therefore, these results indicate that the effect of CSE on anti-obese effects, adipocyte differentiation and reducing triglyceride contents as well as adipocyte size in obese mice, may be associated with inhibition of NAD(P)H oxidase-induced ROS production and adipose transcription factors. These results showed the potential to inhibit the obesity by CSE treatment through controlling the activation of NAD(P)H oxidase in vitro and in vivo obese model.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.65-71
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• 2003

Terbinafine is a synthetic allylamine that is available in an oral formulation and is used at a dosage of 250mg/day. It is used as an active antifungal agent and inhibits the fungal enzyme squalene epoxidase, which leads to the accumulation of the sterol squalene, which is toxic to the organism. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the bioequivalence of two terbinafine tablets, Lamisil (Novartis Korea Ltd.) and Terbinex (C-TRI Ltd.), according to the guidelines of Korea Food and Drug Administration (KFDA). Eighteen normal male volunteers, 26.00$\pm$2.57 year in age and 70.51$\pm$9.36 kg in body weight, were divided into two groups and a randomized 2${\times}$2 cross-over study was employed. After one tablet containing 125 mg of terbinafine was orally administered, blood was taken at predetermined time intervals and the concentrations of terbinafine in plasma were determined using HPLC with UV detector. Pharmacokinetic parameters such as AUC, $C_{max}$ and $T_{max}$ were calculated and ANOVA test was utilized for the statistical analysis of the parameters. The results showed that the differences in AUC, $C_{max}$ and $T_{max}$ between two tablets were －4.191％, 5.223％ and －25.720％, respectively when calculated against the Lamisil, tablet. The powers (1-$\beta$) for AUC, $C_{max}$ and $T_{max}$ were 81％, 87％ and below 60％, respectively. Minimum detectable differences(.il) at alpha=O.1 and 1-/3=0.8 were less than 20％ (e.g., 19.72％ and 17.77％ for AUC and $C_{max}$, respectively). But minimum detectable differences($\Delta$) at alpha=0.1 and 1-$\beta$=0.8 for $T_{max}$ were more than 20％ (e.g., 26.25％). The 90％ confidence intervals were within $\pm$20％ (e.g., －17.440∼9.06 and －6.713∼17.160 for AUC and $C_{max}$ respectively). But 90％ confidence intervals for $T_{max}$ were not within $\pm$20％ (e.g., －43.346∼8.083). Another ANOVA test was conducted for logarithmically transformed AUC and $C_{max}$. These results showed that there are no significant differences in AUC and $C_{max}$ between the two formulations: The differences between the formulations in these log transformed parameters were all for less than 20％ (e.g., －4.19％ and 5.22％ for AUC and $C_{max}$, respectively). The 90％ confidence intervals for the log transformed data were not the acceptance range of log 0.8 to log 1.25 in AUC but the acceptance range of log 0.8 to log 1.25 in $C_{max}$ (e.g., log 1.13∼log 1.50 and log 0.94-log 1.22 for AUC and $C_{max}$ respectively). The major parameters, AUC and $C_{max}$ met the criteria of KFDA for bioequivalence although $T_{max}$ did not meet the criteria of KFDA (1998 year) for bioequivalence, indicating that Onfran tablet is bioequivalent to Zofran tablet. But in another ANOVA test AUC did not meet the criteria of KFDA (2002) for bioequivalence but $C_{max}$ met the criteria of KFDA (2002 year) for bioequivalence.or bioequivalence.equivalence.equivalence.equivalence.

• The Journal of Internal Korean Medicine
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• v.35 no.2
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• pp.175-183
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• 2014

Objectives : We tried to uncover the anti-lipogenic effect and underlying mechanism of Laminaria japonica on an experimental cellular model of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Methods : Ethanol extract of Laminaria japonica (LJ) was prepared. Intracellular lipid content of palmitate-treated HepG2 cells was evaluated with or without LJ treatment. We measured the effects of LJ on liver X receptor ${\alpha}$ ($LXR{\alpha}$) and sterol regulatory element-binding transcription factor-1c (SREBP-1c) expression, transcription level of lipogenic genes, including acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC), fatty acid synthase (FAS), stearoyl-CoA desaturase-1 (SCD-1), and nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) activation in HepG2 cells. Results : LJ markedly attenuated palmitate-induced intracellular lipid accumulation in HepG2 cells. LJ suppressed $LXR{\alpha}$-dependent SREBP-1c activation, and SREBP-1c mediated induction of ACC, FAS, and SCD-1. Furthermore, LJ activated Nrf2, which plays an important cytoprotective role in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Conclusions : Our study suggests that LJ has the potential to alleviate hepatic lipid accumulation, and this effect was mediated by inhibiting the $LXR{\alpha}$-SREBP-1c pathway that leads to hepatic steatosis. In addition, the anti-lipogenic potential may, at least in part, be associated with activation of Nrf2.