• Textile Coloration and Finishing
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.10-16
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• 1997

Merino wool top and fabric have been treated with steams such as superheated steam or high pressure steam. Moisture regain, water absorbency, water penetration, zeta potential, ESCA, SEM, and dyeing behavior were studied. Negative electric potential on the surface of wool fibers by steam treatment became higher than untreated. From the results of ESCA measurement, intensity of $O_{1s}$ was increased by steam treatment. Rate of dyeing and saturation dye exhaustion of wools increased by steam treatment, especially high pressure steam treatment. Moisture regain, water absorbency, water penetration, and surface appearances by SEM photographs of the steam-treated wools didn't change. There is no relationship between dyeing of the steam-treated wool and wettability to water. Therefore It seems likely that relaxation of adhesive filler in interscale of wool by steam treatment accelerate dye penetration into the fiber.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Tobacco Science
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.139-148
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• 1995

This study was carried out to investigate the effects of super heated steam on the physical and chemical changes of burley cut tobacco. Total sugar, total alkaloid, ether extracts, crude ash, total nitrogen and pH for leaf chemical constituents were analyzed. Filling power and fineness index for physical properties, and carbonyl compounds, phenol compounds, amonia, pH, hydrogen cyanide nicotine, carbon monoxide, total volatile base and tar for smoke components were also analyzed. The cut tobacco treated with super heated steam showed significant decrease in total sugar and total alkaloid. The filling power of the sample treated with the super heated steam system was increased abruptly when heated at over 250℃. The fineness index showed similar tendency to that of common toast method. Super heated steam treatment slightly decreased carbonyl compounds, phenol compounds, hydrogen cyanide, nicotine, carbon monoxide and tar in the tobacco. Especially the decrease of ammonia was the most remarkable. The pH of smoke was a little different compared with that in the common toast. The sensory test results showed that, compared to the common conveyer moving system, the tobacco treated with super heated steam system brought out more roasted flavor, lowered impact, irritation, and sting, further improved aftertaste, and lowered bitterness. The super heated steam treatment method used in the studies is expected to give better filling power, mild taste and toasted odor of tobacco than that of the common method for toast treatment. Key words : burley tobacco, super heated steam, expansion, toast.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine Ophthalmology and Otolaryngology and Dermatology
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.130-141
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• 2016

Objectives : This study was to performed to investigate the effect of herbal steam therapy on acne vulgaris. Methods : 6 patients with acne vulgaris were treated with korean medicine therapy (herbal medicine and acupunture) including herbal steam therapy. We evaluated the effect by Korean Acne Grading System(KAGS) and Pictures. Results : After treatment, the KAGS Grade of all patients treated with korean medicine therapy including herbal steam therapy is 1. Based on this, we could find that korean medicine therapy including herbal steam therapy is effective and available to ameliorate for the symptoms of acne vulgaris. Conclusions : This clinical cases study shows us that korean medicine therapy including herbal steam therapy seem to be effective to improve symptoms of acne vulgaris. Further studies will be needed to identify herbal steam therapy is beneficial to acne vulgaris.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.33 no.4
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• pp.361-366
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• 2009

This research aims to develop a new drying technology using super-heated steam to reduce the time required for drying ginseng and to enhance its quality. The drying rate of ginseng powder treated with hot-air drying after drying with super-heated steam was about 40% faster than the drying rate of ginseng powder treated with hot-air drying. Minimal difference was found between hot-air drying and hot-air drying after drying with super-heated steam in the general composition of the ginseng powder, such as its crude lipid, crude protein, crude fiber, and ash. Moreover, no difference was found between hot-air drying and hot-air drying after drying with super-heated steam in terms of the ginseng powder's mineral and free sugar contents. The crude saponin contents was 5.43% in the ginseng treated with hot-air drying and 5.4% in the ginseng treated with hot-air drying after drying with super-heated steam. The ginseng powder that was treated with hot-air drying after drying with super-heated steam had a slightly higher redness compared to the ginseng powder that was treated with hot-air drying alone. The number of microorganisms of the ginseng powder treated with hotair drying after drying with super-heated steam showed a reduction of one log cycle in the total bacteria and two log cycles in the yeast molds compared to the ginseng powder treated with hot-air drying alone.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.201-206
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• 2007

This study was designed to investigate quality characteristics of alcohol fermentation from 5 barldy cultivars teated with non-steam and steam. In alcohol fermentation treated with non-steam, alcohol concentration reached to 1.7% for naked berley, 2.9% for naked waxy barley and 4.3% for Hinchalssalbori. However, no fermentation was occurred with baney and waxy barley. When the barley cultivars were steamed, alcohol concentrations showed to be higher than those not steamed. In sugar concentration from non-steam, both barley and waxy barley showed to have approximately $9.0\;^{\circ}Brix$ and naked barley, naked waxy barley and Hinchalssalbori showed to have approximately $5.0\;^{\circ}Brix$. When the burley cultivars were steamed, sugar concentration was decreased as alcohol concentration was increased Interestingly, sugar concentrations in barley cultivars were fast dropped more than 50% following alcohol fermentation except naked barley k alcohol fermentation treated with non-steam, total acidity of Hinchalssalbori was 0.51%, but the others showed more than 0.80%. So except for Hinchalssalbori, it was possible that acidification occurred during the fermentation. In total acidity from steam, all samples showed less than 0.3%. In flee sugar from non-steam, total free sugar contents of barley and waxy barley were approximately 4,000.0mg% and contents of naked barley naked waxy barley and Hinchalssalbori were each approximately 300.0 mg%. Free sugar from steam was increased as sugar concentration increased. In conclusion, barley cultivars were evaluated to be not suitable at alcohol fermentation treated with non-steam.

• Journal of Korea Technical Association of The Pulp and Paper Industry
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• v.33 no.3
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• pp.75-83
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• 2001

The potential of oxygen delignification is a powerful tool to reduce detrimental environmental effects. This study was performed to investigate the effect of steam explosion treatment of chemically treated oak wood on oxygen-alkali pulping. Pulp yield during steam explosion treatment by ${Na_2}{O_3}$-NaOH impregnation was higher than the other impregnation chemicals. Also, NaOH extraction at room temperature after steam explosion treatment improved the kappa number from 140~116 to 90~64. Oxygen-alkali pulping of chemical steam explosion treated woods affected to pulp yields. ${Na_2}{O_3}$-NaOH impregnation was very effective to higher carbohydrate yields at same delignification level. Its carbohydrate yield seemed to be highly related to the effluent pH. Oxygen-alkali pulping after steam explosion treatment of ${Na_2}{O_3}$-NaOH impregnated wood was shown that carbohydrate yield was very high because its effluent pH was increase from natural to mild alkali. Even if oxygen bleaching limit the delignification to 50% in order to avoid unacceptable yield and viscosity losses, oxygen-alkali pulping after steam explosion by ${Na_2}{O_3}$-NaOH impregnation was possible to extend the delignification more than 80%. Considering high pulp yield with lower lignin content from steam explosion treated wood, it might be profitable to end the cook at a high kappa number instead of a low kappa number, and continuously apply the oxygen delignification, in order to better quality pulp.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.46 no.5
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• pp.497-510
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• 2018

In this study, the decay resistance of larch wood, which was heat treated by superheated steam, was evaluated by the field decay test. During the field decay test of 12 months, non-treated wood has been severely damaged by termite, however, no visible damage has occurred in the preservative-treated wood and superheated steam heat-treated wood. Results of field decay test showed approximately 5% mass loss of the non-treated wood and the preservative-treated wood, and approximately 1% mass loss of the superheated steam heat-treated wood. After the field decay test for 12 months, the residual amount of preservatives remaining in the preservative-treated wood was lower than that before the field decay test. It was considered that the preservative was partially eluted during the field decay test, and the mass loss of the preservative-treated wood was thought to be similar to that of the non-treated wood. Through this study and additional long-term monitoring test, superheated steam heat treatment can be considered to be an environmental-friendly method to enhance the decay resistance of wood against rot fungi and/or insect without chemical treatment such as preservative injection.

• Biotechnology and Bioprocess Engineering:BBE
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• v.8 no.3
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• pp.179-182
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• 2003

Anaerobic fermentation was attempted to produce methane from the wood chip (Eucalyptus globulus). By the pretreatment of the wood chip using hot water with high temperature, NaOH, and steam explosion, the production of methane gas was enhanced. The pretreatment using Steam explosion resulted in more amount of methane gas produced than the treatment using either hot water or 1% (w/w) NaOH with high temperature, and the steam explosion at a steam pressure of 25 atm and a steaming time of 3 min was the most effective for the methane production. The amount of methane gas produced depended on the ratio of weight of Klason lignin, a high molecular weight lignin, in the treated wood chip.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.27 no.5
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• pp.660-666
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• 2013

The purpose of this study was to investigate the clinical effects of herbal steam therapy on cough. Twenty-eight patients with cough who had treated with herbal steam therapy(chungsang, chungpae) between 3rd of January and 30th of April, 2013 were analyzed. The effects were evaluated the severity and frequency of cough as the modified questionnaire, severity of discomfort using visual analogue scale(VAS), and the patients' subjective satisfaction. Eighteen patients who had been treated herbal steam therapy over 3 times were analyzed improvements before and after therapy. Chungsang and Chungpae steam therapies significantly decreased the severity and frequency of cough. VAS scores also decreased from $7.78{\pm}0.878$ to $4.39{\pm}2.033$. Patients were satisfied with herbal steam therapy. Chungsang and Chungpae steam therapies seem to be effective in the treatment of cough. Further studies with a large number of cases will be needed in the future.

• The Korea Journal of Herbology
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• v.32 no.5
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• pp.39-46
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• 2017

Objective : This study was designed to evaluate the hypoglycemic effects of Helianthus tuberosi Rhizoma extracts and its optimum Heat processing conditions Methods : We investigated the Salivary ${\alpha}$-amylase, pancreas ${\alpha}$-amylase and ${\alpha}$-glucosidase inhibitory activities of extracts from Steam Heated Helianthus tuberosi Rhizoma Ext. The inhibitory activities of a 50% EtOH extract of Steam Heated Helianthus tuberosi Rhizoma Ext against ${\alpha}$-glucosidases were evaluated in this study. Inhibiting these enzymes involved in the absorption of disaccharides significantly decreases the postprandial increase in blood glucose level after a mixed carbohydrate diet. Furthermore, the postprandial blood glucose lowering effect of Steam Heated Helianthus tuberosi Rhizoma Ext. was compared to a known type 2 diabetes drug(Acarbose(R)) in a mice model. Steam Heated Helianthus tuberosus L. Ext significantly reduced the blood glucose increase after glucose loading. Results : The results were confirmed by real-time PCR that after treated with Streptozotocin in L6 cells, induced expression of GLUT4, after the steamed Helianthus tuberosus L. Ext. treated, observed its expression was increased. Steam Heated Helianthus tuberosus L Ext treated 4 hours in L6 cells, cytotoxicity was measured in MTT assay. Its toxicity were 5.7%, 9% and 11.3% at the treatment concentration $12.5{\mu}g/m{\ell}$, $25{\mu}g/m{\ell}$, the $50{\mu}g/m{\ell}$ respectively. Conclusions : Overall, the results of this study indicate that Hypoglycemic effect of Helianthus tuberosi Rhizoma caused by the Steam heat treatment, the optimum Heat processing condition is steamming at $121^{\circ}C$ for 30 min, and it will provide the basis for developing a useful dietary supplement for controlling postprandial hyperglycemia.