• Membrane and Water Treatment
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• v.6 no.3
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• pp.225-235
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• 2015

During low-pressure membrane treatments of cyanobacterial cells, including microfiltration (MF) and ultrafiltration (UF), there have reportedly been releases of intracellular compounds including cyanotoxins and compounds with an earthy-musty odor into the water, probably owing to cyanobacterial cell breakage retained on the membrane. However, to our knowledge, no information was reported regarding the effect of growth phase of cyanobacterial cells on the release of the intracellular compounds. In the present study, we used a geosmin-producing cyanobacterium, Anabaena smithii, to investigate the effect of the growth phase of the cyanobacterium on the release of intracellular geosmin during laboratory-scale MF experiments with the cells in either the logarithmic growth or stationary phase. Separate detection of damaged and intact cells revealed that the extent of cell breakage on the MF membrane was almost the same for logarithmic growth and stationary phase cells. However, whereas the geosmin concentration in the MF permeate increased after 3 h of filtration with cells in the logarithmic growth phase, it did not increase during filtration with cells in the stationary phase: the trend in the geosmin concentration in the MF permeate with time was much different between the logarithmic growth and stationary phases. Adsorption of geosmin to algogenic organic matter (AOM) retained on the MF membrane and/or pore blocking with the AOM were greater when the cells were in the stationary phase versus the logarithmic growth phase, the result being a decrease in the apparent release of intracellular geosmin from the stationary phase cells. In actual drinking water treatment plants employing membrane processes, more attention should be paid to the cyanobacterial cells in logarithmic growth phase than in stationary phase from a viewpoint of preventing the leakage of intracellular earthy-musty odor compounds to finished water.

• ALGAE
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.253-259
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• 2006

Organic substances are released from phytoplankton cells during all phases of growth. The type and amounts of organic substance excreted and the effects of nutrient limitation are often highly species-specific. Dinoflagellate, Cochlodinium polykrikoides grown in batch culture produced an exopolysaccharide. Exopolysaccharide and intracellular polysaccharide concentrations increased as C. polykrikoides cultures progressed from exponential phase, through stationary phase, to declining phase. In the exponential phase, the concentration of exopolysaccharide was relatively low, but in the stationary phase, it showed a rapid increase which seemed to coincide with the depletion of nitrate from the medium. Of the 20 amino acids analyzed, proline dominated in the organic matter of all cultures ranging from 48.2 to 79.9 nmol L–1, and constituting the 20-90% of total amino acids, and followed by histamine varying from 0.7 to 47.5 nmol L–1. Leucine and cysteine were also abundant in the stationary phase. The release rates of exopolysaccharide and intracellualr polysaccharide were higher the end of stationary phase than in the exponential phase. Exopolysaccharide concentration per cell was more than two times higher during the end of stationary phase than that in exponential phase. C. polykrikoides produced extracellular polysaccharide at a rate of 47.04 pg cell–1 day–1.

• Biotechnology and Bioprocess Engineering:BBE
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.17-22
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• 2000

The separation of tryptophan enantiomers was carried out with medium-pressure liquid chromatography using BSA (bovine serum albumin)-bonded silica as a chiral stationary phase. The influence of various experimental factors such as pH and ionic strength of mobile phase, separation temperature, and the presence of organic additives on the resolution was studied. In order to expand this system to preparative scale, the loadability of sample and the stability of stationary phase for repeated use were also examined. The separation of tryptophan enantiomers was successful with this system. The data indicated that a higher separation factor (a) was obtained at a higher pH and lower temperature and ionic strength in mobile phase. Addition of organic additives (acetonitrile and 2-propanol) in mobile phase contributed to reduce the retention time of L-tryptophan. About $30\%$ of the separation factor was reduced after 80 days of repeated use.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.105-109
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• 2000

High-performance liquid chromatography is suitable for getting thermodynamic information about solute-solvent interactions. We used a squalane impregnated $C_{18}$ phase as a presumably bulk-like stationary phase to secure a simple partition mechanism for solute retention in reversed phase liquid chromatographic system. We measured retention data of some selected solutes (benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, propylbenzene, butylbenzene, phenol, benzylalcohol, phenethylalcohol, benzylacetone, acetophenone, benzonitrile, benzylcyanide) at 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, and 50 $^{\circ}C$ in 30/70, 40/60, 50/50, 60/40 and 70/30 (v/v%) acetonitrile/water eluents. The van't Hoff plots were nicely linear, thus we calculated dependable thermodynamic values such as enthalpies and entropies of solute transfer from the mobile phase to the stationary phase based on more than four retention measurements on different days (or weeks). We found that the cavity formation effect was the major factor in solute distribution between the mobile and stationary phases in the system studied here. Our data were com-pared with some relevant literature data.

• ETRI Journal
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.147-160
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• 1996

We investigate noise-induced phase transitions in globally coupled active rotators with multiplicative and additive noises. In the system there are four phases, stationary one-cluster, stationary two-cluster, moving one-cluster, and moving two-cluster phases. It is shown that multiplicative noise induces a bifurcation from one-cluster phase to two-cluster phase. Pinning force also induces a bifurcation from moving phase to stationary phase suppressing the multiplicative noise effect. Additive noise reduces both effects of multiplicative noise and pinning force urging the system to the stationary one-cluster phase. The frustrated effects of pinning force and additive and multiplicative noises lead to a reentrant transition at intermediate additive noise intensity. Nature of the transition is also discussed.

• Korean Journal of Microbiology
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.263-266
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• 1991

The growth of T. novellus in auto trophic and geterotrophic media was studied to determine the time required for cells to enter stationary phase and relative percentage of ribosomal proteins. When T. novellus was grown autotrophically, growth proceeded at a slow rate characteristic of autotrophs and did not enter log phase until the end of the first day. Logarithmic growth proceeded for 3-4 days at which time the cells entered the stationary phase. In particular, logarithmic growth was accompanied by decreasing pH of culture media and in the stationary phase the pH levelled off at 6.0, a decrease of 1.6 pH value compared to original pH of media. The pH decrease was greatest during log phase when cells oxidized thiosulfate to $H_{2}$$SO_{4}$. The doubling time was about 26h. In heterotrophic media growth proceeded at a much faster rate and cells entered stationary phase 20-22h after inoculation. The doubling time was 3h. The protein content of the ribosomes in T. novellus grown heterotrophically was 4.2% greater than those from the organism grown autotrophically.

• Analytical Science and Technology
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• v.35 no.4
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• pp.181-188
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• 2022

This paper describes a comparative analysis of yeast cell viability at exponential and stationary growth phases using multiple conventional techniques and statistical tools. Overall, cellular responses to various viability assays were asynchronous. Results of optical density measurement and direct cell counting were asynchronous both at exponential and stationary phases. Proliferative capacity measurement using SP-SDS indicated that cells at the end of the stationary phase were proliferative as much as exponentially growing cells. Metabolic activity assays using two different dyes concluded that the inside of cells at stationary phase is slightly less reducing compared to that of exponentially growing cells, implying that the metabolic activity imperceptibly declined as cells were aged. These results will be helpful to understand the details of yeast cell viability at exponential and stationary growth phases.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.945-947
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• 2009

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.23 no.12
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• pp.1664-1672
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• 2013

In Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium, many genes encoded within Salmonella pathogenicity island 1 (SPI1) are required to induce intestinal/diarrheal disease. In this study, we compared the expression of four SPI1 genes (hilA, invF, prgH, and sipC) under shaking and standing culture conditions and found that the expression of these genes was highest during the transition from the exponential to stationary phase under shaking conditions. To identify regulators associated with the stationary phase-dependent activation of SPI1, the effects of selected regulatory genes, including relA/spoT (ppGpp), luxS, ihfB, hfq, and arcA, on the expression of hilA and invF were compared under shaking conditions. Mutations in the hfq and arcA genes caused a reduction in hilA and invF expression (more than 2-fold) in the early stationary phase only, whereas the lack of ppGpp and IHF decreased hilA and invF gene expression during the entire stationary phase. We also found that hfq and arcA mutations caused a reduction of hilD expression upon entry into the stationary phase under shaking culture conditions. Taken together, these results suggest that Hfq and ArcA regulate the hilD promoter, causing an accumulation of HilD, which can trigger a stationary phase-dependent activation of SPI1 genes under shaking culture conditions.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.35 no.2
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• pp.539-545
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• 2014

Styrene-acrylamide co-polymer was immobilized on porous partially sub-$2{\mu}m$ silica monolith particles and inner surface of fused silica capillary ($50{\mu}m$ ID and 28 cm length) to result in ${\mu}LC$ and CEC stationary phases, respectively, for separation of anomeric D-glucose derivatives. Reversed addition-fragmentation transfer (RAFT) polymerization was incorporated to induce surface polymerization. Acrylamide was employed to incorporate amide-functionality in the stationary phase. The resultant ${\mu}LC$ and CEC stationary phases were able to separate isomers of D-glucose derivatives with high selectivity and efficiency. The mobile phase of 75/25 (v/v) acetonitrile (ACN)/water with 0.1% TFA, was used for HPLC with a packed column (1 mm ID, 300 mm length). The effects of pH and ACN composition on anomeric separation of D-glucose in CEC have been examined. A mobile phase of 85/15 (v/v) ACN/30 mM sodium acetate pH 6.7 was found the optimized mobile phase for CEC. The CEC stationary phase also gave good separation of other saccharides such as maltotriose and Dextran 1500 (MW~1500) with good separation efficiency (number of theoretical plates ~300,000/m).