• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.48 no.1
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• pp.103-111
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• 2024

Background: Ginseng (Panax ginseng Mayer) is an important natural medicine. However, a long culture period and challenging quality control requirements limit its further use. Although artificial cultivation can yield a sustainable medicinal supply, research on the association between the transplantation and chaining of metabolic networks, especially the regulation of ginsenoside biosynthetic pathways, is limited. Methods: Herein, we performed Liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry based metabolomic measurements to evaluate ginsenoside accumulation and categorise differentially abundant metabolites (DAMs). Transcriptome measurements using an Illumina Platform were then conducted to probe the landscape of genetic alterations in ginseng at various ages in transplantation mode. Using pathway data and crosstalk DAMs obtained by MapMan, we constructed a metabolic profile of transplantation Ginseng. Results: Accumulation of active ingredients was not obvious during the first 4 years (in the field), but following transplantation, the ginsenoside content increased significantly from 6-8 years (in the wild). Glycerolipid metabolism and Glycerophospholipid metabolism were the most significant metabolic pathways, as Lipids and lipid-like molecule affected the yield of ginsenosides. Starch and sucrose were the most active metabolic pathways during transplantation Ginseng growth. Conclusion: This study expands our understanding of metabolic network features and the accumulation of specific compounds during different growth stages of this perennial herbaceous plant when growing in transplantation mode. The findings provide a basis for selecting the optimal transplanting time.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.173-178
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• 1985

Extracellular amylase from tile filtrate of the submerged culture of Ganoderma lucidum was partially purified by ammonium sulfate precipitation and its properties were studied. The optimum pH and temperature of the enzyme activity were 5.5 and 5$0^{\circ}C$. respectively. This enzyme was most stable at pH 5.0 and stable up to 3$0^{\circ}C$, but it lost completely the activity when it was treated at 6$0^{\circ}C$ for 10 min. The enzyme was activated by the addition of M $n^{++}$, $C^{++}$ and C $u^{++}$, but inhibited by H $g^{++}$, A $g^{++}$ And various enzyme inhibitors and chemical reagents did not affect the enzyme activity. The enzyme hydrolyzed the boiled amylaceous polysaccharides, but it hydrolyzed raw starches very slowly. The activation energy of the enzyme for soluble starch was calculated and found to be 7.06 Kcal per mole. The Km values of the enzyme for soluble starch, amylose, amylopectin and glycogen were 0.16, 0.37, 0.19, and 0.16mg/$m\ell$, respectively. Maltose was found to inhibit the enzyme activity and kinetic analysis revealed a competitive type of inhibition.n.n.n.n.n.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.40 no.4
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• pp.453-461
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• 2016

Background: This study aims to describe the characterization of Paenibacillus polymyxa GBR-1 (GBR-1) with respect to its positive and negative effects on plants. Methods: The morphological characteristics of GBR-1 were identified with microscopy, and subjected to Biolog analysis for identification. Bacterial population and media optimization were determined by a growth curve. The potential for GBR-1 as a growth promoting agent, to have antagonistic activity, and to have hydrolytic activity at different temperatures was assessed. The coinoculation of GBR-1 with other microorganisms and its pathogenicity on various stored plants, including ginseng, were assessed. Results: Colony morphology, endospore-bearing cells, and cell division of GBR-1 were identified by microscopy; identification was performed by utilizing the Biolog system, gas chromatography of fatty acid methyl esters (GC-FAME). GBR-1 showed the strongest antagonistic activity against fungal and bacterial pathogens. GBR-1 cell numbers were relatively higher when the cells were cultured in brain heart infusion (BHI) medium when compared with other media. Furthermore, the starch-hydrolytic activity was influenced by GBR-1 at higher temperature compared to low temperatures. GBR-1 was pathogenic to some of the storage plants. Coinoculation of GBR-1 with other pathogens causes differences in rotting on ginseng roots. A significant growth promotion was observed in tobacco seedlings treated with GBR-1 suspensions under in vitro conditions, suggesting that its volatile organic compounds (VOCs) might play a role in growth promotion. Conclusion: The results of this study indicate that GBR-1 has both positive and negative effects on ginseng root and other stored plants as a potential biocontrol agent and eliciting in vitro growth promotion.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.36-40
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• 2006

This study was carried out to investigate histological characteristics of Korean ginseng in steaming process. The Korean red ginseng were prerared with 6-years-old ginseng according to the steaming prcess and dried with $13{\pm}0.5%$ moisture and than cut in vertical section and horizontal section. The tissues are separated into epidermis, cortex, and xylem observed with Scanning Electron Microscope. The materials dried without steaming process contain cell membrane and crystallization of starch particle within them. But Korean red ginseng with prolonged steaming process are condensed, and the large hollows and cell membranes of vessel and resin duct are disappeared. In addition, Ca-oxalate rosette crystal is not found in the case of above 60-minute steaming time. The reason is that the tissues are condensed because of dry after elements' gelatinization.

• Journal of Plant Biology
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.100-106
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• 1976

The fine structure of the callus induced from epidermis of Panax ginseng leaves cultured on Murashige & Skoog medium plus kinetin 0.1mg/l, NAA 0.2mg/l and 2.4-D 0.5mg/l was observed. The cells composing callus tissue are mononucleus. Three types of cells were identified; cells with abundant cytoplasm, cells with relatively differentiated vacuoles and with numerous starch grains in the plastids and ones with highly differentiated vacuoles and with unsaturated lipid granules. Prolamellar body, plastid lamellae, plastid globules, stromacenter, fine tubules, crystal-containing body and DNA-like structures were observed in the stroma of the plastids. The chromoplasts were identified in some cells believed as the mother cells of secretory cells in secretory ducts. Curved or straight micro-fibrils of 100~150A in diameter were observed in the cytoplasm. And the characteristics of cell organelles and cell inclusions and the vacuole formation in callus tissues were discussed.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.34 no.3
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• pp.237-245
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• 2010

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of Korean red ginseng (KRG) on ocular blood flow in patients with glaucoma. In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled, double-masked crossover trial, 36 patients with open-angle glaucoma were consecutively recruited. Subjects were randomly assigned into two groups. Group A received 1.5 g KRG, administered orally three times daily for 12 weeks, followed by a wash-out period of 8 weeks and 12 weeks of placebo treatment (identical capsules filled with 1.5 g corn starch). Group B underwent the same regimen, but took the placebo first and then KRG. Blood pressure, heart rate, and intraocular pressure were measured at baseline and at the end of each phase of the study. Visual field examination and ocular blood flow measurements by the Heidelberg Retina Flowmeter were performed at baseline and at the end of each phase of the study. Changes in blood pressure, heart rate, intraocular pressure, visual field indices, and retinal peripapillary blood flow were evaluated. Blood pressure, heart rate, intraocular pressure, and visual field indices did not change after placebo or KRG treatment. After KRG treatment, retinal peripapillary blood flow in the temporal peripapillary region significantly improved (p=0.005). No significant changes were found in retinal peripapillary blood flow in either the rim region or the nasal peripapillary region (p=0.051 and 0.278, respectively). KRG ingestion appears to improve retinal peripapillary blood flow in patients with open-angle glaucoma. These results imply that KRG ingestion might be helpful for glaucoma management.

• Korean Journal of Plant Tissue Culture
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• v.25 no.6
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• pp.495-500
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• 1998

Ultrastructural changes of the isolated and cultured protoplasts from ginseng (Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer) callus were studies with electron microscopy. In the 3-day-cultured protoplasts, the cell organelles such as rough endoplasmic reticulum, ribosome, Golgi complex, mitochondria, proplastid increased in number and observed microtubules. Many vesicles derived from the Golgi complex were evenly distributed in the cytoplasm. Some of such vesicles protruded the outer surface of the plasmalemma, and formed the protuberances. Vacuole derived from endoplasmic reticulum included Golgi vesicles by the invagination of vacuoles. These vacuoles migrated toward the plasmalemma by a fusion process (exocytosis), after fusing the plasmalemma the cell wall materials released from the outer surface of the plasmalemma, and lastly deposited on the plasmalemma. Proplastids containing many starch grains, and microtubules parallel to the plasmalemma were observed near the plasmalemma. Connected fibrils which were observed on the outer surface of the 3-day-cultured protoplast were interpreted as the component of cellulose.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.573-588
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• 2023

The purpose of this study was to monitor changes in the quality of ginseng and predict its shelf-life. As the storage period of ginseng increased, some quality indicators, such as water-soluble pectin (WSP), CDTA-soluble pectin (CSP), cellulose, weight loss, and microbial growth increased, while others (Na₂CO₃-soluble pectin/NSP, hemicellulose, starch, and firmness) decreased. Principal component analysis (PCA) was performed using the quality attribute data and the principal component 1 (PC1) scores extracted from the PCA results were applied to the multivariate analysis. The reaction rate at different temperatures and the temperature dependence of the reaction rate were determined using kinetic and Arrhenius models, respectively. Among the kinetic models, zeroth-order models with cellulose and a PC1 score provided an adequate fit for reaction rate estimation. Hence, the prediction model was constructed by applying the cellulose and PC1 scores to the zeroth-order kinetic and Arrhenius models. The prediction model with PC1 score showed higher R² values (0.877-0.919) than those of cellulose (0.797-0.863), indicating that multivariate analysis using PC1 score is more accurate for the shelf-life prediction of ginseng. The predicted shelf-life using the multivariate accelerated shelf-life test at 5, 20, and 35℃ was 40, 16, and 7 days, respectively.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.38 no.3
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• pp.361-368
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• 2006

Extruded ginseng was manufactured using twin-screw extruder under 300 rpm screw speed, 21 kg/hr feed rate, $80-150^{\circ}C$ extrusion temperature, and by addition of water (12.1-30.6%). Extraction yield and contents of total carbohydrate and uronic acid in extruded ginseng at room temperature extraction (RT) increased with increasing extrusion temperature, whereas those of boiling temperature extracts (BT) were not affected by increasing extrusion temperature. Contents of nonstarch polysaccharide (NSP) in RT and BT extracts increased 340 and 142%, respectively, compared to that of raw ginseng. Main sugar compositions of NSP in RT and BT extracts were arabinose, galactose, and glucose. Extraction yields of total and crude saponins in extruded ginseng at optimize extrusion condition were higher than that of raw ginseng. In RT extracts, molecular weights of polysaccharides from raw were higher than that of extruded ginseng polymer, whereas in BT extracts molecular weights of polysaccharides from extruded ginseng were higher than those of raw ginseng polysaccharides.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.1-18
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• 2005

Ginseng Radix, the root of Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer has been used in Eastern Asia for 2000 years as a tonic and restorative, promoting health and longevity. Two varieties are commercially available: white ginseng(Ginseng Radix Alba) is produced by air-drying the root, while red ginseng(Ginseng Radix Rubra) is produced by steaming the root followed by drying. These two varieties of different processing have somewhat differences by heat processing between them. During the heat processing for preparing red ginseng, it has been found to exhibit inactivation of catabolic enzymes, thereby preventing deterioration of ginseng quality and the increased antioxidant-like substances which inhibit lipid peroxide formation, and also good gastro-intestinal absorption by gelatinization of starch. Moreover, studies of changes in ginsenosides composition due to different processing of ginseng roots have been undertaken. The results obtained showed that red ginseng differ from white ginseng due to the lack of acidic malonyl-ginsenosides. The heating procedure in red ginseng was proved to degrade the thermally unstable malonyl-ginsenoside into corresponding netural ginsenosides. Also the steaming process of red ginseng causes degradation or transformation of neutral ginsenosides. Ginsenosides $Rh_2,\;Rh_4,\;Rs_3,\;Rs_4\;and\;Rg_5$, found only in red ginseng, have been known to be hydrolyzed products derived from original saponin by heat processing, responsible for inhibitory effects on the growth of cancer cells through the induction of apoptosis. 20(S)-ginsenoside $Rg_3$ was also formed in red ginseng and was shown to exhibit vasorelaxation properties, antimetastatic activities, and anti-platelet aggregation activity. Recently, steamed red ginseng at high temperature was shown to provide enhance the yield of ginsenosides $Rg_3\;and\;Rg_5$ characteristic of red ginseng Additionally, one of non-saponin constituents, panaxytriol, was found to be structually transformed from polyacetylenic alcohol(panaxydol) showing cytotoxicity during the preparation of red ginseng and also maltol, antioxidant maillard product, from maltose and arginyl-fructosyl-glucose, amino acid derivative, from arginine and maltose. In regard to the in vitro and in vivo comparative biological activities, red ginseng was reported to show more potent activities on the antioxidant effect, anticarcinogenic effect and ameliorative effect on blood circulation than those of white ginseng. In oriental medicine, the ability of red ginseng to supplement the vacancy(허) was known to be relatively stronger than that of white ginseng, but very few are known on its comparative clinical studies. Further investigation on the preclinical and clinical experiments are needed to show the differences of indications and efficacies between red and white ginsengs on the basis of oriental medicines.