• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.10
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• pp.91-97
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• 1971

Fifteen samples of barley seed proteins representing winter 6-rowed, spring 6-rowed and spring 2-rowed group were separated by disc electrophoresis. Photographic, densitometric and diagrammatic representation were presented to make comparison possible. Eighteen to twenty one bands were detected in each gel. Electrophoretic spectrum of each variety was highly variety specific showing that the spectrum is the reflection of hereditary constituents of a organism. Related variety showed identical or nearly identical pectrum. All winter 6-rowed barley showed very faint B2 band, while spring 6-rowed and spring 2-rowed barley showed dense or less dense B2 band. All spring barley showed B3 band, while all winter barley showed B4 band.

• Journal of Plant Biology
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.127-134
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• 1977

In order to investigate the changes of free amino acids during the differentiation and development of young spike in naked barley, a typical spring grain, Wanju, and two winter grains, Sedohadaka and Nonsankwa No. 1-6 differing in their spring habits, were analyzed at different growth stages by thin layer chromatography. In all the varieties 22 ninhydrin positive components were detected at the sowing time of March 5 and 20 components in the sowing plots of March 30. In case of the latter plot, β-alanine was identified only in both Wanju and Sedohadaka, whereas pipecolic acid was detected only in Nonsankwa No. 1-6. Particularly, it is interesting that β-alanine was observed only in the case showing the normal heading independent of the varieties and sowing times. Whether these components are directly related to the physiology of spring habits in barley or not is also a question to be answered. Of the major amino acids, alanine and γ-aminobutyric acid were always detected in appreciably large spots, and serine, leucine, aspartic acid, valine and asparagine were somewhat larger. In the plot of march 30, glutamic acid was also detected in very large spot in both Wanju and Sedohadaka at the stage of spikelet differentiation and in Nonsankwa No. 1-6 at the stage of bract differentiation. Histidine, which showed the only qualitative difference among the varieties during seed germination, cannot be observed at all. Proline observed considerably large spot during seed germination was always detected but very small except that it was observed in large spot at the stage of floret differentiation in Nonsankwa No. 1-6 in the plot of March 5.

• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• v.35 no.2
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• pp.112-124
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• 2019

Barley worldwide is affected seriously by Fusarium seedling blight (FSB) and Fusarium head blight (FHB) diseases caused by the Fusarium species. The objective of this study was to facilitate the resistance of hulled and hull-less barley at different growth stages to F. culmorum according to direct parameters: disease rating (DR), fresh weight of leaves and roots, kernel weight per spike, kernel number per spike, plump kernels, and indirect parameters - chlorophyll a fluorescence (CF). Plate assay, greenhouse and field tests were performed on 30 spring barley doubled haploid (DH) lines and their parents infected with Fusarium culmorum. Direct parameters proved that hulled genotypes show less symptoms. Most studied chlorophyll a fluorescence (CF) parameters (apart from DIo/CS - amount of energy dissipated from PSII for laboratory test, TRo/CS - amount of excitation energy trapped in PSII reaction centers, ETo/CS - amount of energy used for electron transport and RC/CS - number of active reaction centres in the state of fully reduced PSII reaction center in field experiment) were significantly affected by F. culmorum infection. In all experiments, hulled genotypes had higher values of CF parameters compared to hull-less ones. Significant correlations were detected between direct and indirect parameters and also between various environments. It was revealed that ABS/CS, TRo/CS, and RC/CS have significant positive correlation in greenhouse test and field experiment. Significant correlations suggest the possibility of applying the CF parameters in selection of barley DH lines resistant to F. culmorum infection.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.41 no.3
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• pp.318-331
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• 1996

Large and small seeds (44 and 22 mg per caryopsis) of a spring wheat (cv. Kulin) and a spring barley (cv. Skiff) were sown at two nitrogen rates (equivalent to 10 and 32 g m$^{-2}$ ) in well-watered pots under outdoor conditions to determine the effects of seed size and nitrogen (N) nutrition on water use efficiency (WUE) and carbon isotope discrimination ($\Delta$) and to evaluate interaction among $\Delta$, WUE and N nutrition in wheat and barley. Barley produced, on average, 105% more biomass (root＋shoot dry weight) than wheat at stem elongation because of early vigor. By anthesis this difference had disappeared as wheat had 16% more biomass than barley which headed 3 days earlier. Compared to plants grown from small seed, plants grown from large seed had much greater biomass in wheat than in barley at stem elongation and anthesis. Higher N nutrition increased average biomass of wheat and barley by 40 and 31%, respectively, at anthesis. Barley had 35 and 20% greater WUE (biomass gained/transpiration) than wheat at stem elongation and anthesis, respectively, and 2.0 to 3.6% lower $\Delta$ in aboveground shoots depending on growth stages and plant parts than wheat which had a greater stomatal conductance than barley. Seed size had a variable effect on WUE and did not affected $\Delta$ values. Water use efficiency was not affected by N rate at stem elongation in wheat and barley whereas WUE was increased 2 and 7%, respectively, in wheat and barley at anthesis with increasing N from 10 to 32 g m$^{-2}$ . High N plants had about 2.5% lower $\Delta$ values regardless of growth stages than low N plants across species and seed sizes. Carbon isotope discrimination was negatively correlated with WUE at anthesis but not at stem elongation.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.45 no.6
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• pp.366-369
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• 2000

This study was conducted to determine the effect of seeding date on the days and the accumulated temperatures to development stages, leaf emergence, and yield in spring-planted barley. Two barley varieties, Sacheon #6 in spring type (growth habit I) and Saechalssalbori in winter type (growth habit IV), were seeded on four seeding date, Feb. 23, March 4, March 13, and March 24. Growth periods to emergence, heading and maturity were shorten when seeding dates were delayed, except for the heading date of Saechalssalbori (winter type barley)at the later seeding date. The rate of leaf emergence was 0.1915 in a day, and was slightly high when seeding was delayed. The accumulated temperatures were 111-142$^{\circ}C$ for emergence, 683-756$^{\circ}C$ for heading, and 1274-1326$^{\circ}C$ for maturity. In general, the accumulated temperature to heading was higher in Saechalssalbori than in Sacheon #6 because the winter growth habit of Saechalssalbori was not removed perfectly, One-thousand grain weight and yield were reduced by delayed seeding. In order to reduce the yield when barley were planted in spying, it is desirable to select the spring type varieties, and to plant them as early as possible.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.55-59
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• 1982

With naked barley varieties which are different in their spring habits, variations in seed proteins during ripening were checked by acrylamide gel electrophoresis. In case of 7% acrylamide gel among protein bands ⅰ-band was observed only in both Sedohadaka (intermediate type) and Wanju (spring type) throughout the ripening period, and j-band was detected in all the three varieties until 33 days after heading, but not in Nonsangwa (winter type) thereafter. In case of 6M urea-7% acrylamide gel z-band was traced only in Nonsangwa, contrary to i-band, throughout the ripening period. U-band was observed in all the three varieties until 23 days after heading, but not in Nonsangwa thereafter. X-band showed opposite from u-band. Throughout the ripening period Sedohadaka was significantly more similar in the electrophoretic patterns to Wanju than to Nonsangwa.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.33 no.4
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• pp.392-399
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• 1988

The experiments were conducted to establish the effective barley haploid production system using interspecific crosses. Three spring barley cultivars. Bruce. Klages and Rodeo were used for this experiment. 1, 687 florets of three barley cultivars were crossed with bulbosum pollens. 1, 079 seeds were harvested and obtained 834 embryos so that seed set rate and embryo production rate were 64% and 77%, respectively. IAA effect was superior to NAA for root development and 1 ppm concentration of IAA gave the best result among five concentrations; 0ppm, 1ppm., 5ppm, 10ppm and 30ppm.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.35-42
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• 1980

To establish a generation acceleration technique, two crops a year at field condition of Suweon, 10 varieties different in their spring growth habit were tested with 6 different seeding time after harvesting. These materials were harvested on June 10, 19, 79 and tested for their seed production ability at varions seeding time from July I I to August 15 with a week interval. An immatured seed germination technique and green vernalization methods were applied in cycling generations and the results obtained were summarized as follows. 1. In summer growing, seedlings establishment after transplanting was better in earlier transplanting. 2. Heading time was remarkably enhanced by earlier transplanting. Considering the results of two years early or mid of July was the suitable time to plant the second summer crop. 3. Those varieties of spring growth habit expressed little variations in plant height among the varieties. In 1978 which is referred as warm year produced plant height as tall as 8-16cm and poor crop but produced good crop with 25-65cm plant height in 1979. 4. No definit tendency in the length of spike was. observed among the cultivars but longer spike was found in winter wheat compared to the spring. 5. Number of spikes per plant was ranged from 1 to 3 regardless the transplanting time in 1979. However, more spikes per plant were produced in early or mid of July transplanting and those varieties of higher growth habit than V did not produces any spikes. 6. Higher number of grains per spike was found at earlier transplanted varieties. Therefore, it is concluded that those materials of I-IV growth habit with mid or early July transplanting would be suitable in practical sense considering their ability of seed production. 7. Two-year results indicated that wheat crop can not tolerate the temperature level higher than average 32$^{\circ}C$ C at Suweon. In this regard, the cultivation schedule was established assuming average temperature condition like the year of 1979 which was possible to grow wheats.

• Journal of Sasang Constitutional Medicine
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.253-267
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• 1998

'Maek(麥)' which means a barley at present is used as a general name of the kinds of 'Maek(麥)' including barley, what, rye, and so on. However 'Maek(麥)' had meant a wheat when the letter of 'Maek(麥)' had been created at the beginning. And gradually 'Maek(麥)' has been used as a word for the both meaning of a wheat and barley, and now a days become a word only for the meaning of a barley. Therefore 'Mo-Maek' should be translated into 'a wheat and barley', although it is translated into only a barley. In Korea, according to 'Nong-ga-wol-ryung(農家月令)' of Ko, Sang-un(高尙顔) in 1619, the vernalization had been utilized practically 300 years earlier than the Western countries. It is based on a concept of the oriental medicine that a 'Maek(麥)' of the spring seedtime, which keeps the only warmth('Won-yeol-ji-ki(溫熱之氣) (陽氣)' during the growth period in spring-summer time, has less vigorous than a 'Maek(麥)' of the autumn seedtime, which keeps the cold, hot, warmth equally 'Yeol-won-yang-han-ji-ki(溫熱凉寒之氣) (陽氣+陰氣)' during the growth period in the four seasons. If a autumn seedtime barley but which is actually not sowed on time in autumn season is sowed in the spring after the treatment of cold condition (陰氣 autumn-winter condition) artificially, it would be avoided from the abnormal phenomenon that a barley could not come to fruition in case of non-treated seed. Thus as a result of this the agricultural productivity has been able to be improved. An barley is recommended as a food for Um-chung-ji-ki(陰淸之氣) to be served as Bo-myung-ji-ju(保命之主) to be Soyangin. And a wheat which is used as an ingredient of bread because of its expanding feature is a suitable food for Ho-san-ji-ki(呼散之氣) to be served as Bo-myung-ji-ju(保命之主)to the Taeumin.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.68 no.3
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• pp.216-223
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• 2023

This study aimed to identify and compare the characteristics of Elymus humidus on common wheat (Triticum aestivum L. cv. Chinse Spring, CS). The seed length, width, height, and weight of E. humidus were smaller than those of the CS. In particular, the germination rate of E. humidus was substantially lower than that of CS. In the anatomical dissection of the leaf, E. humidus showed a considerably different xylem diameter of the main vascular bundle in the main vein; however, there was no difference in the phloem of the main vascular bundle compared with the xylem and phloem of the main vascular bundle in the main vein of CS, although E. humidus showed a leaf structure similar to that of CS. In addition, E. humidus had a thinner epidermis than that of CS. Regarding stomatal traits, E. humidus showed a graminoid stomata type similar to that of CS. On the adaxial and abaxial sides, the density, length, and width of the stomata in E. humidus were smaller than those in CS, whereas the distance between stomata in E. humidus was greater than that in CS. The chromosomes of E. humidus were classified as long and short based on their respective lengths. Long chromosomes were classified based on the ratio of the long arm to the short arm e.g., 1:1 or 2:1. Short chromosomes showed the same trend and some short chromosomes were microsatellites. To evaluate genetic diversity, 38 barley EST markers with polymorphisms between E. humidus and CS were selected from 236 barley EST markers.