• 한국균학회지
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• 제14권1호
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• pp.71-78
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• 1986

사과 반점낙엽병균(斑點落葉病菌) Alternaria mali의 단포자분리(單胞子分離) 1,200균주(菌株)는 captafol, chlorothalonil 및 folpet 100,000 ${\mu}g/ml$에서 각각 76, 96, 및 15% 그리고 iprodione및 polyoxin 10,000 ${\mu}g/ml$에서 5 및 3%의 균사생장(菌絲生長)을 보였다. 이들 내균성(耐菌性)은 상기(上記) 살균제간(殺菌劑間) 그리고 captan, garbenda, 및 thiophanate methyl에 대하여서도 균사생장(菌絲生長) 교차내성(交差耐性) 또는 포자형성(胞子形成) 교차내성(交差耐性)이 높았다. captafol, mancozeb, polydong 및 propineb는 농가사용권장농도 이하(以下)인 100 ${\mu}g/ml$에서도 포자발아(胞子發芽) 억제효과(抑制效果)가 거의 완전하여 포자발아(胞子發芽) 교차내성(交差耐性)을 보이지 않았다. benomyl, fenarimol, oxidong, 및 triademefon을 중도(中度)의 균사생장(菌絲生長), 포자형성(胞子形成) 또는 포자발아(胞子發芽) 교차내성(交差耐性)을 보였다.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제21권9호
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• pp.979-987
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• 2011

Culture pH change has some important roles in signal transduction and secondary metabolism. We have already reported that acidic pH shock enhanced actinorhodin production in Streptomyces coelicolor. Among many potential governing factors on pH variation, the putative $Na^+/H^+$ antiporter (sha) genes in S. coelicolor have been investigated in this study to elucidate the association of the sha on pH variation and secondary metabolism. Through the transcriptional analysis and overexpression experiments on 8 sha genes, we observed that most of the sha expressions were promoted by pH shock, and in the opposite way the pH changes and actinorhodin production were enhanced by the overexpression of each sha. We also confirmed that sha8 especially has a main role in maintaining cell viability and pH homeostasis through $Na^+$ extrusion, in salt effect experiment under the alkaline medium condition by deleting sha8. Moreover, this gene was observed to have a function of pH recovery after pH variation such as the pH shock, being able to cause the sporulation. However, actinorhodin production was not induced by the only pH recovery. The sha8 gene could confer on the host cell the ability to recover pH to the neutral level after pH variation like a pH drop. Sporulation was closely associated with this pH recovery caused by the action of sha8, whereas actinorhodin production was not due to such pH variation patterns alone.

• 한국식물병리학회지
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• 제11권3호
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• pp.278-281
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• 1995

An isolate of Rhizoctonia solani AG 2-2(IV) from zoysiagrass was examined on development of its teleomorph by the modified soil-on-agar culture method. The most effective growth medium for sporulation was Czapek's 1/2 agar medium added with yeast extract and peptone. The characters of teleomorph of R. solani AG 2-2 (IV) are as follows. Hymenia developed on soil surface after the development of vegetative hyphae. Basidia were barrel-shaped, short clavate or obovate and were 11.4~17.9$\times$7.1~11.4 ${\mu}{\textrm}{m}$ (mean : 15.1$\times$9.0 ${\mu}{\textrm}{m}$) in size. Sterigmata were horn-shaped and slightly bent to the inner side and 4.3~18.6 ${\mu}{\textrm}{m}$ (mean : 10.3 ${\mu}{\textrm}{m}$) in size. Two to four sterigmata developed on each basidium. Basidiospores were obovate, ellipsoid to oblong-ellipsoid, hyaline, smooth, thin walled, with an apiculus, and 3.6~10.4$\times$2.9~5.7 ${\mu}{\textrm}{m}$ (mean : 7.8$\times$4.4 ${\mu}{\textrm}{m}$) in size.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제2권3호
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• pp.183-188
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• 1992

A soil bacterium which produces raw starch-digesting $\beta$-amylase in culture medium, has been screened from soils. One strain, isolated and identified as Bacillus polymyxa No. 26, was selected as a $\beta$-amylase producing bacterium. Morphological and biological characteristics of the strain were found to be similar to those of a strain belonging to B. polymyxa. The electron microscopic observations of the bacterial vegetative cells and sporulated cells were extensively done to know the corelation between the enzyme synthesis and sporulation. When the bacterium was cultured on the appropriate media (3% dextrin, 0.3% beef extract, 0.5% polypeptone, 1% yeast extract and 0.3% NaCl at pH 7.0 for 4 days) raw starch-digestible $\beta$-amylase was produced extracellularly. This strain produced 130 units of $\beta$-amylase per ml in a culture medium containing 3% dextrin at $30^\circ{C}$. This value is compared to those of other $\beta$-amylase-producing strains. The optimum pH and temperature for crude enzymes were pH 6.5 to 7.0 and $50^\circ{C}$, respectively. The enzymes were stable between pH 5.5 and 9.0 for 30 min at $45^\circ{C}$.

• 한국미생물·생명공학회지
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• 제19권1호
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• pp.21-24
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• 1991

알칼리 내성 Bacillus sp. YA-14의 chromosomal DNA로부터 분리된 promoter를 subcloning하여 생화학적 특성을 조사하였다. B.subtilis와 promoter 공여균주, Bacillus sp. YA-14에서 promoter의 활성은 포자형성 초기단계에서 급격히 증가하였으며 1.0(w/v) glucose 첨가로 promoter 활성이 억제되었고 c-GMP에 의해 저해되었던 활성이 증가하였다.

• Mycobiology
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• 제36권4호
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• pp.242-248
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• 2008

The present study was undertaken to explore the inhibitory effect of cyanobacterial extracts of Nostoc commune FA-103 against the tomato-wilt pathogen, Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici. In an optimal medium, cell growth, antifungal activity, and antifungal compound production could be increased 2.7-fold, 4.1-fold, and 13.4-fold, respectively. A crude algal extract had a similar effect as mancozeb at the recommended dose, both in laboratory and pot tests. In vitro and in vivo fungal growth, spore sporulation and fungal infection of wilt pathogen in tomato seeds were significantly inhibited by cyanobacterial extracts. Nostoc commune FA-103 extracts have potential for the suppression of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici.

• 한국환경보건학회지
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• 제10권2호
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• pp.89-97
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• 1984

The possible effects of garlic (Aliium sativurn L.) extract on growth and aflatoxin production by Aspergillus parasiticus R- 716 were investigated. Various solvent extracts of garlic strongly inhibited growth and sporulation by Aspergillus parasiticus R-716, and effective solvents used for extraction of garlic were chloroform, benzene, and water-chloroform. The growth and aflatoxin production decreased with the increase in extract concentration, and extract equivalent 1.5g of raw garlic weight in 25ml SLS medium completely inhibited, and at a level of 1.25g garlic, total aflatoxin was reduced 64% (472 ${\mu}g$/25ml) of that produced in the control (1, 352 ${\mu}g$/25 ml). During cultivation inhibitory rate of growth was reduced from 89.1% to 40% and aflatoxin $B_2$, $G_1$ production increased with the laps of time. Especially garlic extract appeared to have a stimulatory effect on lipid accumulation on the contrary aflatoxin production.

• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• 제24권2호
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• pp.191-201
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• 2008

Bacillus sp. SB-007 was isolated from pea leaves harvested from the southwestern parts of South Korea through screening on a minimal medium containing 0.2% purified cutin for its ability to induce the cutinase production. However, no cutinase was produced when it was grown in a minimal medium containing 0.2% glucose. A proteomic approach was applied to separate and characterize these differentially secreted proteins. The expression level of 83 extracellular proteins of the cutinase-producing Bacillus sp. strain SB-007 incubated in a cutinase-induced medium increased significantly as compared with that cultured in a non cutinase-induced medium containing glucose. The extracellular proteome of Bacillus sp. SB-007 includes proteins from different functional classes, such as enzymes for the degradation of various macromolecules, proteins involved in energy metabolism, sporulation, transport/binding proteins and lipoproteins, stress inducible proteins, several cellular molecule biosynthetic pathways and catabolism, and some proteins with an as yet unknown function. In addition, the two protein spots showed little similarities with the known lipolytic enzymes in the database. These secreted proteome analysis results are expected to be useful in improving the Bacillus strains for the production of industrial cutinases.

• 한국균학회지
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• 제8권1호
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• pp.1-5
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• 1980

마디풀 전초(全草)의 건조물인 편축의 열수전탕(熱水煎湯)의 여과액으로 증발 농축시킨 추출액을 만들어 대조인 Sabouraud's dextrose arar 배지에 매지 10ml當 편축 추출액 0.5,1,2 및 3ml를 각각 혼합한 배지로서 T. rubrum, T. mentagrophytes, E. floccccosum 및 M. canis 등 4균종을 각각 3종씩 배양하여 그 발육상태를 관찰하므로서 진균발육억제작용의 유무를 검색하여 다음과 같은 성적을 얻었다. 1. E. floccosum은 편축추출물 3ml 혼합의 평판배지 사면배지 및 현적배양에서 거의 완전히 현지한 균발육억제작용을 인정할 수 있었다. 2. T. menagrophytes, T. rubum 및 M. cains에 대해서는 부분적으로 현저한 억제자용과 발육균태(菌苔)의 크기로 보아 반이불(半以不)의 크기로 발육이 억제되는 증정도의 억제효과를 인정하였다.

• 한국식품영양학회지
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• 제15권2호
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• pp.112-118
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• 2002

분열효모 S. pombe의 포자형성은 배지상의 질소원 고갈에 의해 유도되어지며 감수분열로부터 포자형성에 도달하는 과정에는 다수의 특이적인 유전자들이 관여하고 있다. 본 실험에서는 S. pombe genomic library 형질 전환법으로 spo5 유전자를 상보하는 clone을 screening한 후, sport 유전자를 단리하였다$^{8)}$ . 전포자막 구축에 필수적인 sport 유전자를 보유하는 약 5kb의 DNA 단편을 대장균, 효모 shuttle vector pTB248'의 Hind III 부위에 subclonning하였다. 그리고 이 DNA단편으로부터 제한 효소 지도를 작성하여(Fig. 2), spo5 변이체의 상보 능력을 조사하였다 (Fig. 3). 결과에서 서술한 바와 같이 상보능력은 동일하였으며, 이러한 상보성 실험 결과로부터 삽입된 단편상의 유전자 발현은 벡터의 promoter로부터 전사가 일어나는 것이 아니라, 삽입 단편상의 효모 고유의 promoter 에 의해서 전사가 일어나는 것으로 확인되었다. 따라서 clone화 한 DNA 단편 배열상에는 변역영역뿐만 아니라 promoter 영역이 포함된 것으로 판단되었다. 결실변이 도입 해석으로부터, spo5 유전자는 Sma I 부터 Hind m의 3kb 영역에 존재하였고 (Fig. 3), Nor-thern분석에 의해서 spo5 유전자의 전사를 조사한 결과, spo5 -mRNA는 Sma I 부터 Hind III 의 3kb 영 역에서 약2.5kb 크기로 검출되었다. 이 단편의 유전해석으로 부터 약 2.5kb의 전사산물은 최대 800개의 아미노산 잔기를 code하는 단백질로 판단되었다(Fig. 4). 그리고, Northern 분석법에 의해서 spo5 유전자의 전사를 조사한 결과, 서술한 바와 같이, 이 유전자는 질소기아 조건하에서만 유전자가 발현되는 것을 확인하였다(Fig. 4-2.5kb 단편).었다. 그리고 Edman법으로 결정한 PPIase의 39아미노산 잔기가 이 배열내에 완전히 보존되어 있었다. 이 결과로부터 이 ORF는PPIase구조 유전자의 1/3에 해당하는 단편임을 확인하였다. training system to a dangerous work like as "Interruption-free live-line work exchanging COS(Cut-Out-Switch)". In this program, the user works with a instruction on the window and speaker and can't work other tasks until each part of the task completed. The workers using this system can use their hands and viewpoint movement as he is in a real environment but the trainee can't use all parts and senses of a real body with the current VR technology. Despite of this weak point, when we consider the trends of improvement in electrical devices and communication technology, we can say that 3D graphic VR application has a high potentiality.) 야생화 초지(NWP, IWP)는 관행 혼파초지나 하번초 혼파초지에 비하여 동물상이 다양하고 많게 분포되었으며 그중 외국산 야생화초지의 동물 개체수가 가장 많게 나타났다. 이상의 결과를 종합할 때, 야생화 초지는 봄부터 가을까지 야생화가 지속되었고, 양서류 및 곤충의 개체 수가 증가되었던 것으로 보아 야생화 초지의 공익적인 측면에서의 활용 가능성도 클 것으로 기대된다