• 한국어교육
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• 제23권1호
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• pp.219-256
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• 2012

The aim of this study is to observe the trend of discourse study in language education and analyze the main issues by investigating the literatures related to discourse in Korean language education in the last ten years. This study observed the discourse study conducted in Korean language education from the perspectives of study subject, study method and study data. Moreover, based on the results, it estimated the achievements and effectiveness of the discourse study conducted in Korean language education. The subject of discourse study was mainly dealt with discourse function, discourse pattern, discourse marker, discourse structure. In the study methods, analysis of corpus and survey were mainly used as the study methods, and spoken corpus, written corpus and semi-spoken corpus were used as study materials. In particular, the semi-spoken corpus was used at a very high rate among them. This showed that discourse study in Korean language education was mainly focused on spoken corpus study. This study divided the detailed field of Korean language education into four fields of linguistic knowledge, communication function, teaching activities and learning activities, and observed the trends of discourse study in each field. Overall, it was recognized that relatively many studies were focused on linguistic knowledge, particularly in pragmatic perspective. It can be said that the study based on discourse has a language educational effectiveness in that it is based on actual data and improves practical communication skills in the environment of various languages.

• 한국음향학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국음향학회 2002년도 하계학술발표대회 논문집 제21권 1호
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• pp.87-90
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• 2002

This paper analyzes statistically the relationship between size and balance of text corpus by evaluation of the effect of interview sentences in language model for Korean broadcast news transcription system. Our Korean broadcast news transcription system's ultimate purpose is to recognize not interview speech, but the anchor's and reporter's speech in broadcast news show. But the gathered text corpus for constructing language model consists of interview sentences a portion of the whole, $15\%$ approximately. The characteristic of interview sentence is different from the anchor's and the reporter's in one thing or another. Therefore it disturbs the anchor and reporter oriented language modeling. In this paper, we evaluate the effect of interview sentences in language model for Korean broadcast news transcription system and analyze statistically the relationship between size and balance of text corpus by making an experiment as the same procedure according to varying the size of corpus.

• 언어사실과 관점
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• 제44권
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• pp.357-397
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• 2018

The purpose of this paper is to investigate the phonemic errors in Korean learner's spoken corpus. Through this, we tried to investigate the common errors and the errors in certain languages. The results of the analysis were as follows. First, Errors that distinguish three phonemes(plain sound, tense sound, aspiration sound) were high in all languages. In the middle phonemes, the most common errors in pronouncing 'ㅓ' in all languages. Second, the errors of each language are different. Comparing the ratios by position, Chinese characters had the most common errors with 50% in final phoneme, and the Japanese language showed equal errors in initial, middle, and end. In English, initial phoneme errors accounted for 58%. Vietnamese Learners showed intensive errors in the initial and final phoneme. Third, in addition to the phoneme errors, we also examined the allophone errors and foreign language pronunciation errors. The allophone errors are mainly concentrated in 'ㄹ', ​​and the pronunciation of the foreign language is mainly used in the source language or the native language of the learners. This paper analyzes the phoneme errors in the Learner's spoken language through the spoken corpus data with representative and annotation consistency. Through this study, we could compare the difference of phoneme errors of Main Korean learners.

• 한국어교육
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• 제25권1호
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• pp.1-27
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• 2014

This study investigates how common English hedge expressions such as 'I think' and 'I guess' appear in Korean, with the aim of providing explicit explanation for English-speaking leaners of Korean. Based on a contrastive analysis of spoken English and Korean corpus, this study argues three points: Firstly, 'I guess' appears with a wider variety of modalities in Korean than 'I think'. Secondly, this study has found that Korean textbooks contain inappropriate use of registers regarding the English translations of '-geot -gat-': although these markers are used in spoken Korean, they were translated into written English. Therefore, this study suggests that '-geot -gat-' be translated into 'I think' in spoken English, and into 'it seems' in the case of written English and narratives. Lastly, the contrastive analysis has shown that when 'I think' is used with deontic modalities such as 'I think I have to', Korean use '-a-ya-get-': the use of hedge marker 'I think' with 'I have to', which shows obligation or speaker's volition turns the deontic modalities into expressions of speaker's opinion.

• 말소리와 음성과학
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• 제6권3호
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• pp.139-145
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• 2014

The paper describes methods of conducting vowel analysis from a large-scale corpus with the aids of forced alignment and optimal formant ceiling methods. 'Read Style Corpus of Standard Korean' is used for building the forced alignment system and a subset of the corpus for the processing and extraction of features for vowel analysis based on optimal formant ceiling. The results of the vowel analysis are reliable and comparable to the results obtained using traditional analytical methods. The findings indicate that the methods adopted for the analysis can be extended and be used for more fine-grained analysis without time-consuming manual labeling without losing accuracy and reliability.

• 말소리와 음성과학
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• 제10권2호
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• pp.25-31
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• 2018

This paper investigated the phonological processes of monophthongs and diphthongs in the pronounced words present in the Buckeye Corpus and compared the frequency distribution of these processes by sex and age groups to provide a clearer understanding of spoken English to linguists and phoneticians. Both orthographic and pronounced words were extracted from the transcribed label scripts of the Buckeye Corpus using R. Next, the phonological processes of monophthongs and diphthongs in the orthographic and pronounced labels were tabulated using R scripts, and a frequency distribution by vowel process types, as well as sex and age groups, was created. The results revealed that 95% of the orthographic words contained the same number of syllables, whereas 5% had different numbers of vowels, thereby proving that speakers tend to preserve vowels in spontaneous speech. In addition, deletion processes were preferred in natural speech. Most vowel deletions occurred with an unstressed syllable. Chi-square tests were performed to calculate dependence in the distribution of phonological process types for male and female groups and young and old groups. The results showed a very strong correlation. This finding indicates that vowel processes occurred in approximately the same pattern in natural and spontaneous speech data regardless of sex and age, as well as whether or not the vowel processes were identical. Based on these results, the author concludes that an analysis of phonological processes in spontaneous speech corpora can greatly enhance practical understanding of spoken English.

• 말소리와 음성과학
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• 제9권2호
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• pp.23-29
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• 2017

This paper investigated the phonological processes of monophthongs and diphthongs in pronounced phrasal words of the Seoul Corpus by gender and age groups in order to provide linguists and phoneticians with a clearer understanding of the spoken Korean. Both orthographic and pronounced phrasal words were extracted from the transcribed label scripts of the Corpus using Praat. Then, phonological processes of monophthongs and diphthongs were tabulated using an R script after syllabifying the phrasal words into separate components. Results revealed that 97% of the number of syllables in the orthographic and pronounced phrasal words were the same while 65.8% showed difference in the syllable structure. 90.5% of the vowels in the orthographic phrasal words were realized in the pronounced phrasal words. A Chi-square test of independence was performed to obtain a significant dependence in the distribution of phonological process types of male and female groups along with a very strong correlation. Female group changed the diphthong yo into yv at the end of the pronounced phrasal words more often than the male group did. Age groups also showed a significant dependence in the distribution of phonological process types along with a very strong correlation. Females in the 40s produced the diphthong yv and made the vowel raising at the end of the pronounced phrasal words most often among the gender and age groups. From the results, this paper concludes that an analysis of phonological processes in light of syllable structure can contribute greatly to the understanding of the spoken Korean.

• 언어사실과 관점
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• 제44권
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• pp.399-417
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• 2018

This study aims to make a practical list of lexical items for the assessing of vocabulary richness. For this, in this study, we extract practical examples from written and spoken corpus to create a practical list. And we aimed to examine their distribution in various text types. Traditional assessing of vocabulary richness mainly deals with words. But this study was carried out to include lexical items in assessing vocabulary. Though we could not present all list of lexical items in the limit of the space, this list will be used to measure vocabulary diversity in future learner outcomes. In this paper, the emergence patterns of idiomatic expressions are compared against the register of written and spoken language, and the distribution of 7 registers of written text and the distribution of 4 registers of spoken text were examined. As a result of the analysis of written corpus, the most diverse types of idioms were used in the novel and quasi - verbal. And The fewest types were used in textbooks. Based on the number of token, literary genres such as novels, essays, and quasi - languages showed high use. In the case of collocation, more types were used in quasi - grammar and essay than in novel. But the number of tokens was often used in the order of novel, quasi-grammar, and essay. The use of idioms in spoken corpus was most widely used in private monologues. The number of tokens of idioms appeared higher in public and private conversations than monologues. The use of collocation was also the most diverse in private monologues, as in idioms, and the number of tokens was greater in monologues than conversations, unlike idioms. It is expected that more meaningful results will be obtained if this inverse study is extended to a more diverse text type.

• 언어사실과 관점
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• 제48권
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• pp.33-59
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• 2019

In this paper, I analyzed the usage patterns of Chinese Korean learners in the Korean learners' corpus. To this purpose, I compared NIKL learners' corpus 674,553 words with the native speakers' corpus 1,055,790 words. According to the analysis, Chinese Korean learners used about 28 more adverbs per 1,000 words than native Korean in their writing. And Chinese Korean learners have either overused or underused the high frequency adverbs, the degree of overuse was stronger than underuse. And compared to native speakers, they lacked the diversity of the use of adverbs. From this corpus analysis, we were able to identify the characteristics of Chinese Korean learners' use of adverbs. Korean learners overused adverbs such as '너무, 아주'and modal adverbs '정말, 진짜'to reinforce their own discourse, and they also used a lot of mimetic adverbs due to the influence of teaching. In addition, through the analysis of the learners' corpus, we were able to identify problems with the use of adverbs by Chinese Korean learners. Chinese Korean learners should try to expand available adverbs and diversify their choice of adverbs in their composition. And they should also develop the recognition of written and spoken registers when selecting adverbs.

• 언어사실과 관점
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• 제45권
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• pp.35-59
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• 2018

In this paper, as a proposal to an effective corpus construction and utilization scheme, there is a purpose to explore the present situation of Japanese corpus construction, concrete content and current trend. In Japan, dependence on google is remarkable, there has been a steady effort to develop high-quality corpus and development tool. On the other hand, the Japanese corpus should clearly grasp the location and information from those created by individual researchers to their own purpose to those created mainly by universities, research institutes, national policy institutions, etc. It is difficult. In this survey, it was possible to distinguish by "media corpus", "literary·magazine·web and balanced corpus", "spoken language corpus", "learner corpus", "historical material corpus" etc. by field and type. In addition, there were not many tools developed for corpus efficient use and secondary processing such as "example search", "morphological analysis", "machine translation", etc. for tool corpus only. The current trend in Japanese corpus construction spurred preparations for Seed data which can be utilized in linguistic research and various fields of the fourth industry, including national policy and research institutes such as NINJAL, JPO, NICT, ALAGIN and companies such as RAKUTEN ing.