• Journal of Life Science
• /
• v.20 no.7
• /
• pp.1047-1053
• /
• 2010

This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of dietary Korean red pine bark extract as an antibiotic replacement on cecum microflora, immune functions, blood lipids, carcass characteristics, and growth performance in broiler chickens. There were four treatment groups: a control group, an antibiotic group, and two treatment groups receiving 65 and 80 ppm Korean red pine bark extract. Growth performance, carcass weight, dressing percentage, and breast and thigh muscle weight of the broiler chickens fed 80 ppm of red pine bark extract was higher than the broilers of the control group and the antibiotic group. Abdominal fat was lower in both groups of broiler chickens fed red pine bark extract, but the growth of immune organs such as the thymus, spleen, and bursa of Fabricius was significantly higher in the group that received a diet supplemented with 80 ppm red pine bark extract than in the control group and antibiotic group. Concentrations of triacylglyceride and total cholesterol were significantly lower in both groups that received red pine bark extract when compared to the control group and the antibiotic group. The concentration of serum IgG was significantly higher in the 80 ppm red pine bark extract group than in the control group and the antibiotic group. The numbers of Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus in the cecum digesta were significantly increased, while the numbers of Escherichia coli and Salmonella were significantly reduced in the group that received 80 ppm red pine bark extract when compared to the control group and the antibiotic group. These results suggest that the a diet with 80 ppm Korean red pine bark extract as a replacement for antibiotics improve the cecum microflora, immune functions, blood lipids, carcass characteristics and growth performance of broiler chickens.

• Journal of Life Science
• /
• v.16 no.1
• /
• pp.82-87
• /
• 2006

Diets consist of two different pork samples: pork of a Jeju crossbred black pig not fed with tangerine peel during finishing period $(T_0)$, and pork fed with $6\%\;and\;10\%$ tangerine peel during growing and finishing period $(T_1)$, respectively. The effects of the diet on physiological activities of rats were studied by feeding 17 weeks old rats with the two diets for 4 weeks. The feed intake, weight gain, feed efficiency ratio, and weight of liver, kidney, spleen and epididymal fat pad for the rats were similar among the diets. The total lipid level and triglyceride of liver were similar among $T_0$ and $T_1$. All of the diet groups showed similar trends in terms of the serum total lipid, phospholipid, triglyceride, total cholesterol and HDL-cholesterol level, and atherogenic index, hemoglobin level, and $\gamma-GTP$, ALT, AST and ALP activities. However, it was found that the cholesterol level of liver and the LDL-cholesterol of serum in $T_1$, was significantly lower than those in $T_0(p<0.05)$.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
• /
• v.17 no.4
• /
• pp.939-945
• /
• 2003

In order to examine the antioxidant action of Loranthus parasiticus (L.) merr (LP), the study was done through measurement of parameters such as LPO, GSH, SOD, catalase, GOT, GPT and ALP. The results were obtained as follows: For the weight changes, in the left cerebrum, right cerebrum, cerebellum and testis, the group given LP showed small increase compared to the control group. But the weight changes were not significant. In the left cerebrum, the group given LP showed significant decrease compared to the control group in the content of LPO and significant increase compared to the control group in the activity of SOD. But in the right cerebrum, cerebellum the changes were not significant. For the changes of contents of SOD and catalase in the liver, the group given LP showed significant increase compared to the control group. For the changes of the activity of SOD in the kidney, the group given LP showed significant increase compared to the control group. For the changes of contents of LPO and GSH in the spleen, the group given LP were showed no significant decrease compared to the control group. And for the changes of the activities of SOD and catalase, the group given LP showed no significant increase compared to the control group. For the changes of content of LPO in the testis, the group given LP showed significant decrease compared to the control group. And for the changes of the activity of catalase, the group given LP showed significant increase compared to the control group. For the changes of GOT, GPT in the serum, the group given LP showed significant decrease compared to the control group. From above results, the antioxidant action of LP is effective. And it is expected to be necessary to the study of the mechanism in the antioxidant of LP.

• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
• /
• v.34 no.4
• /
• pp.807-817
• /
• 2017

The present study was undertaken to investigate the effect of fermented earthworm cast feed prepared by using three probiotic mixture with Bacillus subtilis strain on meat quality and growth performance of broiler chickens. A total of 240 one-day-old broiler chickens were randomly assigned to four treatments: 1) control, 2) 0.2% commercial product contain strain of Lactobacillus fermentum (CP), 3) 0.3% fermented earthworm cast feed (FECF3); and 4) 0.5% fermented earthworm cast feed (FECF5). Mean body weight gain, thymus, spleen, and F-bursal weight of birds fed with FECF were higher than those of birds fed with control or CP. Serum IgG levels were higher in birds fed with FECF than those in birds fed with CP or control. Cecal Lactobacillus counts were higher whereas Escherichia, Salmonella, Coliform bacteria, and total aerobic bacteria counts were lower in FECF groups than those in CP or control group. Water holding capacities in FECF groups were higher than those in CP or control group. Ratios of n-6/n-3 in chicken meat were lower in FECF groups compared to those in CP or control group.

• The Korea Journal of Herbology
• /
• v.36 no.6
• /
• pp.27-37
• /
• 2021

Objectives : In the current study, we performed the 13-week repeated oral dose toxicity test and a 4-week recovery test of standardized Cornus officinalis Sieb. et Zucc. and Psoralea corylifolia L. 30 % ethanol extract (SCP) in Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats owing to aims for verifying no observed adverse effect level (NOAEL). Methods : The animal study was performed according to OECD guidelines for the testing of chemicals section 4 health effects test No.408 repeated dose 90-day oral toxicity study in rodents (03 October 2008). In the repeated dose toxicity study, SCP was orally administered to female and male rats at dose levels of 1,000, 2,000, and 4,000 mg/kg/day for 13-week. The control group and high dose (4,000 mg/kg/day) group were then monitored for 4 extra weeks to determine recovery time after the study period. 1) Results : Compared with the control group, there were no treatment-related adverse effects in clinical signs, body weight, hematology, serum biochemistry (Aspartate aminotransferase, Alanine aminotransferase, Alkaline phosphatase, 𝛾-Glutamyl transpeptidase, Blood urea nitrogen, Creatinine, Glucose, Total cholesterol, Total protein, Creatine phosphokinase, Albumin, Total bilirubin, Triglyceride, Inorganic phosphorus, Albumin/Globulin ratio, Calcium ion, Sodium ion, Potassium ion, Chloride ion), necropsy findings and organ weight (Ovary, Adrenal gland, Pituitary, Thymus, Prostate, Testis, Epididymis, Spleen, Kidney, Heart, Lung, Brain, Liver) at any dose tested. Conclusions : Taken together, these results suggest that the NOAEL of SCP in both genders was considered as over 4,000 mg/kg. Results from this study provide scientific evidence for the safety of SCP.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
• /
• v.15 no.4
• /
• pp.269-275
• /
• 1988

The effect of mold inhibitor was determined in the commercial rations which had two different protein levels(18% and 12% ) and two different particle sizes(80% of the particles in the ration less than 1.19mm and 40% of the particles in the ration less than 1.1mm). After 40 days storage of the rations treated and not treated with the mold inhibitor the nutritional change of the experimental diets with 18% and 12% protein levels, the growth performance of chicks, and the weight of internal organs fed the 18% protein diet were observed as the criteria of this research The fat level and carotene content in the two diets with 18% and 12% protein level each were significantly (P＜0.05) decreased when the diets were not treated by the mold inhibitor. Even if mold inhibitor was mixed in the diet, the fat content in the diet which had 40% of the particles in the ration less than 1.19mm tended to be decreased, especially, in the diet with a 12% protein level. The carotene content in the diet treated with mold inhibitor which had 40% of the particles in the ration less than 1.19mm also tended to be decreased in both diets (18% protein and 12% protein). Feed types$\times$particle size interaction was significant for the fat content (P＜0.05) and for the carotene content (P＜0.05). The amount of crude protein and ADF was not significantly (P＞0.05) changed after 40 days storage. There was a significant decrease (P＜0.05) in total body weight gain and total feed intake observed in chicks fed the untreated diet with 40% of the particles in the ration less than 1.19mm. Feed conversion was significantly (P＜0.05) depressed in the chicks fed the untreated diet of both particle sizes. Particle size$\times$types of feed interaction in feed conversion was significant (P＜0.05). Relative sizes of the liver, pancreas and spleen were not affected significantly (P＞0.05) by the treatments.

• Journal of Dairy Science and Biotechnology
• /
• v.34 no.2
• /
• pp.99-116
• /
• 2016

We herein performed animal safety assessment in accordance with Good Laboratory Practice (GLP) regulations with the aim of developing sialic acid from glycomacropeptide (hereafter referred to as "GMP") as an index ingredient and functional component in functional foods. GMP is a type of whey protein derived from milk and a safe food, with multiple functions, such as antiviral activity. A test substance was produced containing 7% (w/w) sialic acid and mostly-hydrolyzed whey protein (hereafter referred to as "7%-GNANA") by enzymatic treatment of substrate GMP. The maximum intake test dose level was selected based on 5,000 mg/kg/day dose set for male NOEL (no-observed-effect-level) and female NOAEL (no-observed-adverse-effect-level) determined by a dose-range finding (DRF) test (GLP Center of Catholic University of Daegu, Report No. 15-NREO-001) that was previously conducted with the same test substance. To evaluate the toxicity of a repeated oral dose of the test substance in connection with the previous DRF study, 1,250, 2,500, and 5,000 mg/kg of the substance were administered by a probe into the stomachs of 6-week-old SPF Sprague-Dawley male and female rats for 90 d. Each test group consisted of 10 male and 10 female rats. To determine the toxicity index, all parameters, such as observation of common signs; measurements of body weight and food consumption; ophthalmic examination; urinalysis, electrolyte, hematological, and serum biochemical examination; measurement of organ weights during autopsy; and visual and histopathological examinations were conducted according to GLP standards. After evaluating the results based on the test toxicity assessment criteria, it was determined that NOAEL of the test substance, 7%-GNANA, was 5,000 mg/kg/day, for both male and female rats. No animal death was noted in any of the test groups, including the control group, during the study period, and there was no significant difference associated with test substance, as compared with the control group, with respect to general symptoms, body weight changes, food consumption, ophthalmic examination, urinalysis, hematological and serum biochemical examination, and electrolyte and blood coagulation tests during the administration period (P<0.05). As assessed by the effects of the test substance on organ weights, food consumption, autopsy, and histopathological safety, change in kidney weight as an indicator of male NOAEL revealed up to 20% kidney weight increase in the high-dose group (5,000 mg/kg/day) compared with the change in the control group. However, it was concluded that this effect of the test substance was minor. In the case of female rats, reduction of food consumption, increase of kidney weight, and decrease of thymus weight were observed in the high-dose group. The kidney weight increased by 10.2% (left) and 8.9% (right) in the high-dose group, with a slight dose-dependency compared with that of the control group. It was observed that the thymus weight decreased by 25.3% in the high-dose group, but it was a minor test substance-associated effect. During the autopsy, botryoid tumor was detected on the ribs of one subject in the high-dose group, but we concluded that the tumor has been caused by a naturally occurring (non-test) substance. Histopathological examination revealed lesions on the kidney, liver, spleen, and other organs in the low-dose test group. Since these lesions were considered a separate phenomenon, or naturally occurring and associated with aging, it was checked whether any target organ showed clear symptoms caused by the test substance. In conclusion, different concentrations of the test substance were fed to rats and, consequently, it was verified that only a minor effect was associated with the test substance in the high-dose (5,000 mg/kg/day) group of both male and female rats, without any other significant effects associated with the test substance. Therefore, it was concluded that NOAEL of 7%-GNANA (product name: Helicobactrol) with male and female rats as test animals was 5,000 mg/kg/day, and it thus was determined that the substance is safe for the ultimate use as an ingredient of health functional foods.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
• /
• v.3 no.3
• /
• pp.187-194
• /
• 1995

The male broiler chichens (Hibreed Ross P. S 120 birds) were experimented for 6 weeks in cage. while experimental diets were feded to addition 0, 0, 0. 2, 0. 5 and 1.0% levels with Root Powder of Bupleurum Falcatum Linne (RPBFL). The results were as following; The tast of RPBFL added diets was favorite as the feed intake of RPBFL diets were increased than control diet. Body weight gain (1. 845g) in 1. 0% RPBFL diet was higher enhenced by 226g/per bird than control (1. 619g). was effected above 14%. Feed re­quierment was the lowest by 2. 02 in control, and was significantly enhenced to 1. 81 in 1. 0% RPBFL diet (P<0. 01). The amounts of carcass ratio were significantly defferent effected from the broilers feding diet added with 1. 0% RPBFL (P<0. 01). Greater amounts of chest meat was produced by 253g from the broilers fed diet added 1. 0% RPBFL, was enhenced 42g than the control broilers. The chest meat vs live body weight ratio was increaced in 1. 0% added diet. According to the tendency be increased' of the RPBFL levels, the drumst­ick weight was enhenced with 1. 0% RPBFL diet. The ratio of the drumstick vs live body weight was im­proved in 1. 0% RPBFL diet. The weights of liver. spleen, heart and gizzard were heavied according to live body weight, then was improved in 1. 0% RPBFL diet. Fat accumulation (abdominal and gizzard sur­rounding) was greater abserved by 50. 12g from the broiler fed ration with 1. 0% RPBFL. Content of total serum protein was high concetration in control, then was decrased by RPBFL level. Total serum cholesterol and triglyceride contents were increased in proportion to fat accumulation ratio.

• Korean Journal of Animal Reproduction
• /
• v.24 no.3
• /
• pp.231-239
• /
• 2000

In this study, we observed the effects of dioxin on weights of body, testes and other organs, the number and motility of sperm in the a various dose after two days' of administration in mice. Animals were treated with oral dose of dioxin 10, 20, 30, 40 mg/kg body weight, respectively. 1, After administration dioxin at doses of 10, 20, 30 and 40 $\mu\textrm{g}$/kg to the mice, the changes in body weights were 30.6 $\pm$ 2.g~40.7 $\pm$ 3.9g and 30.8 $\pm$4.1g~39.5g $\pm$3.1 for 10 and 20 $\mu\textrm{g}$/kg dosed group, 31.0 $\pm$ 3.5g ~ 39.0 $\pm$ 3.5g, 30.6 $\pm$ 3.4g~38.3 $\pm$ 4.0g for 30 and 40 $\mu\textrm{g}$/kg dosed group. The body weight of dioxin-administered group showed lower value when compared to 30.6 $\pm$ 2.8g ~ 44.5 $\pm$ 3.1g of which is control group's. 2. After administration of dioxin at doses of 10, 20, 30 and 40 $\mu\textrm{g}$/kg to the mice, the increase in the number of WBC was prominent, but the increase in the number of RBC wasn't significant, though the values of Hb, PCV, and PLT were higher than those of control group's. 3. After administration of dioxin at doses of 10. 20, 30 and 40 $\mu\textrm{g}$/kg to the mice, the changes in sperm number were 112.5 $\pm$ 3.7~119.4 $\pm$4.2 $\times$ 10$^{6}$ $m\ell$, 103.9 $\pm$3.8 ~ 110.2 $\pm$ 3.6 $\times$ 10$^{6}$ $m\ell$, 97.5 $\pm$ 3.4 ~105.7 $\pm$ 4.4 $\times$ 10$^{6}$ $m\ell$, 87.2 $\pm$ 3.7~98.5 $\pm$ 3.8 $\times$ 10$^{6}$ $m\ell$, respectively. The sperm number of dioxin-administered group showed lower value than that of control group's, which was 119.0 $\pm$ 4.3 ~ 120.7 $\pm$ 4.8 $\times$ 10$^{6}$ $m\ell$. After administration of dioxin at doses of 10~40 $\mu\textrm{g}$/kg to the mice, the sperm motility were 69.4$\pm$ 3.0 ~ 86.6 $\pm$4.7%. The sperm motility of dioxin-administered group showed lower value than that of control group's. 4. After administration of dioxin at doses of 10, 20, 30 and 40$\mu\textrm{g}$/kg to the mice, the organ weight of each dioxin-administered group's was decreased a little compared to that of control group's. 5. After administration of dioxin at doses of 10, 20, 30 and 40 $\mu\textrm{g}$/kg to the mice, the weights of spleen, kidneys, and liver showed increase a little.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
• /
• v.21 no.2
• /
• pp.118-128
• /
• 2006

This study was conducted to determination of the endocrine distruptor function of 'Parabens' by dosing ethyl paraben, propyl paraben, isopropyl paraben, butyl paraben and isobutyl paraben to the immature SD rats. 18 groups were given vehicle control group, negative control group (Dibutyl phthalate), postive control group ($1'7-{\alpha}$ Ethynylestrdiol) and each paraben groups involved 3 dose level. Rats were injected with 62.5, 250 and 1,000mg/kg from postnatal day 19 till 21 once a day in subcutaneous and a total 3, times. There was no treatment related death. but, subcutaneous nodule, edema, alopecia and scrub formation on injection site was observed. These signs was become worse in high dose level. these signs was cause from physical stimulation by test substance which parabens were mix with com oil as vehicle. In the analysis of organ weights, absolute and relative weights of brain, spleen, liver, thymus, heart, kidneys, adrenals, ovaries and vagina were no difference with control group. but, wet and blotted weight of uterus was increased in every high dose parabens treat group. Especially, all dose level of isobutyl paraben was showed increment of uterus weight. uterus dilatation of parabens treated group was observed in gross anatomic pathology and these result was agree with wet and blotted weight of uterus. In the result of this study, estrogenic effect as endocrine distruptor was observed in ethyl paraben, propyl paraben, isopropyl paraben, butyl paraben and isobutyl paraben. and it was considered isobutyl paraben has highest estrogrnic effect under the condition of this study.