• Title/Summary/Keyword: spatial learning ability

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Effects of Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation on Enhancement of Cognitive Function in Focal Ischemic Stroke Rat Model (국소 허혈성 뇌졸중 모델 흰쥐의 인지기능에 반복경두개자기자극이 미치는 효과)

  • Lee, Jung-In;Kim, Gye-Yeop;Nam, Ki-Won;Lee, Dong-Woo;Kim, Ki-Do;Kim, Kyung-Yoon
    • Journal of the Korean Society of Physical Medicine
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    • v.7 no.1
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    • pp.11-20
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    • 2012
  • Purpose : This study is intended to examine the repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation on cognitive function in the focal ischemic stroke rat model. Methods : This study selected 30 Sprague-Dawley rats of 8 weeks. The groups were divided into two groups and assigned 15 rats to each group. Control group: Non-treatment after injured by focal ischemic stroke; Experimental group: application of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation(0.1 Tesla, 25 Hz, 20 min/time, 2 times/day, 5 days/2 week) after injured by focal ischemic stroke. To assess the effect of rTMS, the passive avoidance test, spatial learning and memory ability test were analyzed at the pre, 1 day, $7^{th}$ day, $14^{th}$ day and immunohistochemistric response of BDNF were analyzed in the hippocampal dentate gyrus at $7^{th}$ day, $14^{th}$ day. Results : In passive avoidance test, the outcome of experimental group was different significantly than the control group at the $7^{th}$ day, $14^{th}$ day. In spatial learning and memory ability test, the outcome of experimental group was different significantly than the control group at the $7^{th}$ day, $14^{th}$ day. In immunohistochemistric response of BDNF in the hippocampal dentate gyrus, experimental groups was more increased than control group. Conclusion : These result suggest that improved cognitive function by repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation after focal ischemic stroke is associated with dynamically altered expression of BDNF in hippocampal dentate gyrus and that is related with synaptic plasticity.

Combining 2D CNN and Bidirectional LSTM to Consider Spatio-Temporal Features in Crop Classification (작물 분류에서 시공간 특징을 고려하기 위한 2D CNN과 양방향 LSTM의 결합)

  • Kwak, Geun-Ho;Park, Min-Gyu;Park, Chan-Won;Lee, Kyung-Do;Na, Sang-Il;Ahn, Ho-Yong;Park, No-Wook
    • Korean Journal of Remote Sensing
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    • v.35 no.5_1
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    • pp.681-692
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    • 2019
  • In this paper, a hybrid deep learning model, called 2D convolution with bidirectional long short-term memory (2DCBLSTM), is presented that can effectively combine both spatial and temporal features for crop classification. In the proposed model, 2D convolution operators are first applied to extract spatial features of crops and the extracted spatial features are then used as inputs for a bidirectional LSTM model that can effectively process temporal features. To evaluate the classification performance of the proposed model, a case study of crop classification was carried out using multi-temporal unmanned aerial vehicle images acquired in Anbandegi, Korea. For comparison purposes, we applied conventional deep learning models including two-dimensional convolutional neural network (CNN) using spatial features, LSTM using temporal features, and three-dimensional CNN using spatio-temporal features. Through the impact analysis of hyper-parameters on the classification performance, the use of both spatial and temporal features greatly reduced misclassification patterns of crops and the proposed hybrid model showed the best classification accuracy, compared to the conventional deep learning models that considered either spatial features or temporal features. Therefore, it is expected that the proposed model can be effectively applied to crop classification owing to its ability to consider spatio-temporal features of crops.

The Effects of Using the Geometric Manipulative for the Development of Spatial Sense (기하 교구의 활용이 공간 지각 능력에 미치는 영향)

  • Park, Man-Goo;ChoiKoh, Sang-Sook;Jung, In-Chul;Kim, Eun-Young
    • Journal of the Korean School Mathematics Society
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    • v.13 no.2
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    • pp.303-322
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    • 2010
  • The purpose of this study was to analyze the effects of using the geometric manipulative for the development of spatial sense and thus to find out a better mathematics teaching and learning method that could help develop students' spatial senses. The two fifth grade classes were randomly chosen as an experimental group (31 students) and a control group (32 students), respectively. This study implemented nonequivalent control group pretest-posttest design of quasi-experimental design. The test instrument used in this study was a spatial sense test. The pretest and posttest were implemented with the same instrument. In addition, their classes were observed and videotaped, and the data and their study activities were analyzed. In conclusion, first, the geometric manipulative-aided activities contributes to developing students' spatial senses and their two sub-factors involves perceptual consistency and perception of spatial relationship. Second, the activities of grasping the components of solid figures, sketches and development figures by using the geometric manipulative contribute to boost students' perceptual consistencies and their perceptions of spatial relationship.

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Relationship between Music Cognitive Skills and Academic Skills (음악의 인지기술과 학습 기술과의 관계)

  • Chong, Hyun Ju
    • Journal of Music and Human Behavior
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    • v.3 no.1
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    • pp.63-76
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    • 2006
  • Melody is defined as adding spatial dimension to the rhythm which is temporal concept. Being able to understand melodic pattern and to reproduce the pattern also requires cognitive skills. Since 1980, there has been much research on the relationship between academic skills and music cognitive skills, and how to transfer the skills learned in music work to the academic learning. The study purported to examine various research outcomes dealing with the correlational and causal relationships between musical and academic skills. The two dominating theories explaining the connection between two skills ares are "neural theory" and "near transfer theory." The theories focus mainly on the transference of spatial and temporal reasoning which are reinforced in the musical learning. The study reviewed the existing meta-analysis studies, which provided evidence for positive correlation between academic and musical skills, and significance of musical learning in academic skills. The study further examined specific skills area that musical learning is correlated, such as mathematics and reading. The research stated that among many mathematical concepts, proportional topics have the strongest correlation with musical skills. Also with reading, temporal processing also has strong relationship with auditory skills and motor skills, and further affect language and literacy ability. The study suggest that skills learned in the musical work can be transferred to other areas of learning and structured music activities may be every efficient for children for facilitating academic concepts.

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The Development and Application of an Astronomy Education Program Reflecting Astronomical Thinking: A Case of Planetarium Class at Science Museum (천문학적 사고를 반영한 천문교육 프로그램의 개발 및 적용: 과학관 천체 투영관 수업 사례)

  • Choi, Joontae;Lee, Kiyoung;Park, Jaeyong
    • Journal of the Korean earth science society
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    • v.40 no.1
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    • pp.86-106
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    • 2019
  • The purpose of this study is to develop an astronomy education program reflecting astronomical thinking to be used at science museum and to investigate the effect of the program on the improvement of astronomical thinking ability of high school students. After selecting the components of astronomical thinking through literature studies, we developed an astronomy education program consisting of four stages: demonstration and observation, and question and thinking, support and group discussion, demonstration and assessment. In order to verify the effectiveness of the program, we conducted a covariance analysis on the pre- and post-tests of the experimental group and control group to examine the level of students' thinking before and after using the program in teaching and learning. As a result, it was confirmed that the astronomy education program reflecting astronomical thinking was effective in promoting students' astronomical thinking ability. In particular, this program was effective in enhancing the ability of modeling by reconstructing the observed astronomical phenomenon from the viewpoint of the universe with respect to spatial thinking in the astronomy domain. It was also effective to improve the ability of organizing the system by grasping the relationship between the elements constituting the astronomical system in relation to the system thinking in the astronomy domain. This study is significant in suggesting a specific teaching and learning program to develop students' astronomical thinking.

A Study on Detection and Resolving of Occlusion Area by Street Tree Object using ResNet Algorithm (ResNet 알고리즘을 이용한 가로수 객체의 폐색영역 검출 및 해결)

  • Park, Hong-Gi;Bae, Kyoung-Ho
    • Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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    • v.21 no.10
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    • pp.77-83
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    • 2020
  • The technologies of 3D spatial information, such as Smart City and Digital Twins, are developing rapidly for managing land and solving urban problems scientifically. In this construction of 3D spatial information, an object using aerial photo images is built as a digital DB. Realistically, the task of extracting a texturing image, which is an actual image of the object wall, and attaching an image to the object wall are important. On the other hand, occluded areas occur in the texturing image. In this study, the ResNet algorithm in deep learning technologies was tested to solve these problems. A dataset was constructed, and the street tree was detected using the ResNet algorithm. The ability of the ResNet algorithm to detect the street tree was dependent on the brightness of the image. The ResNet algorithm can detect the street tree in an image with side and inclination angles.

Protective effect of Phellodendri Cortex against lipopolysaccharide-induced memory impairment in rats

  • Lee, Bom-Bi;Sur, Bong-Jun;Cho, Se-Hyung;Yeom, Mi-Jung;Shim, In-Sop;Lee, Hye-Jung;Hahm, Dae-Hyun
    • Animal cells and systems
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    • v.16 no.4
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    • pp.302-312
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    • 2012
  • The purpose of this study was to examine whether Phellodendri Cortex extract (PCE) could improve learning and memory impairments caused by lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammation in the rat brain. The effect of PCE on modulating pro-inflammatory mediators in the hippocampus and its underlying mechanism were investigated. Injection of LPS into the lateral ventricle caused acute regional inflammation and subsequent deficits in spatial learning ability in the rats. Daily administration of PCE (50, 100, and 200 mg/kg, i.p.) for 21 days markedly improved the LPS-induced learning and memory disabilities in the Morris water maze and passive avoidance test. PCE administration significantly decreased the expression of pro-inflammatory mediators such as tumor necrosis factor-${\alpha}$, interleukin-$1{\beta}$, and cyclooxygenase-2 mRNA in the hippocampus, as assessed by RT-PCR analysis and immunohistochemistry. Together, these findings suggest that PCE significantly attenuated LPS-induced spatial cognitive impairment through inhibiting the expression of pro-inflammatory mediators in the rat brain. These results suggested that PCE may be effective in preventing or slowing the development of neurological disorders, including Alzheimer's disease, by improving cognitive and memory function because of its anti-inflammation activity in the brain.

How the Pattern Recognition Ability of Deep Learning Enhances Housing Price Estimation (딥러닝의 패턴 인식능력을 활용한 주택가격 추정)

  • Kim, Jinseok;Kim, Kyung-Min
    • Journal of the Economic Geographical Society of Korea
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    • v.25 no.1
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    • pp.183-201
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    • 2022
  • Estimating the implicit value of housing assets is a very important task for participants in the housing market. Until now, such estimations were usually carried out using multiple regression analysis based on the inherent characteristics of the estate. However, in this paper, we examine the estimation capabilities of the Artificial Neural Network(ANN) and its 'Deep Learning' faculty. To make use of the strength of the neural network model, which allows the recognition of patterns in data by modeling non-linear and complex relationships between variables, this study utilizes geographic coordinates (i.e. longitudinal/latitudinal points) as the locational factor of housing prices. Specifically, we built a dataset including structural and spatiotemporal factors based on the hedonic price model and compared the estimation performance of the models with and without geographic coordinate variables. The results show that high estimation performance can be achieved in ANN by explaining the spatial effect on housing prices through the geographic location.

A Case Study for Augmented Reality Based Geography Learning Contents (증강현실기반의 지리 학습 콘텐츠 활용 사례연구)

  • Lee, Seok-Jun;Ko, In-Chul;Jung, Soon-Ki
    • Journal of the Korean Association of Geographic Information Studies
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    • v.14 no.3
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    • pp.96-109
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    • 2011
  • Recently, the geographic information system(GIS) is generally used in various fields with the development of information and communication technology, with expansion of its applications and utilization scope. Especially, utilizing GIS is expected to have positive effects on the geography learning and more helpful for the geographic information observation compared to the picture or 2D based media. The effective visualization of complex geographic data does not only take realization of its visual information but also increases the human ability in analysis and understanding to use the geographic information. In this paper, we examine a method to develop the geography learning contents based on the technology with augmented reality and GIS, and then we have a case study for various kinds of visualization techniques and examples to use in geography learning situation. Moreover, we introduce an example of the manufacturing process from the existing GIS data to augmented reality based geography learning system. From the above, we show that the usefulness of our method is applicable for effective visualization of the three-dimensional geographic information in the geography learning environment.

Liriopis Tuber improves stress-induced memorial impairments in rats (구속 스트레스로 유발된 기억 손상에 대한 맥문동(麥門冬)의 신경보호 효능)

  • Kang, Young-Gun;Lee, Tae-Hee
    • The Korea Journal of Herbology
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    • v.21 no.2
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    • pp.63-75
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    • 2006
  • Objectives : We investigated the effects of Liriopis Tuber on the nervous protection. Methods : We measured the reaction behavior with EPM(Elevated Plus Maxe) and MWM(Morris Water Maze) after applying restraint stress to rats. Also, the degrees of AchE generation were measured with immunohistochemical method in the regions of hippocampus, and the degree of TH generation in the regions of VTA and LC, respectively. Results : 1. As the results of measuring how long EPM which reflects anxiety reaction stayed in the open arm, there was the trend which can suppress anxiety reaction in the MMD+stress group(Liriopis Tuber+stress) but no statistical significance. The counting results how many EPM passed between opened and closed arm showed suppression trend against a physical activity in the saline+stress group but there was no statistical significance. 2. According to the result of MWM, the saline+stress group showed the learning retardation which means increased time arriving at goal compared to ti1e normal group at the second and third day of measurement. On the contrary, a learning retardation was significantly decreased in the MMD+stress group. Among the probe trial test a memory loss occurred in the saline+stress group, meanwhile memory ability was notably increased in the saline-stress group. 3. The degree of TH generation was investigated at the VTA and LC respectively after test animals treated with drug. In the saline+stress group, TH-immunoreactive cells were significantly increased, and these stress-induced TH increases were suppressed in the saline+stress group at the VTA region. However, the saline+stress group did not show any significant difference. 4. the degree of AchE generation was investigated at the CA3 of hippocampus. The saline+stress group showed that AchE-immunoreactive cells were significantly decreased. Those stress-induced reductions of AchE cells were meaningfully recovered in the saline+stress group. Although the cells showed recovery trend in the region of CA1 of hippocampus, statistical significance was not observed. Conclusion : The results of our study indicate that Liriopis Tuber can improve spatial memory ability of rats applied a restraint stress. This improvement of the spatial memory ability is considered to have an efficacy of nervous protection that Liriopis Tuber suppresses the generation of AchE in the hippocampus region and enhances the generation of TH in the VTA.

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