• Bulletin of the Korean Mathematical Society
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• v.33 no.4
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• pp.603-611
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• 1996

Let consider the following problem: find an element u(t) in a Banach space U from the equation $$ x'(t) = Ax(t) + f(t,x(t)) + \Phi_0 u(t), 0 \leq t \leq T $$ with initial and terminal conditions $$ x(0) = 0, x(T) = \phi $$ in a Banach space X where $\phi \in D(A)$. This problem is a kind of control engineering inverse problem and contains nonlinear term, so that it is difficult and interesting. Thee proof main result in this paper is based on the Fredholm property of [1] in section 3. Similar considerations of linear system have been dealt with in many references. Among these literatures, Suzuki[5] introduced this problem for heat equation with unknown spatially-varing conductivity. Nakagiri and Yamamoto[2] considered the identifiability problem, which A is a unknown operator to be identified, where the system is described by a linear retarded functional differential equation. We can also apply to determining the magnitude of the control set for approximate controllability if X is a reflexive space, i.e., we can consider whether a dense subset of X is covered by reachable set in section 4.

• Journal of the Korea Institute of Military Science and Technology
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.169-176
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• 2022

Laser ablation propulsion(LAP) is the method to create impulse by laser ablation. It can be used to deorbit the space debris(SD), as its long-range property and versatility on any material. In this paper, we find out several requirements of the LAP system(LAPS) to deorbit the SD by simple numerical calculations of the SD orbit and laser beam flux. As a result, minimum operable altitude angle turned out to be a crucial variable to the LAPS. Moreover, if minimum operable altitude angle is 10°, and if the minimum distance between the LAPS and the SD is below 450 km, 1 m/s² is sufficient to deorbit the SD by once. With 18 kJ/3 ns pulsed laser and cube shaped 100 kg SD, 1 m/s² acceleration can be achieved by increasing the pulse repetition rate over 34~53 Hz, depending on the size of the SD. This capability could compare with the conceptual design of the Japan Establishment for a Power-laser Community Harvest(J-EPoCH) facility, which include 8 kJ, 5 PW@100 Hz laser.

• Fashion & Textile Research Journal
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.237-246
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• 2021

This study aims to analyze short sleeve cycling tops from three brands for a change in garment fit and pressure depending on the static and cycling postures. To this end, it used a 3D virtual garment system to virtualize the garments. Further, a cross-section of the 3D virtual garment data was obtained, and the space length was measured in the design-X program to prove the objectivity of the 3D virtual garment. The results indicated that three brands had a large space length at the front than the back because of the bent posture in cycling. Therefore, appropriate ease was required for the waist and abdomen. Although there were various cutting lines of the bodice panel by brand, the design of the cutting lines should consider the changes in the surface to reflect the bent posture in cycling. The results of this experiment confirmed that the wrinkles present in the 3D virtual garment were reflected in the cross-section and that the space length was small in the high-stress area, as shown in red. Therefore, it was proven the stress of the 3D virtual garment could be used for 3D virtual garment evaluation.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Esthetic Dentistry
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.56-63
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• 2022

The mandibular 4 anterior incisor restoration has small teeth and a small space, so the choice of abutment is always a concern. The mandibular 4 anterior incisor extraction is caused by periodontal disease, interdental embrasure greatly open is advantageous of oral hygiene management. Try to make it small diameter with custom abutment, it is limited to the space for the screw. Rather than setting the post site of one body implant to a horizontal cross-section, it is advantageous to set it to a longitudinal cross-section, for interdental embrasure formation. When using an internal bone level implant, rather than using a two-piece abutment, using a one-piece abutment can more effectively secure space for interdental embrasure.

• Bulletin of the Korean Mathematical Society
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.139-149
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• 1989

pp.Hartman and G. Stampacchia [6] proved the following theorem in 1966: If f:X.rarw. $R^{n}$ is a continuous map on a compact convex subset X of $R^{n}$ , then there exists $x_{0}$ ..mem.X such that $x_{0}$ , $x_{0}$ -x>.geq.0 for all x.mem.X. This remarkable result has been investigated and generalized by F.E. Browder [1], [2], W. Takahashi [9], S. Park [8] and others. For example, Browder extended this theorem to a map f defined on a compact convex subser X of a topological vector space E into the dual space $E^{*}$; see [2, Theorem 2]. And Takahashi extended Browder's theorem to closed convex sets in topological vector space; see [9, Theorem 3]. In Section 2, we obtain some variational inequalities, especially, generalizations of Browder's and Takahashi's theorems. The generalization of Browder's is an earlier result of the first author [8]. In Section 3, using Theorem 1, we improve and extend some known fixed pint theorems. Theorems 4 and 8 improve Takahashi's results [9, Theorems 5 and 9], respectively. Theorem 4 extends the first author's fixed point theorem [8, Theorem 8] (Theorem 5 in this paper) which is a generalization of Browder [1, Theroem 1]. Theorem 8 extends Theorem 9 which is a generalization of Browder [2, Theorem 3]. Finally, in Section 4, we obtain variational inequalities for multivalued maps by using Theorem 1. We improve Takahashi's results [9, Theorems 21 and 22] which are generalization of Browder [2, Theorem 6] and the Kakutani fixed point theorem [7], respectively.ani fixed point theorem [7], respectively.

• Science of Emotion and Sensibility
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.111-122
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• 2014

This study has analyzed the scanning path algorithm shown at the process of exploring spatial information through an observation experiment with the object of lobby in subway station. In the estimation of observation time by section, the frequency of scanning type was found to increase as the observation time got longer, which makes it possible that the longer the observation lasts the more the observation interruptions occur. In addition, the observation slipped out of the range of imaging when any fatigue was caused from the observation or the more active exploration took place. Furthermore, when the trend line was employed for the examination of the changes to the scanning type by time section, "concentration" "diagonal or vertical" showed a sharp and a gentle increases along with the increase of time section respectively, while "circulation. combination, horizontal" showed a reduction. The observation data of the subjects observing a space include various visual information. The analysis of the scanning type found at "attention concentration" enabled to draw this significant conclusion. The features of increase and decrease of scanning types can be a fundamental data for understanding the scanning tendency by time.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Aeronautical & Space Sciences
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• v.49 no.11
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• pp.901-907
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• 2021

The present study introduces an artificial neural network (ANN) that can predict the missile aerodynamic coefficients for various missile nose shapes and flow conditions such as Mach number and angle of attack. A semi-empirical missile aerodynamics code is utilized to generate a dataset comprised of the geometric description of the nose section of the missiles, flow conditions, and aerodynamic coefficients. Data normalization is performed during the data preprocessing step to improve the performance of the ANN. Dropout is used during the training phase to prevent overfitting. For the missile nose shape and flow conditions not included in the training dataset, the aerodynamic coefficients are predicted through ANN to verify the performance of the ANN. The result shows that not only the ANN predictions are very similar to the aerodynamic coefficients produced by the semi-empirical missile aerodynamics code, but also ANN can predict missile aerodynamic coefficients for the untrained nose section of the missile and flow conditions.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Rural Architecture
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.33-40
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• 2022

Sharehouse has been supplied as an alternative to solving the steadily increasing one-room housing problem of single-person households every year, and it is necessary to investigate the satisfaction of residents who actually live in sharehouse through P.O.E. Therefore, this study analyzed priror researches related to the existing one-person households, sharehouses, and satisfaction surveys, and summarized indicators with high relevance and frequency to derive satisfaction survey factors that can clearly evaluate the improvement architectural plan of sharehouses. As a result, it was classified into 4 items in the 'general information' category to investigate the status, housing rental type, and housing cost of the sharehouse, 15 factors in the 'peripheral environment' category to evaluate the safety, 3 factors in the 'community' category, and 17 factors in the space (facility) and service category. In the "General Information" section, the overall one-person housing satisfaction, desired sharehouse type, housing rental type, housing cost, and living expenses were reduced. In the "Surrounding Environment", accessibility to public office, accessibility to cultural facilities, accessibility to medical facilities, accessibility to work and school, convenience stores, noise pollution and safety. In addition, in the "community" section, it consists of interactions with various people, relationships with housemates and in the "space (facilities) and service" section, heating, waterproof, soundproof, ventilation, moisture and condensation blocking, facility management, interior, room size, built-in furniture, storage space, laundry, parking. Most of the scales for each factor were 5-point Likert scales, allowing evaluation of the degree of satisfaction, and some factors presented criteria to induce structured answers. Therfore, it is expected that the survey will be conducted on residents who actually live by deriving factors for the satisfaction survey of one-person households living in the sharehouse, and the current status of the sharehouse will be identified, and the degree of satisfaction will be analyzed to be used for research.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.40 no.1
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• pp.9-15
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• 1995

This study was carried out to investigate the effects of the optimal fertilizer application levels and planting space at different seeding parts on Chinese yam from 1992 to 1993. The results obtained was as follows： The earlist day to emergence was 42~56 days at tuber section, 37~46 days at an aerial tuber, and 50~56 days at an exposed parent material. in turn. The days to emergence were delayed by increasing fertilizer application levels. In the growth of the under-ground parts, vine length was increased in a tuber section, aerial tuber, and an exposed parent material in turn. The tuber section by 60${\times}$20cm at planting space, 56-56-64 Kg/10a at fertilizer application levels was appeared to be good growth among underground parts. As planted close, the growth of tuber section was decreased. The totoal yield was appeared to be increased about 19% in a tuber section planted as 30${\times}$20cm compared with 60${\times}$20cm. In an exposed parent ma-terial, the planting space, 30${\times}$15cm, was increased 10% compared with 45${\times}$15cm, and in an aerial tuber, the planting space, 10${\times}$10cm, was increased about 10% comparing 30${\times}$10cm. Fertilization level(N-$P_2O_2K_2O$) in 56-56-64Kg/10a was increased 39 to 47% comparing 28-28-32 Kg/10a. And the heavy dressing and the close planting space were appeared to be produced the highest yield. In considering commercial quality, the optimal combination between seeding parts and planting space is recommended to improve commercial qualities and high yield.

• Honam Mathematical Journal
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• v.45 no.2
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• pp.316-324
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• 2023

The P-curvature tensor has been studied in the space-time of general relativity and it is found that the contracted part of this tensor vanishes in the Einstein space. It is shown that Rainich conditions for the existence of non-null electro variance can be obtained by P_𝛼𝛽. It is established that the divergence of tensor G_𝛼𝛽 defined with the help of P_𝛼𝛽 and scalar P is zero, so that it can be used to represent Einstein field equations. It is shown that for V₄ satisfying Einstein like field equations, the tensor P_𝛼𝛽 is conserved, if the energy momentum tensor is Codazzi type. The space-time satisfying Einstein's field equations with vanishing of P-curvature tensor have been considered and existence of Killing, conformal Killing vector fields and perfect fluid space-time has been established.