• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.64 no.1
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• pp.47-51
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• 1984

Hybrids among some southern pines, Pinus rigida, Pinus taeda and Pinus serotina, were tested in Chunbuk area in order to investigate their adaptability to Korean climate and soils. The results were summarized as follows; 1) Hybrids between P. rigida and P. raeda showed good growth among interspecific hybrids of southern pines tested. In particular, P. taeda${\times}$P. rigida showed remarkable growth in Chunbuk area. 2) The survival rate of P. taeda was extremely low, probably because of cold susceptibility. 3) Volume growth was correlated with width and length of cone, length of needle and needle sheath at the 1% level. 4) Hybrids were generally located between the parents in cluster analysis.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.88 no.4
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• pp.462-468
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• 1999

A natural mixed forest of Pinus densiflora and Quercus variabilis in Mt. Mohu area was studied to investigate patterns of species competition and productivity. Ten $10m{\times}10m$ plots were set up and eight sample trees of each Pinus densiflora and Quercus variabilis were harvested for dimension analysis. Mean tree age of Pinus densiflora was 33 years and that of Quercus variabilis was 26 years. DBH and height of Quercus variabilis were larger than those of Pinus densiflora untill tree age 15. After tree age 15, height of Quercus variabilis was higher than height of Pines densiflora while DBH of Quercus variabilis was smaller than DBH of Pines densiflora. For a tree of a given DBH, there was little difference in leaf dry weight between Pines densiflora and Quercus variabilis. For a tree of a given DBH, dry weights of stem wood, stem bark and branches of Quercus variabilis weighed more than those of Pinus densiflora, and the differences between the dry weights of the two species became greater as DBH increased. Net assimilation ratio of Quercus variabilis was higher than that of Pinus densiflora, and biomass accumulation ratio of Quercus variabilis was lower than that of Pinus densiflora. It may be given as a conclusion that Quercus variabilis was superior to Pinus densiflora in species competition owing to faster height growth, higher net assimilation ratio, and lower biomass accumulation ratio. Aboveground stand biomass was 87.7t/ha and aboveground stand net production was 8.3t/ha/yr.

• Journal of Forest and Environmental Science
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.383-392
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• 2014

In this study, we investigated the Fukiage sand dunes of southern Kyushu, Japan. We surveyed the status of recovery of coastal Japanese black pine forests damaged by pine wilt disease and their disaster prevention capability. We placed two transects: Transect 1, in an area that was severely damaged (80-90% damage rate) by pine wilt disease, and Transect 2, in an area that was mostly undamaged (<10% damage rate). Then, we installed survey lines, carried out vegetation surveys, and measured the depth and pH of humus soil. The survey lines were placed perpendicular to the coastline from the top of the fore-dune to the inland area, and divided into five 50 m sections. Before the point 100 m inland from the top of the fore-dune, the number of invasive hardwoods and of Japanese black pines were small because of the poor growth environment in both transects. Past the 100 m point, the species and number of Japanese black pines and broad-leaved trees increased further inland because the growth environment improved. In addition, the recovery metrics of tree height, diameter at breast height, age, and number in Transect 1 were much lower than those in Transect 2, and the basal area of broad-leaved trees and the depth of humus soil in Transect 1 were lower than in Transect 2, and the soil pH of humus soil in Transect 1 was higher than that of Transect 2. The shape ratio of the Japanese black pine forests indicated that they were insufficient for disaster prevention. Therefore, in order to fully promote the disaster prevention capability of coastal Japanese black pine forests, we should not only focus on prevention of pine wilt disease but also undertake continuous control efforts taking into consideration the sound growth environment such as appropriate density and soil management and removal of invasive broad-leaved trees.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.18-23
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• 2004

This study was conducted to provide a national forest management method for natural Pinus densiflora forest stands in central South Korea based on growth characteristics and water relations. Average stand volume per hectare was 259.3㎥ in the pine study site. Basal area, volume, annual mean increment and periodic annual increment of DBH for 10 years at each slope aspect appeared to decrease as the aspect shifts from north to south. Stems per hectare showed the lowest value at the northern aspect. Maximum water potentials measured between 12 and 14 o'clock were analyzed by aspect and elevation. Water potential of pine decreased as the aspect changed from north to south, and water potential increased at lower elevations. Soil water content for the pine stands tended to decrease as the aspect shifted from north to south. Water potential and soil moisture content were highly correlated. Soil water deficits indicate that pines have a higher moisture requirement on the ridge and the southern aspect.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.87 no.1
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• pp.27-39
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• 1998

The Mt. Cheongok is located at the northern part of Kyungsangpookdo from $37^{\circ}$ 00' 00" to $37^{\circ}$ 05' 00" latitude and from $128^{\circ}$ 55' 00" to $129^{\circ}$ 00' 00" longitude. The altitude of the summit is 1,276.5m. This study was carried out to classify forest communities by the methods of Z${\ddot{u}}$rich-Montepellier schools. And, it also might be useful for selection of plant species, forest conservation, and prompting vegetation succession. The forest vegetation in Mt. Cheongok was classified into 12 communities, 4 groups, and 4 subgroups. Rhododendron micranthum subgroup of Pinus densiflora for. erecta community and Fraxinus mandshurica community were not found in cool temperate forest, southern zone yet. According to the coincidence method, Pines densiflora for. erecta community was mainly distributed from altitude 450m to 1,100m and from upper slope to ridge, and Quercus mongolica community was dominanced in the range of over altitude 700m. Pinus densiflora for. erecta community, distributed in upper slope and ridge, is judged to be maintained in the future. But Pinus densiflora for. erecta community, distributed in below middle slope, is judged to be changed into deciduous hardwood forest.

• The Korean Journal of Soil Zoology
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.47-62
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• 2000

This study investigated the effect of soil animals at forest fire area, and it carried out the mountain located at Jundae Ri, Houeng-chen Myen, Ha-dong Gun, Kyoung-Nam Province, southern part of Korea, where burned out about 50 hectars on April 11, 1997. Vegetation of the examined area absolutely dominated with the pines of 7-14 cm in diameter and 20 to 30 years old and the rest were covered with mixed forest with a shrub such as the oak (Quereus mongolia Fisch, Quereus variabilis BI, Quereus dentana Thunb), snowbell(Styrax japonica, S, et, z), lacquer tree (Rhus trichocarpa Mig), azalea (Rhododendron mucronulatum Turcz), etc. And there were simple area organized as a herbaceous plant, and the burnt area was poor experimental sites, where litter layer and herbaceous plant disappeard due to fire, and the unburnt area was rich in surface plant, dead leaves, twigs, etc. But the ground cover vegetations were poor in the unburnt area. The distribution of each animal groups, the seasonal fluctuation in population density, the biomass of meso$.$macroarthropods and the relationship between soil animal and some environmental factors were investigated and analyzed at each experimental area. The result are summarized as follow: 1. Identificated 257,087 individuals of soil microarthropods were classified into 7 classes and 24 orders of Arachinida, Insecta, Chilopoda, Symphyla, Diplopoda, Isopoda and Oligochaeta., and identified 8,006 individuals of the total meso$.$macroarthropods were classified into 7 classes and 20 orders of Arachinida, Insecta, Chilopoda, Symphyla, Diplopoda, Isopoda and Oligochaeta. 2. Among the total soil microarthropods, Arachinida formed 70.9%, followed by Insecta for 28.4% and among the total meso$.$macroarthropod , Insecta formed 57.6%, followed by Chilopoda for 23.8%.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.88 no.3
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• pp.285-291
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• 1999

Loblolly(Pinus taeda L.) and slash(Pinus elliottii Engelm.) pines are the most important timber producing species in the Southern United States. Site index equations to estimate site index curves(base age 25 years) for loblolly pine and slash pine plantations have been developed based on long-term repeated measurement data sets. To check magnitude of errors in estimating site index, each cumulative measurement cycle data sets and all combined data sets were used to recalculate site index values. The Chapman-Richards' growth function was selected for stand height prediction. Anamorphic base age invariant site index curves were presented based on this height prediction equation. Statistics used in the evaluation were mean of the differences and mean of the absolute differences. For plantation ages less than 5 years, site index values showed very sensitive fur both species based on the evaluation test.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.386-395
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• 1992

The black pine bast scale, Matsucoccus thunbergianae, causes severe damage to the black pines of southern coastal areas. It has one generation a year, coming out of the pine bark to mate a and lay eggs from early March to early May. Especially, its peak time is from late March to m mid-April. The host plants were found to be 7 species, Pinus thunbergii, P. strobus, P. taeda, P. b banksiana, P. massoniana, P. taiwannesis, and P. densiflora. The percentage of damaged black p pine by the age were 0.8% for I-year old ones, 3.7% for 4-6 years, 5.2% for 7-9 years, 9.3% f for 10-12 years, 8.1% for 13-15 years, 7.8% for 16-18 years, 6.7% for 19-21 years, 3.3% for 2 22-24 years, 1.9% for 25-27 years, and 1.1 % for 28 years. The highest rate of damage happened to 7 -20 years old trees, whereas the highest rate of damage upon branches happened to 6 6-7 years old ones. Finally, as far as the trunk is concerned, the damages proceeded from the m middle parts of the trunk, whose branches were alive up to the top. The rates of damage s spread in pure forest/mixed forest area were turned out to be 81.3/52.5% in Koheung, 80.3/ 5 58.1 % in Haenam, and 76.3/48.5% in Muan. That is, the damage rate was higher in the pure f forest areas than the mixed forest ones. The higher the density of trees beyond 20 trees per m 100$m^2$, the higher the damage rate was.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.77 no.4
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• pp.382-388
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• 1988

Improvement of productivity by forest tree breeding work in Korea was estimated for a few important tree species. Progenies of 17 plus trees of red pine (Pines densiflora) outgrew by 57 percentage compared with progenies of unselected trees at age 15. If best three families are selected among the 17, more than double in volume grow-th is expected. The hybrid Pinus rigida ${\times}$ P. taeda showed more than double volume growth compare to P. rigida at a southern plantation at age 15. However, the superiority of the hybrid decreased at northern plantations, mainly because of low coldhardiness of the hybrid. At a northern plantation, the hybrid grew less than the P. rigida on upper hill, while the hybrid grew much better than the P. rigida on flat area. Another hybrid Populus alba ${\times}$ P. glandulosa grew faster than both parents by two to two and half times according to planting sites at age 10. Introduction of Pinus rigida also showed increased volume growth. Volume increase by selection of best five provenances among 45 at age 12 was estimated as 53 percent compare to progenies of plus trees in Korea, Additional 19 percent of volume increase was expected by selection of the best families within the best provenances. Annual production of chestnuts reached about 70,000 M/T by planting resistant clones to chestnut gall wasp (Dryocosmus kuriphilus), which killed almost all susceptible trees. Although polyploid trees and mutants have been produced by colchicine treatments in over 10 tree species, none of them is economically important Remarkable improvement of productivity is expected by biotechnology in future through selection, hybridization, introduction of foreign genes at cell, cell organelle and gene level, and gene transformation. At present, mass propagation of superior planting materials by tissue culture will increase the productivity.