• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.46 no.1 s.145
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• pp.27-35
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• 2007

Seasonal occurrences of tobacco cutworm, Spodoptera litura and beet armyworm, Spodoptera exigua were observed using sex pheromone traps at different locations and climatic regions in Yeongnam district. In Gyeongnam province, S. litura male adults kept occur from mid or late March to mid or late November Whereas in Gyeongbuk province, S. litura occurred from mid or late April to early or mid November with exception at Uljin where it was late May to late October. According to the climatic regions, the peak occurrence of S. litura was middle September at the southern coast region, late August at the inland and the basin region, middle August at the inland mountainous region, and early September at the eastern middle coast region. The occurrence rate of S. litura was the highest at Jinju with 20.0% and the lowest at Changyeong with 8.6% in Cyeongnam province, while it was the highest at Sungju with 3.3% and the lowest at Uljin with 0.8% in Gyeongbuk province. In accordance with the climatic regions, the occurrence rate of S. litura was the highest at the inland region with 43.7%, and followed by the southern coast region (36.3%), the basin region (8.4%) and the inland mountainous region (7.0%), and was the lowest at the eastern middle coast legion with 4.6%. On the other hand, S. exigua occurred from early March to middle November with the exception of the eastern middle coast region including Pohang, Yeongdeog and U]ien in Cyeongbuk province where it occurred from mfd April to middle November. The peak occurrence of s. exigua was early August at the inland region, the basin region and the inland mountainous region, and was late of August at the southern coast region and the eastern middle coast region. The occurrence of S. exigua was the highest at Changyeong with 1.6% and the lowest at Busan with 0.4% in Gyeongnam province, while it was the highest at Sungju with 37.2% and the lowest at Uljin with 2.7% in Gyeongbuk province. The climatic regional occurrence rate of S. exigua was the highest at the basin region with 54.3%, and followed by the inland mountainous region (29.9%), the eastern middle coast region (9.3%) and the inland (3.9%), and was the lowest at the southern coast region with 2.6%. As a whole, S. litura occurred more in Gyeongnam province than Cyeongbuk province, while S. exigua occurred more in Gyeongbuk province than Gyeongnam province. According to the regions grouped by climatic differences, the occurrence of S. litura and S. exigua was the highest at the inland region in Gyeongnam province and at the basin region in Gyeongbuk province. The total number of S. litura captured by sex pheromone trap was 2.4 times higher than that of S. exigua. However, the first occurring time and the peak occurrence of S. exigua were slightly earlier than those of S. litura.

• Ocean and Polar Research
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.55-61
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• 2002

Eelgrass, Zostera marina L. widely spreads throughout all the coastal areas of the Korean Peninsula. However, some previously reported eelgrass populations disappeared. The disappearance was probably caused by anthropogenic disturbance such as reclamation and pollutant or exceeded nutrient release. Eelgrass beds occurred from the intertidal to the subtidal zone, mainly in lagoon, estuaries, ports, barrier reef and bays. Eelgrass beds were also found at the intertidal mud and sand flats, subtidal mud and sandbank in more exposed areas. Habitat characteristics of eelgrass beds distributed on the coasts of the Korean Peninsula varied among coast areas. Eelgrass distributed constantly throughout the southern coast of Korea, while the distribution was limited at lagoon, bay, port, or barrier reef on the eastern coast, because of steep water depth and high wave energy in that coast. On the western coast, eelgrass mainly appeared at the intertidal and subtidal zones in islands. Sediment characteristics of the Z. marina beds varied with locality, tidal current and water motion. Sediments of Z. marina beds were composed of sand, muddy sand, sandy mud and mud. Mean grain size ranged from 1.5 to 4.1 phi.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• v.6 no.3
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• pp.177-186
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• 1983

Vegetation types and their standing crop in the sand dune on the south coast of Korea was investigated by the method of Curtis, J.T. and McIntosh, R.P. (1951). The relationship between vegetation types and environmental factors was also analyzed. The dominant species in the vegetations of the south coast sand dune were Carex pumila, Calystegia soldamella, Imperata cylindrica var. koenigii, Vitex rotundifolia, Ixeris repens, Carex kobomugi, Zoysia macrostachya. The species density in the sand dune vegetation increased with the distance from the coast, psammophyte and rhizome psammophyte decreased with the distance from the coast but other plants increased. The standing crop of the sand dune vegetatiion was average $53.79g/m^2$. An individual standing crop of Vitex routundifolia and Carex kobomugi varied with the curve of secondary degree. The salt content of the sand dune soil from 2.95 to 11.78 mg %, and it was not significant differences among stands, but it was varied with the distance form the coast. Negative relationship between warmth index and aboveground standing crop was found and the formula y=283.8886 - 2.4910X could be estimated.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.49-54
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• 1978

The cold water mass appeared in offshore of the east coast of Korea in summer season was studied in aspect of chemical oceanography. Such a typical relationship between phosphate and dissolved oxygen as shown in the upwelling regions could not be found in the east coast except around the Kampo coast, southern part of the east coast. It is possible to isolate the North Korean Cold Water from tile proper water of tile Japan Sea by using $\sigma_t-O_2$ diagram. The origin of the cold water mass in offshore of the east coast of Korea in summer is not mainly due to the development of upwelling of the proper water of the Japan Sea but thesouthwardflolvingoftheNorthKoreanCold Water.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.159-170
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• 1994

The geographical distribution and soil characteristics of Korean Elaeagnus plants were investigated by literatures, field survey and soil analysis. Deciduous E. umbellata was distributed throughout the Korean peninsula including western and southern islands. Distribution area of evergreen Elaeagnus plants was classified into three groups; E. macrophylla and E. glabra belonged to group l occurring in the southern, western and eastern islands; E. submacrophylla to group 2 occurring in the southern and western islands; E. maritima and E. ankaii to group 3 in the southern islands only. Deciduous E. umbellata appeared euryeciously from poor soil to rich one, whereas evergreen Elaegnus plants appeared stenoeciously in haline soil near coast.

• Proceedings of the Korean Environmental Sciences Society Conference
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• 2003.11a
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• pp.177-184
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• 2003

Numerical simulation on marine wind and sea surface elevation was carried out using both three-dimensional hydrostatic and non-hydrostatic models and a simple oceanic model from 0900 LST, August 13 to 0900 LST, August 15, 1995. As daytime easterly meso-scale sea-breeze from the eastern sea penetrates Kangnung city in the center part as basin and goes up along the slope of Mt. Taegullyang in the west, it confronts synoptic-scale westerly wind blowing over the top of the mountain at the mid of the eastern slope and then the resultant wind produces an upper level westerly return flow toward the East Sea. In a narrow band of weak surface wind within 10km of the coastal sea, wind stress is generally small, less than l${\times}$10E-2 Pa and it reaches 2 ${\times}$ 10E-2 Pa to the 35 km. Positive wind stress curl of 15 $\times$ 10E-5Pa $m^{-1}$ still exists in the same band and corresponds to the ascent of 70 em from the sea level. This is due to the generation of northerly wind driven current with a speed of 11 m $S^{-1}$ along the coast under the influence of south-easterly wind and makes an intrusion of warm waters from the southern sea into the northern coast, such as the East Korea Warm Current. On the other hand, even if nighttime downslope windstorm of 14m/s associated with both mountain wind and land-breeze produces the development of internal gravity waves with a hydraulic jump motion of air near the coastal inland surface, the surface wind in the coastal sea is relatively moderate south-westerly wind, resulting in moderate wind stress. Negative wind stress curl in the coast causes the subsidence of the sea surface of 15 em along the coast and south-westerly coastal surface wind drives alongshore south-easterly wind driven current, opposite to the daytime one. Then, it causes the intrusion of cold waters like the North Korea Cold Current in the northern coastal sea into the narrow band of the southern coastal sea. However, the band of positive wind stress curl at the distance of 30km away from the coast toward further offshore area can also cause the uprising of sea waters and the intrusion of warm waters from the southern sea toward the northern sea (northerly wind driven current), resulting in a counter-clockwise wind driven current. These clockwise and counter-clockwise currents much induce the formation of low clouds containing fog and drizzle in the coastal region.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.41 no.3
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• pp.185-191
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• 2013

Several yeast colonies were isolated from wild flowers collected from East, West and South coast areas of Korea by plating of flower suspensions on the YPD plates containing antibiotics, streptomycin and ampicillin. Polymerase chain reactions (PCR) were performed for the amplification of D1/D2 region of 26S rDNA for those colonies. PCR-amplified nucleotide sequences were compared using BLAST for their identification. As results, 27 yeast strains belonged to 15 species were isolated from wild flowers collected at Donghae, where is located in eastern coast of Korea. Also, 34 strains belonged to 17 species were isolated from wild flowers of Daecheon, where is located in western coast of Korea. In addition, 22 strains belonged to 13 species were isolated from wild flowers collected at Wando, where is located in southern coast of Korea. Among those 45 species isolated from 3 different collection sites, only 4 species including Cryptococcus laurentii, Metschnikowia koreensis, Pseudozyma rugulosa, and Rhodotorula mucilaginosa were found from all 3 different collection sites. And 5 species including Cryptococcus aureus, Cryptococcus flavus, Hanseniaspora uvarum, Pichia guilliermondii, and Rhodosporidium fluviale were overlapped from the at least 2 different collection sites. Other 23 species were found only in a specific collection sites implying that each area has distinctive yeast flora.

• The Korean Journal of Malacology
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.259-267
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• 2012

Due to the oil spill incident in December 2007, every facility of oyster culture was removed in western coast especially in Taean and Seosan. To restore oyster resources in Taean and Seosan, we brought oyster seeds from southern area and monitored their growth. In addition we monitored the culture environment throughout the year, and observed the number of oyster larvae and attached spats on collectors during summer. The factors of water environment were appropriate for oyster culture in both study area. The growth of shell height was larger in Uihang-ri, Taean than Jungwang-ri, Seosan. Spawning was more intensive in a short time in Jungwang-ri, Seosan than Uihang-ri, Taean. The number of oyster larvae and spats of collectors were much more in Jungwang-ri, Seosan than Uihang-ri, Taean. This study showed that transplantation of healthy oyster seeds from southern area can be a way of restoration of oyster resources in western coast. In addition, systematic approaches are necessary by building a better understanding of regional characteristics to restore and enlarge the oyster culture farms in western coast. In summary Uihang-ri, Taean will be appropriate for cultivation farms and Jungwang-ri, Seosan for seedling grounds to increase oyster culture productivity.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.5 no.4
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• pp.411-427
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• 1996

A Lagrangian dispersion model has been developed to study the transport of atmospheric pollutants over the southern Korean peninsula on sunny summer days. A mesoscale atmospheric model has been employed to provide the wind fields and information for turbulent diffusion for the calculation of trajectories using a conditioned particle technique. The model has been applied to the simulation of the transport of atmospheric pollutants emitted from five sources in the coastal locations under various synoptic scale winds. Under calm synoptic scale condition, the particles emitted during daytime are mixed vertically and transported toward inland by sea-breeze, according to the model simulation. The particles are then transported upward at she sea-breeze front or by the upward motion over the mountain, and some particles show tendency of returning toward the coast by the return flow of the sea-breeze circulation. The particles are found to remain over the peninsula throughout the integration period under calm synoptic scale condition. When there is westerly synoptic scale winds the particles emitted in the west coast can reach the east coast within a day of faster depending on the speed. With a synoptic scale southerly wind of 5 m/s, most of the particles from the fine sources are advected toward inland during daytime. During nighttime, significant portion of particles released in the west coast remains over the land, while most particles released in the east coast move toward the sea to the east of the middle peninsula.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Marine Environment & Safety
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.286-295
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• 2016

With the results of observations in 2013 and 2014 including ocean buoys, in-situ investigations and wind data, we examined the spatio-temporal variation of cold water masses along the eastern coast of Korea. Usually, a cold water mass first appears along the northern part of the eastern coast from May to July, and then along the southern part of the eastern coast from late June to mid-August. Cold water masses appear 3~5 times a year and remain for 5~20 days in the southwestern part of the East Sea. A distinctive cold water mass appeared usually in mid-July in this area, the surface temperature of which was below $10^{\circ}C$ in some cases. During the appearance of a cold water mass in the southwestern part of the East Sea, the horizontal temperature gradient was large at the surface and a significant low water temperature below $8^{\circ}C$ appeared at the bottom level. This appearance of cold water masses clearly corresponded to southwesterly winds, which generated coastal upwelling.