• Journal of Agricultural Extension & Community Development
• /
• v.27 no.1
• /
• pp.33-50
• /
• 2020

This study aims at shedding light on two questions: 1) how livelihood strategies hired by heterogeneous farm households differ and in what aspect, and 2) would the strategy change over time or remain identical across farm types? Using 2013-2017 Farm Economy Survey panel data, we divide the sample farms into 4 sub-groups based on income level and sources. Key findings are as follows. First, regardless of farm types, strong path dependency has been observed. That is, lots of farms are likely (enforced) to maintain the livelihood strategies, accounting for why many farms fail to response to market and/or policy signals. Second, along with compounding risks, farms are more vulnerable to specific sorts risks. Third, based on the findings, we made policy suggestions.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
• /
• v.26 no.2
• /
• pp.81-84
• /
• 1999

Chicken has been one of the most useful animals for life. They have been not only one of the most economical and adundant sources of valuable nutrients, but also the very good experimental animal to develop modern sciences. In Japan, eggs laid by the chickens have long been good sources of cash income for farmers and in many cases even for Samurais. Although nearly 50 millions of chickens were raised and they were of considerable importance in Japanese agricultre before the World War II, the industrialization or specializatin started after the War, Substantiallysince the 1960s. Among other spcies of poultry then chickens, ducks and Japanese quails are of some importane in Japan. Duck meat is often used in various cuisines at higher class restaurants and Japanese quail eggs are widely used. Hower those those species of commpared with chickens.

• International Journal of Computer Science & Network Security
• /
• v.22 no.3
• /
• pp.89-94
• /
• 2022

The Saudi Vision 2030 defined the directions of the national economy and market towards diversifying sources of income, and developing energy to become less dependent on oil. The study sought through a theoretical review to identify the reality of the energy sector and the areas of investment available in the field of renewable energy. Findings showed that investment in the renewable energy sector is a promising source according to solar, wind, hydrogen, geothermal energy and burning waste than landfill to extract biogas for less emission. The renewable energy sector faces challenges related to technology, production cost, price, quantity of production and consumption, and markets. The study revealed some recommendations providing and suggested electronic marketing system to provide investors and consumers with energy available from renewable sources.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
• /
• v.19 no.1
• /
• pp.104-114
• /
• 1995

The purpose of this study were 1) to classify the consumer of outlet stole according to their patronage, 2) to investigate the differences between the patronge group and non-patronge group in 3 purchase behavior variables (shopping orientations, importance of store attributes, use of information sources) and demographic variables, and 3) to find out the reasons why consumers prefer outlet to department store's bargain sales (including clearance sales). The questionnaires were administered to 344 women living in Seoul, and the methods used to analyze the data were frequency, factor analysis, 1-test, $x^2$ test and content analysis. The results were as follows 1) outlet store consumers were classified into patronage group(n= 71) and non-patronage group(n=87). 2) There were some significant differences between patronage group and non.patronage group in 6 variables. Those who patronize outlet store does not count on the exclusiveness and the convenience of the store, enjoy common style in fashion, are price-conscious and lower in income. 3) Marketing implications were discussed according to the result of content analysis.

• Journal of Families and Better Life
• /
• v.10 no.2
• /
• pp.179-190
• /
• 1992

The purpose of this study was to investigate the importance of personal information at family purchasing behavior. For this purpose, 300 questionnaires were distributed to the housewives in Seoul. The data were analyzed by Frequency. Percentage, Mean , x2-Test, t-Test, Anova, Duncan's Multiple Range Test. The results were as follows; 1) According to the age of respondent. the content and number of information sources had differences significantly. 2) According to the employment status of respondent and family income, the evaluation of goods had differences significantly. 3) According to the content and number of information sources. the evaluation after purchase had differences significantly. Through these result, the availability of personal information as a house hold resource was identified.

• The Research Journal of the Costume Culture
• /
• v.5 no.1
• /
• pp.137-150
• /
• 1997

This study examined the effects of demographic characteristics (education, income level) on the relationships among knowledge of textile fibers, information searching behavior on textile fabrics, and information sources of textile materials in children's clothings. The subjects were 307 mothers with preschool children(4∼6years) in Seoul. Data were collected using a self-administered questionnaire and analyzed using T-test analysis of variance, corelations, and crosstabulation analysis. The results indicated that : (1) Educational levels of consumers had significant influences on knowledge of textile fibers, information searching behavior on textile fabric, and information sources of textile materials in children's clothings. (2) There were significant relationship between consumer's knowledge of textile fibers and information searching behavior on textile materials in children's clothings.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
• /
• v.37 no.2
• /
• pp.13-26
• /
• 1999

The purpose of this research is to find out consumer attitudes toward and needs for housing information sources and contents so as to facilitate the development and utilizing the information. The stratified sampling method was used to select 1,300 households in six large cities plus Seoul area during September 10th to 30th, 1997. The resets showed that Newspaper was the main source of housing information and about an half of respondents experienced housing consultation were somewhat dissatisfied with their consultants, mostly realtors. The younger and the more highly educated with higher income residents of apartments in Seoul area had the higher needs for housing information. Experience itself used housing information source had position influence on housing needs. The various housing information may increase the chance to use the information of those had never used it as well as to meet the needs for housing information of those had used.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
• /
• v.16 no.1 s.41
• /
• pp.73-83
• /
• 1992

This paper examined risk reduction methods utilized by consumers in apparel buying situation in multidimensional conceptual framework, and analyzed the relationships between risk types, consumer demographic variables and preferences of risk reduction methods. Samples of 224 consumers were deliberately selected to include various demographic characteristics such as sex, age, educational level, occupation, income level. The results of the principal axis factor analysis indicated that 26 item risk reduction methods could be summarized into 6 meaningful factors; Marketer-dominated Information Sources Use (MIS), Prepurchase Deliberation / Observation i Dependence on Past Buying Experience (DOE), Independent Information Sources Use (lIS), Interpersonal Information Sources Use (PIS), Brand Loyalty (BL), Label Reading / Guarantee Buying (RG). DOE were used most whereas IIS used least. Correlations of various types of risk perceived with the preference of risk reduction methods were significant especially for positive relationship between psychologi-cal and/or economic risk and DOE, and between social risk and/or fashionability loss and MIS. Results of ANOVA and Duncan test suggested that sex, age, educational level, occupation of consumers can act as ones of determinant variables on making differences in the use of risk reduction methods.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
• /
• v.40 no.2
• /
• pp.87-100
• /
• 2002

The purpose of this study was to investigate the demographics and general clothing buying behavior according to clothing shopping orientation of female workers. A questionnaire was developed to measure clothing shopping orientation, fashion information sources, stores selection criteria, clothing purchasing frequency of a year, purchasing expenditure of clothing, the demographics. The questionnaire was administered to 775 female teacher in Chonnam. The data was analyzed using percentage, frequency, mean, factor analysis, Cluster Analysis, $\chi^2$-_test and ANOVA, Duncan test. The results of the study were as follows: 1. The female teachers were classified into four groups by the cluster analysis; indifferent shopping group, rational shopping group, conspicuous shopping group, recreational shopping group. 2. In the case of fashion information sources, significant differences were found according to shopping orientation subdivision in mass media information, information by consumer, information by marketer. 3. The stores selection criteria were significantly different depending on shopping orientation subdivision in goods and atmosphere of shop, promotion, convenience of shop's location. 4. The clothing purchasing frequency of a year were significantly different depending on shopping orientation subdivision. 5. The significant differences were found according to shopping orientation subdivision in purchasing expenditure of clothing. 7. In the demographic characteristics, significant differences were found according to shopping orientation subdivision in age, marriage, the length of one's work, income.

• Journal of Ecology and Environment
• /
• v.43 no.2
• /
• pp.85-97
• /
• 2019

Background: Despite the increasing role of dry forests in climate change adaptation and mitigation, these versatile resources has got less attention in the national and regional planning, their potential to enhance the local and national economy has been overlooked, and their contribution to sustainable environmental management has not been recognized. Hence, the objective of this study was to assess the socioeconomic contribution of dry forests and forest products to climate change adaptation in the Liben Woreda, Southern Oromia region of Ethiopia. Methods: For this study, an integrated qualitative and quantitative approach was used. A total of 74 households from villages in the Bulbul, Boba, and Melka-Guba kebeles were randomly selected for the household survey. Results: Results showed that 75% of the respondents in the area indicated that climate change has become their major sources of vulnerability, where drought has been manifested in the form of crops failure and massive death of livestock particularly cattle species. The main income strategies of the study households include livestock, crop, forests such as gum and resins, firewood and charcoal and non-farm activities such as in the form of petty trade, wage and aid. The average total household income was ETB 11,209.7. Out of this, dry forest income constituted 15% of the total income. In addition to using dry forests as rangeland for livestock, the communities collect wood for construction, fodder, traditional medicine, and forest food both for subsistence and for sale. On the other hand, dry forest products could be considered as less vulnerable, rather resilient livelihood strategies to climate- and environment-related risks compared to livestock and crop production such as in the face of drought periods. More than 48.6% of the households argued that the income generated from dry forests increased substantially due to increment in the level of engagement of family members in forest based income activities. On the other hand, 35.8% of the households responded that livestock production, particularly camels and goats, have been making the livelihood strategies of the respondents more resilient indicating the shift made from grazers browsers to livestock. In general trends show that, the trends of livelihood dependency on dry forest were highly increasing indicating the importance of dry forest income in responsse to frequent droughts. Conclusions: Dry forest income has been becoming crucial livelihood staretgy in response to frequent droughts in the study area and hence, it is important to improve the management of dry forests for livelihood enhancement, while also securing their long-term ecological functions.