• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.137-152
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• 2009

Present experiment was conducted at the field of Gyeongnam Agricultural Research and Extension Services in Jinju city for two continuous cropping seasons to develop several adaptable and valuable year-round forage-producing system for elevating self-sufficiency and dollar-saving by reduced importing of crude forage. Twenty cropping systems were tested in experiment using whole crop barley (WCB), oat, rye, Italian ryegrass (IRG), and triticale in winter season and com, sorghum, sorghum ${\times}$ sudangrass hybrid, and oat in summer time. Sorghum ${\times}$ sudangrass hybrid showed highest fresh forage yield among experimented summer season crops, and followed com. Com produced the most dry matter yield, and followed sorghum${\times}$sudangrass hybrid, sorghum and oat in order. There was no significant effect of former winter crops on fresh and dry matter production succeeding summer time crops. Among winter season forage crops tested, oat showed the highest fresh and dry matter when clipped on mid-May, and followed triticale, IRG, rye and WCB. Winter-time cultivated crops showed no clear effect on the growth and forage (fresh and dry matter) producing ability of following summer crops. There was the most protein content in oat plant among summer season planted crops, and in sorghum for acid detergent fiber (ADF) and in sorghum ${\times}$ sudangrass hybrid for neutral detergent fiber (NDF), respectively. While, com showed highest value of relative feed value (RFV) and total digestive nutrients (TDN) among those crops. Among winter crops, the highest crude protein was in oat plant showing no significant differences of ADF and NDF, while, relatively higher value of RFV was recognized with rye and triticale. Also, triticale contained more TDN as compare to other forage crops. The cropping combinations such as com followed by (fb) rye and maize fb triticale were regarded as promising systems having higher dry matter producing ability among tested combinations. Considering TDN producing potential, the combinations with sorghum ${\times}$ sudangrass hybrid fb triticale andlor rye were would be suitable ones, coincidently. There was a tendency which elevating pH, electric conductivity (EC) and organic matter (OM) contents in soil after experiment comparing to before planting. More crude protein content in plant was shown at mid-May clipping as compared to the forage at April cut in all winter season grown crops. ADF and NDF contents were increased by delayed clipping showing decreased tendency of RFV and TDN in plant. In conclusion, many cropping systems would be available using above mentioned forage crops according to farmer's conditions and scale, etc.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.50 no.1
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• pp.31-39
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• 2017

The effects of application of gypsum and fresh cattle manure on the yield of forage crop were investigated in Hwaong reclaimed land in Korea for 3 years from 2011 to 2013. This study was conducted to develop the practical application method of livestock manure as a fertilization source and a soil physico-chemical ameliorator for the cultivation of forage crop $Sorghum{\times}Sudangrass$ hybrid in newly reclaimed tidal land soil. Treatments with six applications were established with three replications; chemical fertilizer (CF), gypsum (G) $20Mg\;ha^{-1}$, G+fresh cattle manure (FCM) 100%, G+FCM 200%, G+FCM 300% and FCM 100% which referred to the application rate equivalent to the recommended amount of phosphate fertilization by soil test. The combined treatments of G+FCM increased soil organic matter, $Av.P_2O_5$ and exchangeable $Ca^{2+}$ contents while decreased exchangeable $Na^+$ and $Mg^{2+}$. The soil bulk density, soil hardness and soil aggregate formation were improved by G+FCM treatments. The dry matter yields of $Sorghum{\times}Sudangrass$ hybrid were significantly increased in proportion to the application rate of FCM. The phosphorus use efficiency showed the highest in the application level of G+FCM 100%, which seemed to be the results of reduced nutrient use efficiency by nutrient immobilization, leaching etc. when applied excessive amount of fresh animal manure.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.121-128
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• 1991

Forage productivity of two sorghum hybrids, Pioneer(P) 931 and P 956 and a sorghum-sudangrass hybrid, P 988, was studied. The 1st-cut of sorghun hybrids was made for silage 6 times from heading stage at a week-interval and regrowth (2nd-cut) was harvested on Oct. 13 although plants were not reached the same growth stage of 1st-cut. However, the 1st- and 2nd-cut of sorghum-sudangrass were made for green fodder 6 times from 4 weeks before heading stage at a week-interval. 1. Percent dry matter(DM) of 1st-cut of sorghum and 1st- and 2nd-cut of sorghum-sudangrass increased as growth stage advanced. Percent DM of 2nd-cut of sorghum decreased as the 1st-cut date delayed due to insufficient growing period on Oct. 13. 2. In the 1st-cut of sorghum the proportion of leaf blade (LB) or culm+leaf sheath (LS) to total DM decreased, but that of panicle increased as growth stage advanced. The panicle proportion of P 956 increased and culm+LS decreased more rapidly compared with those of P 931. IIowever, in sorghum-sudangrass hybrid the proportion of LB decreased and culmf LS increased as growth stage advanced through heading stage. 3. In the 1st-cut of sorghum hybrids crude(C) protein and C. fiber decreased, but nitrogen free extract (NFE) increased as growth stage advanced although C. fat and C. ash were similar among the growth stages. In the 2nd-cut of sorghum C. protein and C. ash increased, but NFE decreased as harvesting date delayed due to plants were younger although C. fat and C. fiber were similar among the harvesting dates. In the sorghum-sudangrass C. protein of 1st-cut decreased, but C. fiber of 1st-cut and NFE of the 1st-and 2nd-cut increased as growth stage advanced. 4. DM yield of 1st-cut of sorghum increased from heading stage to 3 weeks after heading and then levelled off, but total DM including regrowth was similar among the harvesting time. In the sorghum-sudangrass hybrid DM yield of 1st-cut and total DM yield including 2nd-and 3rd-cut increased as the harvestingtime delayed.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.293-300
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• 2006

This study was carried out to determine the effect of chemical fertilizer and two fermented types of pig slurry on the dry matter(DM) yield of three crops and chemical properties. The experiment design was a split plot with three replications. Main plots consist of three crops : $sorghum{\times}sudangrass$ hybrid('SS405'), sudangrass('Jumbo'), corn('DK501'). Sub plots consist of three treatments : chemical fertilizer (CF N-200, P-150, K-150 kg/ha), aerobic fermented pig slurry (APS 200kg N/ha), and aerobic fermented pig slurry treated with probiotics (APS+P 200 kg N/ha). Plant heights with three crops per sudangrass (380.3cm) was the longest (p<0.01). Dry matter yield of aerobic fermented pig slurry treated with probiotics was the highest the other treatments (p<0.01). Crude protein (CP) content were highest in $sorghum{\times}sudangrass$ hybrid than in the other crops. Cupper content(%) were highest in aerobic fermented pig slurry treated with probiotics than in the other treatments.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.58 no.1
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• pp.71-77
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• 2013

The world demand of renewable bioenergy as an alternative transportation fuel is greatly increasing. Research for bioethanol production is currently being progressed intensively throughout the world. Therefore it will be necessary to develop bioethanol production with cellulosic materials. In this study, the yield of ethanol production was evaluated by simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF) using sodium hydroxide pretreated sorghum ${\times}$ sudangrass hybrids. Composition analysis of 11 varieties of sorghum ${\times}$ sudangrass hybrids was performed for selection of excellent variety to efficiently produce bioethanol. The content of cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin and ash of these varieties were 32~39%, 19~24%, 17~22% and 6~11%, respectively. Among these varieties, 4 varieties of sorghum ${\times}$ sudangrass hybrids were selected for the evaluation of ethanol yield and those were pretreated with 1 M NaOH solution at $150^{\circ}C$ for 30 min using high temperature explosion system. After pretreatment, samples were neutralized with tap water. It contained 52~57% of cellulose. Simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF) was carried out for 48 h at $33^{\circ}C$ by Saccharomyces cerevisiae CHY1011 using Green star variety. The yield of ethanol was 92.4% and the amount of ethanol production was estimated at 6206 L/ha.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.34 no.4
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• pp.240-246
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• 2014

The present study was conducted to evaluate the productivity of $Sorghum{\times}sudangrass$ (SX17) hybrid and BMR (brown mid rib) $Sorghum{\times}sudangrass$ hybrid and silage quality of these forages with corn grain supplementation. The effect of corn grain supplementation on the quality of silages was also investigated. No remarkable differences at growth characteristics and productivities in two hybrids were found. Sugar content, however, in stem of BMR hybrid showed significantly great (p<0.05) and the difference between two hybrids was about $2B^{\circ}$. Ratio of lactic acid in total organic acid in BMR hybrid (82.8%) was significantly greater than the control (SX17 hybrid) (78.5%) (p<0.05). Ratio of butyric acid in total organic acid in SX17 hybrid (18.5%) was significantly greater than BMR hybrid (9.8%) (p<0.05). According to the result of organic acid ratio, it could be assumed that the use of BMR hybrid can improve silage quality. NDF and ADF contents in both SX17 and BMR hybrids were significantly declined with increased corn grain supplementation (p<0.05). Different TDN values in SX17 (56.2) and BMR (57.1) hybrids were detected. However, TDN values of both SX17 and BMR hybrid silages were significantly elevated by increasing the proportion of ground corn (p<0.05).

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.35 no.1
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• pp.17-25
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• 2015

The following experiments were used to evaluate the effect of seeding method and pre-emergence herbicides on weed control and the production of the $sorghum{\times}sudangrass$ [sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] hybrid under field and in vitro conditions. Under the in vitro condition, we evaluated how different kinds of herbicides affect the rate of seed germination and the growth of early seedlings in the $sorghum{\times}sudangrass$ hybrid treated with herbicides. Simazine, alachlor, and methabenzthiazuron were used, and their concentration levels were 0%, 40%, 70%, and 100%. The germination ratio of the seeds was reduced by the application of simazine, methabenzthiazuron, and alachlor compared with the control (distilled water). The alachlor application severely decreased the sorghum germination ratio. However, seed germination was not greatly influenced by the concentration level of the herbicides. Root and shoot length were increased in the following order: control > simazine > methabenzthiazuron > alachlor. Overall, alachlor significantly reduced root length more than shoot length. The differential tolerance of the $sorghum{\times}sudangrass$ hybrid to pre-emergence herbicides by seeding method was then tested under the field condition. The plants were severely injured by the alachlor application, leading to a great reduction in the number of stems. However, for the simazine and methabenzthiazuron applications the number of stems lost was slightly lower than it was for the alachlor and simazine + alachlor applications. In the seeding method, drilling was more effective in reducing herbicide injury than broadcasting. All of the herbicides effectively controlled weeds. The simazine and methabenzthiazuron applications showed a significantly higher dry matter (DM) yield. However, the alachlor and simazine + alachlor applications severely reduced the DM yield. This result suggests that the alachlor application has a significant effect on plant production. Similarly, the total digestible nutrient (TDN) yield was greatly reduced by the alachlor and simazine + alachlor applications. From the results presented above, we concluded that the yield of DM was the highest for broadcasting with no herbicide. and drilling was the most-effective way to reduce herbicide injury. The simazine application was the most-effective herbicide, showing the highest forage yield and TDN yield.

• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.357-368
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• 2012

This study was conducted to evaluate soil inorganic N concentrations and N uptake efficiency of sorghum ${\times}$ sudangrass hybrid (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) as affected by organic nutrient sources from 2009 to 2011. The treatments included chemical fertilizer, compost, oilcake, alfalfa hay mulch, and control. Nutrient applications were made at rates equivalent to approximately 210 kg of actual N per hectare. The precipitation during the growth period from May to September was higher in 2011, followed by 2009, and 2010. Oilcake had the lowest C:N ratio in the raw materials. Compost treatment slowed N-mineralization rate in soil during the measured years. Soil mineral nutrition and dry matter production were not consistently affected by treatments, but the dry matter production was negatively correlated with the amount of precipitation from May to September for three years. Chemical fertilizer treatment increased N efficiency in plants in the first two years, observing with lower N efficiency in plants treated with compost for 3 years. Increased precipitation from June to August improved N efficiency in sudangrass plants treated with compost but reduced the efficiency with the chemical fertilizer. Total dry matter production and N efficiency in plants were not affected by the C:N ratio of the raw materials rather than weather condition.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.337-344
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• 2009

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of various cropping system applied with cattle slurry on productivity of sorghum $\times$ sudangrass hybrid (SSH) and environmental pollution in paddy land. cropping systems used in this study were consisted of two designs, such as double-cropping sorghum $\times$ sudangrass hybrid followed by whole crop barley applied with cattle slurry (DSSCS) and mono-cropping sorghum $\times$ sudangrass hybrid followed by hairy vetch used as green manure (MSSGM). The field experiments were conducted on the clay loam at Backsanmyun, Kimje, Chunlabukdo province in Korea for three years (May 2006 to Apr. 2009). This study was arranged in completely randomized design with three replicates. The yield of dry matter (DM) of SSH in DSSCS increased significantly as compared with that of MSSGM (P<0.05). The contents of crude protein (CP), acid detergent fiber (ADF), neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and total digestible nutrients (TDN) of SSH were not influenced by cattle slurry and green manure. The pH, and contents of OM, T-N and $P_2O_5$ in soil samples collected from DSSCS after the end of experiment were higher than those of MSSGM. The pH, and contents of OM in DSSCS treatment were remarkably higher than those at the beginning of the experiment (p<0.05). However, The pH, and contents of OM in MSSGM treatment were hardly influenced, as compared with those at the beginning of the experiment. The contents of T-N in soil samples collected both from DSSCS snd MSSGM treatments were remarkably higher than those at the beginning of the experiment (p<0.05). In addition, the concentrations of CEC in soil samples collected at the end of the experiment were remarkably higher than those at the beginning of the experiment (p<0.05). The concentrations of $NO_3$-N, $NH_3$-N and $PO_4$-P in leaching water were hardly influenced by the cropping system and application of cattle slurry.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.333-338
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• 1999

The experiment was carried out to find the effects of the application method of dairy liquid manure on productivity of silage corn(P3352) and sorghum $\times$ sudangrass hybrid(P988) and physical and chemical properties of soil during 2 years at Suwon. Crude protein content of T1(Chemical fertilizer) was highest by 6.5%, 8.9% in both forage, respectively, but total digestible nutrient(TDN) percent of T3(dairy liquid manure, basal + chemical fertilizer, topdressing) was highest by 73.8%, 59.0% in both forage, respectively. In TND yield, it was little different between T1(9.5 MT/ha) and others(8.4~9.3 MT/ha) at silage corn, but T4(chemical fertilizer at basal + dairy liquid manure at topdressing) was highest as 13.3 MT/ha at sorghum $\times$ sudangrass hybrid(p<0.05). pH of the soil after experiment was lower than that of the soil before experiment in the both forages, but soil organic matter was high at after trial than before trial. Available phosphorous and exchangeable cation were not shown the regular trend in this experiment. Based on the results of this experiment, it was not shown among different application method for silage corn (P3352), but application of chemical fertilizer at basal and liquid manure at topdressing was good for sorghum $\times$ sudangrass hybrid(P988).