• Journal of Forest and Environmental Science
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• v.37 no.1
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• pp.14-24
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• 2021

A plant community is a group of populations that coexist in space and interact directly or indirectly with the environment. In this paper, we determined the pattern of tree species composition in response to soil variables in Khadimnagar National Park (KNP), which is one of the least studied tropical forests in Bangladesh. Soil and vegetation data were collected from 71 sample plots. Canonical Correspondence Analysis (CCA) with associated Monte Carlo permutation tests (499 permutations) was carried out to determine the most significant soil variable and to explore the relationship between tree species distribution and soil variables. Soil pH and clay content (pH with p<0.01 and Clay content with p<0.05) were the most significant variables that influence the overall tree species distribution in KNP. Soil pH is related to the distribution and abundance of Syzygium grande and Magnolia champaca, which were mostly found and dominant species in KNP. Some species were correlated with clay content such as Artocarpus chaplasha and Cassia siamea. These observations suggest that both the physico-chemical properties of soil play a major role in shaping the tree distribution in KNP. Hence, these soil properties should take into account for any tree conservation strategy in this forest.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.19 no.9
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• pp.1129-1136
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• 2010

This study investigated the status of planting status of school's flower of 11 elementary schools located in Chung-ju and its results were as follows. Totally 3,502 trees were planted in the 11 schools and the number of species of the trees was 103. For tall tree Thuja orientalis was planted most frequently and for shrub Buxus microphylla was done in the largest number of the schools. In addition, the number of trees planted in a school was averagely two times more in the model schools than in the other ones, and the average number of species of trees was also over three times more in the model schools. When the number of species of trees was examined according to their types, decidous broad leaved tree was found most frequently overall and the model schools had more various species of decidous tree compared to the other ones. Investigation on designation of school's flower and tree with the 11 elementary school, revealed similar results with those of previous studies performed with the schools in other areas and the tendency meant that the designation was uniform to some degree. Moreover, as only a few school's flower and tree were planted or no one was done in some schools, the species of school's flower and tree needed to be determined by considering characteristics and school percepts of a school as well as local features and circumstances of a region. In addition, more efforts should be made to infuse love for school and to improve quality of education by increasing the planting rate of school's flower and tree and by focusing them.

• Journal of Forest and Environmental Science
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• v.35 no.3
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• pp.159-172
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• 2019

Madhupur National Park (MNP) is one of the last remaining patches of old-growth natural Sal forest left in Bangladesh where the forest is tropical moist deciduous type. A study was revealed to assess the tree species diversity and composition in this area. For determining tree species the study was conducted through extensive random quadrat survey methods with $20m{\times}20m$ sized plots. Results of the study indicated that there were 139 tree species belonging to 100 genera and 40 families. The quadrat survey assessed the basal area, stem density, diversity indices and importance value index of the tree species having ${\geq}5cm$ D.B.H (Diameter at Brest Height). The basal area and stem density of the tree species were $20.689{\pm}1.08m^2/ha$ and $1412.93{\pm}64.27stem\;ha^{-1}$ while, diversity indices, i.e. Shannon-Wiener's diversity, Simpson's evenness, Margalef's species richness and Pielou's dominance indices indicated poor diversity in comparison to that of other PAs (Protected Areas) in South-Eastern region of Bangladesh. The structural composition based on height and D.B.H through reverse-J shaped curve indicated higher regeneration and recruitment but removal of trees of large growth classes. Sal (Shorea robusta) was the most dominant tree species that accounts 75% of the total tree individuals in the natural forest patches. However, some associates of Sal, i.e. Bhutum (Hymenodictyon orixensis), Gadila (Careya arborea), and Kusum (Schleichera oleosa) etc. were seemed to be rare in MNP.

• Journal of the Korea Furniture Society
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.299-307
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• 2011

This article aimed to provide objective and practical information on wood terms of making furniture focusing on the wood species that furniture designers and firms in Korea have used to create furniture from the traditional up to the modern times. Through the content analysis method with wood information from literature related to furniture at home and abroad, studios of making the traditional Korean furniture, domestic furniture firms, and the catalogues of Korean crafts council and Korea furniture society, the wood species of making furniture was studied in the terms showing the number of the species classified in needle leaf tree and broad leaf tree. As a result, the furniture wood terms were analyzed about 230 species including 200 broad leaf tree and 30 needle leaf tree. 74 out of 100 domestic species studied have been used from the traditional up to the modern time for creating the traditional Korean wood furniture. The 230 species were classified by such detailed uses as furniture mainly and the related small objects, interiors, architecture, exteriors, materials like plywood, toys, musical instrument, exercise equipment, household items, and so on. In addition, some of the terms were clarified such as Madika to Jelutong, Karin to Paudauk and Narra, Red sandalwood to Indian rose wood, and Cherry blossoms from home, the same family as Cherry from abroad but the different species, and so on.

• Journal of Forest and Environmental Science
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.219-235
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• 2016

Forest tree diversity inventory and its periodical monitoring are important to understand changes in tree population structure and to provide information useful for biodiversity conservation and reserve management. In a long-term forest dynamics program in Indian tropical dry evergreen forest, this communication deals with tree diversity changes at decadal interval. The initial inventory of tree diversity was carried out in 2003, in four tropical dry evergreen forest sites - (much disturbed sites Shanmuganathapuram - SP and Araiyapatti - AP and moderately disturbed sites - Karisakkadu - KR and Maramadakki - MM) on the Coromandel Coast of peninsular India, by establishing four 1ha permanent plots, one in each site. In 2013, the four plots were re-inventoried for tree diversity (${\geq}10cm\;gbh$) changes which yielded 56 species from 46 genera and 26 families. The studied forest sites are threatened by disturbance due to multiple reasons; cutting of trees inside of the forest, grazing by goats, construction of temple approach road, and some aspects cultural attachment of local people like constructing new, additional strctures of temple by denuding a portion of forest etc.. Tree species richness over a decade increased by four species in site SP, two species in site AP, and one species in site KR, but decreased by one species in site MM. Tree density decreased drastically by 480 (28.92%) and 102 (12.63%) stems $ha^{-1}$ respectively in sites SP and AP, but moderately increased by 82 (12.09%) stems $ha^{-1}$ in site KR and 26 (3.46%) stems $ha^{-1}$ in site MM. Tree basal area declined in site KR from $21.6m^2$ to $20.26m^2ha^{-1}$ and in site SP from 21.1 to $20.38m^2ha^{-1}$, but increased from $19.1m^2$ to $19.43m^2$ and from 15.5 to $18.63m^2ha^{-1}$ in sites AP and MM respectively. Three tree species (Allophylus serratus, Maytenus emarginata and Ehretia pubescens) were lost out of the 57 species recorded in 2003, and two species (Jatropha gossypiifolia and Streblus asper) were new additions in ten years. The long-term forest monitoring data will be valuable to understand forest dynamics and for conservation and management of this and similar tropical forests.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.41-51
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• 2001

'The Ecological Forest' in Youido Park was intended to be an artificial forest in urban center, following the form of natural forests in central Korea. This study was to investigate the planting plan and the vegetation change of 'the Ecological Forest' and to compare it with natural forests of similar plant composition. The natural forests had slopes between $12^{\circ}$ and $21^{\circ}$, whereas 'the Ecological Forest' had slopes between $2^{\circ}$ and $6^{\circ}$. It was unlikely that the slope condition was adequate to show 'toposequence succession' at 'the Ecological Forest'. The soil bulk density and soil hardness of 'the Ecological Forest' were higher than those of the natural forests. The soil pH of 'the Ecological Forest' was 7.45, which was greater than that of the natural forests. There were some changes in plant composition and amounts 2 years after the construction : the number of conifers was reduced from 383 to 338 ; the number of deciduous trees was reduced from 4717 to 1158. It was because of the young trees dead in the sub-tree layer. The herbaceous species planted were 14 families, 31 species, which increased to 37 families, 93 species after 2 years. In case of horizontal structure of vegetation, trees and shrubs were distributed evenly in the natural forests, whereas 'the Ecological Forest' showed uneven distribution with higher total density. In case of vertical structure of vegetation, the natural forests had distinctive layers with dominant species distributed in each layers. In 'the Ecological Forest', however, dominant species were only in tree layer. The natural forests had greater average tree height, tree density, however, and basal area than 'the Ecological Forest'. The results showed that there were some differences in the structure between 'the Ecological Forest' and natural forests. The management plan should be applied in order that the natural condition be restored in 'the Ecological Forest' by competition between plant species and natural processes.

• Journal of architectural history
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.23-38
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• 2006

During the repair and restoration of the Daewoongjeon Hall of Youngguksa Temple, species identification and tree-ring dating for both present wood elements and charred ones excavated under the Hall, were conducted. The species of 74 wood elements of Daewoongjeon Hall, were identified as Pinus densiflora Sieb. et Zucc. and only 1 was identified as exotic Pinus species. The latter wood, which was used in the laths, seems to have been replaced during past repairs. Many documentary records and various artifacts pertaining to Youngguksa Temple are being excavated, but none described precisely the construction date of the present Daewoongjeon Hall. Also, from beneath the Daewoongjeon Hall, cornerstone and foundation of previous building and several charred wood elements were excavated. In comparing the direction of the stone columns of foundation of the previous structure and the existing Daewoongjeon Hall, the previous structure was rotated in an angle of approximately $15^{\circ}$. Therefore, in order to find the association of the previous structure with the present Daewoongjeon Hall, tree-ring dating was conducted. The dating of 41 original timbers and 14 roof-filling timbers of the present construction elements revealed that the last annual ring was of A. D. 1703 with complete latewood, indicating that those woods was cut some time between the autumn of 1703 and spring of 1704, and the building was erected in 1704 when we assume no period of wood storage. The year of the last annual ring of the charred elements, which were excavated from beneath the Daewoongjeon Hall, was analyzed as 1674. The cutting year of the woods used for the present building began in 1698, therefore, it can be presumed that the Daewoongjeon Hall before the fire was a structure that was elected shortly after 1674 and that a catastrophic fire occurred some time between 1674 and 1698.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.143-150
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• 1999

The purpose of this research is to find som ways to model tree forms more efficiently in reference with surveying structural data and handling parameters in plant Editor of AccuRender, the AutoCAD-based rendering software adopting the procedural plant modeling technique. In case of modelling a new tree, because it is efficient to modify an existing tree data as a template, we attempted to classify 81 species' data from existing plant library including conifers and deciduous tree. According to the qualitative characteristics and quantitative parameters of geometrical and branching structure, 8 types of tree form were classified with factor and cluster analysis. Some critical aspects found in the distributions of standardized scores of parameters in each type were discussed for explaining the tree forms intuitively. For adaptability of the resulted classification and typical parameters, 10 species of tree were measured and modelled, and proved to be very similar to the real structures of tree forms. CG or CAD-based plant modelling technique would be recommended not only as a presentation tool but for planting design, landscape simulation and assessment.

• Journal of Plant Biotechnology
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.1-7
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• 2004

Forestry sector has witnessed some unprecedented events in the recent past both in terms of galloping biotechnological developments and heated environmental debates over risks associated with release of transgenic trees. Improvements in the in vitro propagation techniques has made it possible to develop tissue culture based plant regeneration protocols just for about any tree species. And with the inclusion of every new species within the realms of tissue culture technology, it becomes a candidate for genetic improvement through recombinant DNA technology, the so called genetic engineering. Poplars and their hybrids serve as the model tree species on which most of the genetic transformation work as been carried out. A lot of work has also gone in genetic transformation of fruit trees and trees of horticultural interests. Trees have been successfully transformed for traits ranging from reduction of length of juvenile phase to alteration of tree architecture to altering wood quality by lignin and cellulose modification. More-over trees have been genetically engineered successfully to combat various types of insect pests and pathogens causing diseases. But all these developments have ignited controversies over the possible benefits and risks associated with transgenic plantations by various environmental agencies and activists. Solutions to most of these concerns can be found out with more intensive prioritized research.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.38 no.4
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• pp.218-221
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• 2005

The present study was investigated in the Chittagong hill forest of Bangladesh to assess the feasibility of ginger cultivation under multipurpose forest and fruit tree species. There were three treatments such as i) ginger grown under open field condition, ie. full sunlight (T1), ii) ginger grown under Gamar tree (spacing of $90{\times}90cm$ (T2) and iii) ginger grown under guava tree (spacing $180{\times}180cm$) tree (T3). The experiment was laid out in randomized block design (RBD) and each treatment was replicated three times. From data it was observed that some morphological parameters of ginger such as plant height, number of leaves per plant, leaf length and leaf breadth were higher in the treatments T2 and T3 as compared to the treatment T1. A positive and linear relationship was observed between the weight of rhizome and yield of ginger which caused the highest yield of ginger ($23.63Mg\;ha^{-1}$) under guava tree species at partial shaded condition in the T3 treatment ($180{\times}180cm$), whereas the lowest yield ($15.64Mg\;ha^{-1}$) was recorded in the T2 treatment when ginger was cultivated under Gamar tree species at closer spacing ($90{\times}90cm$). Therefore, it was revealed that partial shaded condition favoured the optimum growth and yield of ginger, whereas the dense shade from intensively planted tree species badly affected the dry matter production and yield of ginger.