• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.32 no.1
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• pp.109-114
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• 2003

Antimicrobial activities of grape seed ethanol extract and its serial solvent fractions were investigated against various food poisoning microorganisms. The grape seed ethanol extract showed dose dependant antimicrobial activity against Bacillus subtilis ATCC 9372 or Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 6538, whereas had limited effect on Pseudomonas aeruginosa IFO 3080, Salmonella enteritidis IFO 3313 and Escherichia coli ATCC 25922. Ethylacetate and butanol fractions ameng the serial solvent fractions of grape seed ethanol extract contained the catechin at the levels of 35.7 mg/g and 20.2 mg/g, respectively. Nevertheless, the butanol fraction of grape seed ethanol extract showed intense antimicrobial activity compared with the ethylacetate fraction on all microorganisms tested. It was found that the butanol fraction was mainly composed of oligomeric or polymeric polyphenols such as condensed tannins by the fractionation on C l8 cartridge according to the difference in the degree of polymerization. Therefore, it seems that the antimicrobial activity of grape seed ethanol extract is related to the degree of polymerization of proanthocyanidin as well as the total content of flavan-3-ol composing the proanthocyanidin.

• Journal of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.260-265
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• 1976

The conductances of dilute solutions of LiCl, NaCl and KCl in a series of isopropanol-water mixtures were determined at $30^{\circ}C$. The values of equivalent conductance agreed well with Debye-Huckel-Onsager equation and the limiting equivalent conductance was greatly reduced as the isopropanol content of the solvent was increased in accord with predictions based on solvent viscosity and dielectric properties. Also, the limiting equivalent conductance increased in sequence ${\Lambda}_{0,LiCl} < {\Lambda}_{0,NaCl} < {\Lambda}_{0,KCl} in 0.0, 0.1 and 0.2 mole fraction isopropanol, but {\Lambda}_{0,LiCl} < {\Lambda}_{0,KCl} < {\Lambda}_{0,NaCl} in 0.3 mole fraction ispropanol. The maximum Walden product, {\Lambda}_{0{\eta}0}$ was found in 0.1 mole fraction isopropanol for all electrolytes.

• Korean Journal of Weed Science
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.156-162
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• 1994

To better understand the exact nature of the major toxic compound responsible for phytotoxicity of sorghum stem, the most toxic compound from the stem extract was isolated by rapid chromatography and subsequently purified by thin-layer chromatography(TLC) and high pressure liquid chromatography(HPLC). Of the eight fractions isolated by rapid chromatography, the fraction with solvent combinations of butanol (8) : acetic acid (1) : water (1) had the highest toxicity. Further separation of the fraction by TLC in a solvent mixture of butanol (24) : acetic acid (16.4) : water (7) : propanol (1) showed that the spot with an $R_f$ 0.71 had one major peak with retention time of 20.40 minutes. Upon subjecting gas chromatography and the HPLC fraction to the mass spectrometry, the toxic compound is probably one of the four compounds ; 1-methyl-1-(2-propynyl)-hydrazine, 1-aziridineethanol, 5-chloro-2-pentanone, and 2-(methylseleno)-ethanamine.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.367-372
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• 2005

Antimicrobial effects of the extracts from Castanea crenata leaf were investigated. The antimicrobial effects of methanol extract (8 mg, 20 mg) of 0.2 g and 0.5 g. eq. of Castanea crenata leaf was stronger than that of 0.65 mg of benzoic acid against Gram(+) bacteria such as Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Micrococcus luteus, Leuconostoc mesenteroides and Bacillus subtilig and Gram(-) bacteria such as Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhimurium, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Growth inhibition of various microorganisms was observed in Castanea crenata leaf, therefor the Castanea crenata leaf were solvent fractionated. The ethyl acetate-soluble acidic and phenolic fraction were showed remarkable antimicrobial activity against microorganisms tested. The acidic fraction was purified with silica gel adsorption column chromatography, Sephadex LH-20 column chromatography and HPLC, subsequantly. The antimicrobial active substance isolated from the acid fraction of Castanea crenata leaf was characterized as stigmast-5-en-3-ol($\beta$-sitosterol) by MS and NMR analysis.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.77-82
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• 1996

Antioxidative activity of the extract from Caesalpinia sappan L. by various solvent was compared with several commercial antioxidants, using the Rancimat method. AI (antioxidative index; induction period of oil containing extract/induction period of control oil) of all extracts were higher than commercial antioxidants, such as BHA, ${\delta}-tocopherol$ and ascorbic acid. The ethanol extract was fractionated by liquid liquid extraction. Ethyl acetate fraction showed higher AI than the whole crude extract. When comparing POV and TBA value of palm oil and lard containing different level of each fraction, the oxidative stability of ethyl acetate fraction at 200 ppm level on palm oil and lard were similar to that of BHT at 200 ppm level, and better than BHA, ${\delta}-tocopherol$ and control.

• Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
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• v.14 no.E
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• pp.27-40
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• 1998

The solubility characteristics of organic compounds were studied in terms of the extraction efficiency as a function of the polarity of the organic solvent, and the acidity of water in urban aerosol samples collected in University of East Anglia (UEA), Norwich, England. The extraction efficiency of organic compounds were evaluated with respect to the organic carbon, -nitrogen and -hydrogen by means of a wide range of solvent which include polar and nonpolar organic solvents as well as acids and alkaline water. In addition, after being dissolved in aqueous solution, the aqueous chemistry of organic compounds were studied in terms of the organic metal complexes in aerosol, which were studied with oxalic acid, copper, and zinc. The results of this study indicate that solubility characteristics of organic compounds depend on the polarity of the solvents and the acidity of the solvents. In particular, some organic compounds are water soluble, even though they are much smaller than acetone soluble fractions. In the comparison between polar organic solvent extraction and non- polar organic solvent extraction, it can be thought that significant fraction of organic compounds analysed in the aerosol samples, are polar organic compounds because of the higher extraction efficiencies of organic compounds in polar organic solvent extraction than in nonpolar organic solvent extraction. Regarding the study of the oxalic -metal complexes, it can be thought that most oxalic acids are present in the form of oxalic -copper complexes in the aerosols collected at UEA.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.367-376
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• 2009

This study aimed to determine the antioxidant and antibacterial effects of solvent extracts from Scutellaria baicalensis. The S. baicalensis was successively extracted with 5 kinds of solvents. The obtained samples were as follows; hexan fraction (IPK-1), chloroform fraction(IPK-2), ethyl acetate fraction(IPK-3), butanol fraction(IPK-4), and water fraction(IPK-5). These extracts were determined to process antibacterial effects using a paper disc method against 18 species of human pathogenic bacteria, antioxidant activity using 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl(DPPH) method and inhibiting ability of linoleic acid autoxidation. Extracts of S. baicalensis has shown selective antibacterial effects on various strains of bacteria. Ethyl acetate fraction(IPK-3) showed the highest antimicrobial activity against selective bacteria, such as Staphylococcus aureus 285, S. aureus 503. In antioxidant activity test, free radical scavenger activity of IPK-3 fraction was 92% compared with BHA at the same concentration, while lipid peroxidation inhibition was 48%. These results suggest that IPK-3 fraction of S. baicalensis could be suitable in development of antimicrobial and antioxidant agents.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.25 no.10
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• pp.1132-1138
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• 2015

This study investigated the anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory activity of unripe fruit peel solvent fractions of the native jeju citrus ‘Hongkyool’ (Citrus tachibana Tanaka) and ‘Pyunkyool’ (C. tangerina Hort. ex Tanaka). The total polyphenol content and total flavonoid content were highest in the butanol fraction of both ‘Hongkyool’ (534.4 mg/g, 431.8 mg/g) and ‘Pyunkyool’ (342.9 mg/g, 415.7 mg/g). In both cultivars, the butanol fraction showed the strong antioxidant activity by DPPH radical scavenging and ABTS radical scavenging. The DPPH radical scavenging of the butanol fraction from ‘Hongkyool’ and ‘Pyunkyool’ was 89% and 64% at a concentration of 1 mg/ml, respectively. The ABTS radical scavenging of the butanol fraction from ‘Hongkyool’ and ‘Pyunkyool‘ was 94% and 85% at a concentration of 1 mg/ml, respectively. We investigated the effect of the anti-inflammatory activity of the ethyl acetate fraction from ‘Hongkyool’ and ‘Pyunkyool’ on LPS-induced NO production, IL-6, iNOS, and COX-2 protein expression in Raw 264.7 cells. At concentrations of 50 and 100 μg/ml of the ‘Hongkyool’ ethyl acetate fraction, the anti-inflammatory effect was excellent. These results suggest that ethyl acetate and butanol fractions from ‘Hongkyool’ and ‘Pyunkyool’ could be useful functional materials, with anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory properties.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.18 no.7
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• pp.1005-1010
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• 2008

In this study, we investigated the inhibitory effect of four solvent fractions of Alnus firma on ${\alpha}-amylase$, ${\alpha}-glucosidase$ and aldose reductase activities. The inhibitory test showed that methanol (MeOH) extract and hexane (HX) fraction strongly inhibited pork pancreatin and salivary ${\alpha}-amylase$ activity. The MeOH extract and HX fraction of Alnus firma at the concentration of 4 mg/ml inhibited more than 70% of pancreatin and salivary ${\alpha}-amylase$ activity. The inhibitory effect of fractions has different specificities against ${\alpha}-amylase$ from pancreatin and salivary. In addition, the MeOH extract and butanol (BuOH) fraction showed the highest inhibitory activity on yeast ${\alpha}-glucosidase$ at values of $IC_{50}$ $137.36\;{\mu}g/ml$ and $115.14\;{\mu}g/ml$ respectively. The MeOH extract and BuOH fraction showed the highest inhibitory activity on yeast ${\alpha}-glucosidase$ than commercial agent such as 1-deoxynorjirimycin and acarbose. Inhibition kinetics of solvent fractions showed that ${\alpha}-glucosidase$ has been inhibited noncompetitively by the MeOH, EA and BuOH fraction. The aldose reductase from human muscle cell had been inhibited strongly by the MeOH extract and EA fraction at 57.996% and 83.293% at the concentration of $50\;{\mu}g/ml$, respectively. These findings may contribute to biological significance in that ${\alpha}-amylase$, ${\alpha}-glucosidase$ and aldose reductase inhibitory compounds could be used as a functional food and a drug for the symptomatic treatment of antidiabetic disease in the future.

• Korean Journal of Microbiology
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• v.41 no.2
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• pp.135-139
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• 2005

Antioxidant activity of monascus pigment of Monascus purpureus P-57 mutant was studied. Methanol extract from monascus pigment was separated into five organic solvent fractions; hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate, butanol and water fractions. Hexane fraction showed the highest free radical scavenging effect on 1,l-diphenyl-2-picryl hydrazyl(DPPH), and the strongest inhibitory effect against xanthine oxidase, followed by chloroform fraction. But butanol and water fraction did not show inhibitory effect against the enzyme. Lineweaver-Burk plot showed that hexane fraction inhibited xanthine oxidase by non-competitive mode.