• The Korean Journal of Pharmacology
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• v.20 no.1 s.34
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• pp.55-65
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• 1984

Comparative effects of $PGF_{2{\alpha}}$ and ouabain on the isolated rat(Sprague-Dowley) atria were studied. The isolated rat atria were prepared for isometric myography in the isolated organ bath containing Feigen's solution perfused with 95% $O_2$ and 5% $CO_2$, and the pH of the medium was maintained at 7.4. The cumulative concentration-response relationship revealed the positive inotropic effects of both drugs with the higher potency of $PGF_{2{\alpha}}$ and the higher efficacy of ouabain. $PGF_{2{\alpha}}$ showed a positive chronotropic effect, but ouabain showed a tendency of increasing the contraction rate. In low-Ca(1.4 mM) medium, the positive inotropic and chronotropic effect of $PGF_{2{\alpha}}$(by $3{\times}10^{-8}M$) were preponderant $(p<0.05{\sim}p<0.005)$ over those of ouabain(by $3{\times}10^{-3}M$). $Ca^{++}$-addition(cumulative, to 2.8, 4.2, 5.6, and 7.0 mM) into the medium evoked the more sensitive response in the $PGF_{2{\alpha}}$ group than in the ouabain group. In low-K(2.8 mM) medium, the $PGF_{2{\alpha}}a(3{\times}10^{-8}M)$ group and the ouabain$(3{\times}10^{-3}M)$ group showed similar tensions(DT and RT) and contraction rates. And both group showed significantly(p<0.05p<0.01) higher tensions and contraction rates than those of the control group. By the cumulative addition of the $K^+$(to 4.2, 5.6, 7.0 and 8.4 mM), only the DT of the $PGF_{2{\alpha}}$ group was sustained at signifcantly$(p<0.05{\sim}p<0.01)$ higher level than the DT of the control group. The $K^+$-addition inhibited the positive inotropic effect of ouabain significantly (p<0.05). The cumulative addition of lidocaine in high concentrations $(1{\times}10^{-5}\;to\;1{\times}10^{-3}M)$ evoked no significant influence on the intropic activities of $PGF_{2{\alpha}}$ and ouabain, but significant ${\beta}$-blockade with propranolol could not inhibit the positive intropic and chronotropic effect of $PGF_{2{\alpha}}$. In conclusion, it is presumed that $PGF_{2{\alpha}}$ may have some more active mechanism of accelerating the influx of $Ca^{++}$ across the cell membrane of the isolated rat atria as compared with ouabain, and the action site may be located at the cell membrane. As a supposition which needs further investigations, it is presumed that $PGF_{2{\alpha}}$ may have its specific membrane receptors on the atrial muscle or sinus node cells.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.30 no.7
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• pp.677-685
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• 1997

Thromboelastography(TEG) is the unique measure that gives rapid information about the whole clotting process. Simplifying the diagnosis of coagulopathy during operations, TEG can provide an adequate therapy for postoperative bleeding. Remarkable improvement in hemostasis after cardiopulmonary bypass(CPB) has been achieved by the treatment with proteinase inhibitor aprotinin, but the hemostatic mechanism of aprotinin during CPB is still unclear. This study was designed to evaluate the effects of aprotinin on coagulation system during CPB by using TEG. Forty patients who underwent CPB were divided into two groups: aprotinin(2u 106 kallikrein inhibition units, as a single dose into the cardiopulmonary bypass priming solution) treatment group(male 14, female 8, mean age=50.Byears) and no aprotinin treatment(control) group(male 10, female 8, mean age=53.4 years). TEG, activated clotting time, prothrombin time, activated partial thromboplastin time, platelet counts, fibrinogen an (ibrinogen degradation product(FDP) concentrations were checked before and after CPB(30 minutes after neutralization of heparin effect by protamine sulfate). There was no significant difference in other conventional coagulation tests of two groups except postcardiopulmonary bypass FDP concentration in control group, which was significantly increased compared to that in aprotinin group(p<0.05). In TEG variables of both groups, clot formation time(K) and alpha $angle(\alpha^{\circ})$ were significantly increased and decreased, respectively, after CPB(p<0.05), but fibrinolytic index(LYS60) was not changed during CPB. In aprotinin group, reaction time(R) was decreased significantly after CPB(p<0.05) but maximum amplitude(MA) was not changed(p>0.05). On the contrary, R was not changed markedly but MA was decreased significantly in control group after CPB(p<0.05). This result shows that main change in coagulation system during CPB is not hyperfibrinolysis but cecrease in clot strength by platelet dys unction, and the main effect of aprotinin during cardiopulmonary bypass is the maintenance of clot strength to the pre-CPB level by the preservation of platelet function.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.39 no.5
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• pp.776-781
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• 2010

The properties and bactericidal activities of strongly acidic electrolyzed water (SEW) against food-borne pathogenic bacteria, vegetables and kitchen apparatuses were investigated. The available chlorine concentration, pH and oxidation reduction potential (ORP) of SEW were $35{\pm}1.2\;ppm$, $2.3{\pm}0.2$, and $1,140{\pm}20.4\;mV$, respectively. Five strains of food-borne bacteria with initial cell number of 7.00 log CFU/mL were not detected except Bacillus cereus after treatment with SEW for 60 sec. The numbers of Bacillus cereus were reduced to 2.08{\pm}1.00 log CFU/mL at the same condition. In vegetables, SEW treatment after washing strongly in alkalic electrolyzed water (AEW) showed better bactericidal effects than SEW only. The viable cell on stainless steel bowl ($3.86{\pm}2.49\;\log\;CFU/100\;cm^2$) and cup for water ($2.40{\pm}1.80\;\log\;CFU/100\;cm^2$) were not detected by SEW treatment (35 ppm of available chlorine concentration) for 30 sec, but survival of more than 1.00 log CFU/$100\;cm^2$ of viable cell was shown by washing of sodium hypochlorite solution at the same condition. On the other hand, the coliform group bacteria ($5.08{\pm}4.00\;CFU/100\;cm^2$) were detected on rubber globe only, and more than 2.00 log CFU/$100\;cm^2$ of viable cell and coliform group bacteria on it survived, though it was washed with flowing SEW for 30 sec.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.90-100
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• 1975

The estimation of the pre-processing condition of oyster is of great importance for distributors and processors. This study was attempted to establish the basic data for evaluating the processing suitability of oyster, which is the most important shellfish for domestic use and export. The data were analysed by measuring the condition index, chemical composition and heavy metal content of oysters. In order to eliminate the manual work that has to be done on a tightly closed oyster shell and avoid shrinkage in the oyster meat which is attendant on the steaming process, chemical means to open oyster were examined. finding the method of pretreatment of polyphosphate for frozen oysters were attempted to improve the product quality. The prevention of undesirable color change of the canned oyster meat is another problem to solve. The important results are as follows : 1. The ratio of meat volume and meat weight to the holding capacity by shells may be useful as an index to measure the condition index of oysters. 2. As a whole, monthly changes of moisture and fat content in oysters were reversely correlated. Protein content slightly decreased from April and rapidly decreased in July, and again rapidly increased in August but from September to November decreased slightly. In April, the content of glycogen was 4 percent. From this period to September, glycogen was rapidly decreased. From July to September, it was only 0. 7 to 1 percent but increased from October. There were little seasonal changes in pH value. The pH value of oyster meat was 6.0 to 6.2. The crude ash content was slightly decreased from June to August. 3. The range of monthly change of heavy metal content are as follows: Total mercury was 0 to 0.019 ppm, cadmium was 0.026 to 0.053 ppm, copper was 0.111 to 0.594 ppm, and lead_was 0.061 to 0.581 ppm. 4. By the results of condition index, chemical composition and heavy metal content of oysters, the suitable harvest season as raw materials for processing was the end of December to the end of May of next year. 5. The pretreatment of 10 percent polyphosphate in 5 percent salt solution of oyster meat appeared effective to reduce thawing drip during cold storage. 6. The pretreatment of $Na_2EDTA$ and BHA did not show the color prevention effect to the canned oyster meat during storage. 7. Magnesium chloride affected to open the valves of oysters.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.95-100
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• 2003

To evaluate the effect of the fertilizer concentration after flowering on growth a31d fruit setting of ornamental pepper (Capsicum annuum L.), plants were fertilized with $100\;mg{\cdot}L^{-1} of N ($EC=0.8\;dS{\cdot}m^{-1}) until flowering, and then with 0 (no fertilizer), 100, 200 or $300\;mg{\cdot}L^{-1} of N (fertilizer solution EC of 0.15, 0.8, 1.45 or $2.10\;dS{\cdot}m^{-1}, respectively) until harvest. Maximum leaf area and shoot dry mass at the end of the growing period were obtained when plants were fertilized with $200\;mg{\cdot}L^{-1} of N. Total fruit number per plant at the end of the growing period was not different when plants were fertilized with 100,200 or 300 mg{\cdot}L^{-1}of N concentration. When plants were fertilized with $200\;mg{\cdot}L^{-1} of N, the number of fruits per plant was decreased significantly as compared to 100, 200 or $300\;mg{\cdot}L^{-1} of N, whereas the percentage of red fruits at the end of the growing period was maximized. Total fruit fresh weight per plant at the end of the growing period was highest with the concentration of $200\;mg{\cdot}L^{-1} of N. The EC of the growing medium remained within 0.8 to $1.2\;dS{\cdot}m^{-1}\;2.0\;to\;3.0dS{\cdot}m^{-1}, or 3.0 to 4.5 dS{\cdot}m^{-1}when fertilizer concentrations were 100, 200 or $300\;mg{\cdot}L^{-1} of N, respectively. Throughout most of the experiment, the pH of the growing medium remained within 5.4 to 6.2, but dropped to 4.9 near the end of the experiment when fertilizer concentration was 200 or 300\;mg{\cdot}L^{-1} of N. Content of most of the nutrients In the leaf was not affected by the different fertilizer concentration. Only aluminum was significantly affected and decreased linearly with increasing fertilizer concentration. The results from this study indicated that optimal fertilizer concentration after flowering for commercial production of ornamental pepper was 100 or $200\;mg{\cdot}L^{-1} of N. At these concentrations, the EC of the growing medium remained approximately within 0.8 to 1.2 and 2 to $3\;dS{\cdot}m^{-1}, respectively. This appears to be the optimal range for vegetative growth or fruit setting of ornamental pepper plants, and indicates that ornamental pepper can be grown with a fairly wide range of fertilizer concentrations.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.20-30
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• 1975

It is matter of fact processing technology must affects the quality and yield of final product and these also depend on the selection of raw material directly or indirectly. So that the estimation of tile preprocessing condition of shellfish is of great importance for distributors and processors. This study was attempted to establish the basic data for evaluating the processing suitability of baby clam, which is one of the five important shellfishes for domestic use and export. The important results are as follows: 1. The ratio of meat volume and meat weight to the holding capacity by shells may be useful for measuring the condition index of baby clams. 2. Baby clams grown in the beds with the composition of a large quantity of gravel were low in condition index value than in sand and mud. 3. If the green feed phenomenon was the prime consideration for canned baby clams, tile most suitable harvest season if October. In this period, the digestive tract in body was almost colorless. 4. As a whole, seasonal changes of moisture and fat content in baby clams were reversely correlated. Protein content increased from April and slightly decreased for a while from July to August and increased again from September. In March, the content of glycogen was 6.3 to 6.8 percent. From this period to October, glycogen was rapidly decreased. In October, it was only 0.1 to 0.2 percent but increased from November. There were little seasonal changes in pH value and crude ash content. The pH value of meat was 6.0 to 6.2 and crude ash content was about 2 percent. 5. By the results of condition index and chemical composition of baby clams, the suitable harvest season as raw materials for processing was from March to June and from September to October. 6. The steamed baby clam meat was packed with 2 percent salt solution containing 0.15 percent, citric acid or 0.5 percent $Na_2$ EDTA in a round sanitary tin can coated with C-enamel that is 203.9 ml by volume and sterilized for 60 minutes at $112^{\circ}C$. The canned product has shown a good result to reserve the natural characteristics of baby clam through six month storage at room temperature.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.1-9
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• 1977

The purpose of this study is to complish a method of fish glue malting with residual products such as fish head and skin discarded from sea food processing. Using the skins of Alaska pollack and file fish from fillet packers, the optimum conditions of skin glue processing were investigated and physical and chemical properties of the product were also determined. The yields of Alaska pollack, Thelagra calcogramma, skin and file fish, Novodon modestus, skin to the total body weight were $4.6\%\;and\;5.0\%$ respectively. The optimum conditions for a $49.3\%$n yield Alaska pollack skin glue processing were considered the extraction of previously tinted in $0.1\%$ calcium hydroxide solution for 3 hours with the additional water as much as 3 times of sample weight at $70^{\circ}C$ for 3 hours under the controlled pH 5.0. The conditions for file fish skin glue were similar to those of Alaska pollack except the addition of five times of water to the weight of sample skin needed for extraction. The content of crude protein of Alaska pollack and file fish skin glue were $98.0\%\;and\;96.0\%$ respectively. The contents of crude ash and crude lipid were not different from that of chemical grade gelatin. Relative viscosity, melting point, gelation temperature and jelly strength of Alaska pollack skin glue marked 5.84, $21.8^{\circ}C,\;7.1^{\circ}C\;and\;10.0g$ respectively and those of file fish skin glue showed $5.79,\;25.0^{\circ}C,\;7.4^{\circ}C\;and\;11.6g$ respectively.The color and turbidity of Alaska pollack skin glue are slightly superior to those of file fish skin glue. It is supposed that the extract residue of skin glue is valuable for use the animal feeds by the results of amino acid composition. And the ratio of each amino acid content to the total amino acid of Alaska pollack and file fish skin glue is similar to that of chemical grade gelatin.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.421-426
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• 2008

In older to prepare functional food materials from Acanthopanax koreanum, changes of major constituents by extracting with water and ethanol were investigated Extracting 300 g of below 0.5 cm size dried sample in 7.5 L of water or $30{\sim}95%$ ethanol for 9 hr at $100^{\circ}C$ were carried out pH during extraction was between 4.0 and 6.5. Color b-value of extracts was increased according to lower ethanol concentration and longer extraction time. Color a-value and b-value was increased more in stem than in root Extracts were increased rapidly within $2{\sim}3\;hr$. The extract in $30{\sim}70%$ ethanol was $0.84{\sim}1.34%(w/v)$ with root Main free sugar of extracts was sucrose in root. The eleutherosides were extracted rapidly within 3 hr, moreover were increased in water or $30{\sim}70%$ ethanol more than 95% ethanol concentration. Extraction of acanthoic acid from root was more affected on ethanol concentration than extracted time, moreover it was detected only trace by extracting with water. Furthermore, acanthoic acid was extracted rapidly within 2 hr in $50{\sim}70%$ ethanol, and was extracted 3 times higher with 70% ethanol than with 30% ethanol. The content of acanthoic acid in residue after extraction was affected largely by extraction solvents. The extraction efficiency in 70, 50 and 35% of ethanol concentration was about 95, 90 and 35% respectively. The eleutherosides were extracted to 95% with water or nature of water and ethanol. Therefore, the reflux extraction in $40{\sim}70%$ ethanol concentration for $3{\sim}5\;hr$ was adequate for extraction of functional materials from Acanthopanax koreanum.

• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine
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• v.34 no.4
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• pp.336-343
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• 2000

Purpose: Thallous-201 chloride produced at Korea Cancer Center Hospital(KCCH) is used in detecting cardiovascular disease and cancer. Thallium impurity can cause emesis, catharsis and nausea, so the presence of thallium and other metal impurities should be determined. According to USP and KP, their amounts must be less than 2 ppm in thallium and 5 ppm in total. In this study, the detection method of trace amounts of metal impurities in $[^{201}Tl]$TICI injection with polarography was optimized without environmental contamination. Materials and Methods: For the detection of metal impurities, Osteryoung Square Wave Stripping Voltammetry method was used in Bio-Analytical System (BAS) 50W polarograph. The voltammetry was composed of Dropping Mercury Electrode (DME) as a working electrode, Ag/AgCl as a reference electrode and Pt wire as a counter electrode. Square wave stripping method, which makes use of formation and deformation of amalgam, was adopted to determine the metal impurities, and pH 7 phosphate buffer was used as supporting electrolyte. Results: Tl, Cu and Pb in thallous-201 chloride solution were detected by scanning from 300 mV to -800 mV Calibration curves were made by using $TINO_3,\;CuSO_4\;and\;Pb(NO_3){_2}$ as standard solutions. Tl was confirmed at -450 mV peak potential and Cu at -50 mV Less than 2 ppm of Tl and Cu was detected and Pb was not detected in KCCH-produced thallous-201 chloride injection. Conclusion: Detection limit of thallium and copper is approximately 50 ppb with this method. As a result of this experiment, thallium and other metal impurities in thallous-201 chloride injection, produced at Korea Cancer Center Hospital, are in the regulation of USP and KP Polarograph could be applied for the determination of metal impurities in the quality control of radiopharmaceuticals conveniently without environmental contamination.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.42 no.1
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• pp.35-43
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• 2023

The fine particulate structure of biochar limits its use as a heavy metal adsorbent, and makes separation of the biochar from the solution technically challenging, thereby reducing recovery of the heavy metals. To address this issue, this study prepared biochar beads under various mixing conditions and investigated their efficiency in removing Pb from aqueous solutions using adsorption models. The biochar beads were produced by mixing alginate and biochar at different ratios: alginate bead (AB), 1% biochar + bead (1-BB), 2.5% biochar + bead (2.5-BB), and 5% biochar + bead (5-BB). The results revealed that the Freundlich isothermal adsorption pattern of the biochar beads to Pb was of the L-type. The highest Langmuir isothermal adsorption capacity (28.736 mg/g) was observed in the 2.5-BB treatment. The dominant mechanism among the kinetic adsorption characteristics of biochar beads for Pb was chemical adsorption. Additionally, the optimal pH range for Pb adsorption was found to be between 4 and 5.5. The highest Pb removal efficiency (97.9%) was achieved when 26.6 g/L of biochar beads were used. These findings suggest that biochar beads are an economical and highly efficient adsorbent that enables separation and recovery of fine biochar particles.