• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.83 no.4
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• pp.486-497
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• 1994

The objective of this study was to examine the effects of air pollution on Pinus thunbergii forests surrounding Sasang industrial complex in Korea. The injury index, contents of chlorophyll and mineral elements, and concentrations of water soluble sulfur in needles were investigated at sample plots surrounding industrial complex and compared with those of control far from industrial complex. The results obtained are as follows ; 1. Discoloration of Pinus thunbergii needles was severe in the vicinity of industrial complex, and the older needle age classes was the more severe its injury appeared. Injury index was increased in the vicinity of industrial complex. 2. Water-soluble sulfur concentration was high in the vicinity of industrial complex at all of needle age classes, and those of all plots were higher than that of control. 3. Chlorophyll a contents were lower at surrounding industrial complex than that at control. It was supposed that chlorophyll a was destroyed by air pollutants. Total chlorophyll contents and content ratio of chlorophyll a to b were influenced by decrease of chlorophyll a contents. 4. Phosphorus contents in needles were decreased even in remoted regions with the increase of needle age classes. Colcium contents in needles were decreased near industrial complex at all needle ages classes. 5. There were negative correlation, between injury index and chlorophyll contents, injury index and calcium contents, and there were positive correlation between injury index and calcium contents. 6. Cluster analysis was carried out to divide the injured regions on sample plots. As a result of the analysis, there were devided 3 regions, severe regions(1-8 plots), medium regions(9, 10, 11, 12, 15, 17 plot), slight(13, 14, 16, 18, 19 plot and control). 7. The cross section of visible injured needle showed the destruction of mesophyll cell, sclerenchyma cell in the outside of resin duct and endodermis, partially.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.141-147
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• 2005

This study investigated air pollutant levels and physiological variation of Ginkgo biloba in Chuncheon. The results were as follows: The annual average concentrations of $SO_2,\;NO_2\;and\;PM10$ were 0.004ppm, 0.013 ppm and $66{\mu}g/m^3$, respectively. The volume weighted average concentrations of ionic components were $SO_4\;^{2-}\;3.584 mg/m^3,\;NO_3^-\; 2.803 mg/m^3,\;Cl^-\;1.485 mg/m^3\;and\;NH_4\;^+\;0.998 mgg/m^3$ in precipitation. The annual wet deposition amount of the major ions was shown to be $SO_4^{2-}\;3.865g/m^2/yr,\;NO_3^-\;2.924g/m^2/yr,\;Cl^-\;2.773g/m^2/yr\;and\; NH_4\;^+\;1.485 g/m^2/yr$ during this study period. The seasonal averaged pH in leaves were spring pH 5.9 0.5, summer pH 5.5 0.4 and fall pH 5.1 0.3. The seasonal average water soluble sulfur content in leaves were spring 0.012 0.004%, summer $0.012\;0.002\%\;and\;fall\;0.020\;0.007\%$. The seasonal average water soluble sulfur content in bark were spring $0.0071\;0.0003\%,\;summer\; 0.0066\;0.0004\%,\;fall\;0.0063\;0.0004\%\;and\;winter\;0.0071\;0.0003\%$.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.79 no.4
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• pp.352-358
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• 1990

This study was performed to analyze the pollutants contaminated in the soils and leaves of ornamental trees along the Namhae Express way. The results obtained were as follow ; 1. The contents of total sulfur in soils were generally high in site 8 with slope way and site 9 having more traffic volume, as 87 ppm and 74 ppm, respectively, 2. The contents of heavy metals in soils were lower than those of industrial areas and urban roads, and Fe and Pb contents were higher in sites having much traffic volume. 3. The contents of soluble sulfur in leaves were in the range of 0.08%-0.25%. and those of Pinus strobus and Cedrus deodara were the highest as 0.25% and 0.23%, respectively, and that of Euonymus japonica was 0.08%, the lowest. 4. In the case of heavy metals concentration in leaves, the contents of Fe, Mn, Pb, Zn and Cu were in the range of 68-340 ppm, 101-463 ppm, 2.4-4.9ppm, 33-60 ppm and 1.8-5.1 ppm, respectively. Except Fe, there was not a wide difference between sites and species. 5. In the contents of soluble S, Pb and Zn in leaves, the sites between Jinju and Masan having generally much traffic showed more contents than between Jinju and Hadong. Therefore, it is inferred that contents of S, Pb, and Zn are positive related to the traffic volume. 6. Only for Pb, there was significant correlation between the heavy metals in soils and the leaves at 1% level.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.17-33
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• 1987

As a result of technical advances and industrialization, the characteristics of domestic and industrial wastes are becoming more complex. Accordingly, improved treatment and disposal systems are being continuously sought to take account of complex characteristics and to comply with economic restrictions. In this study, an application of pyrolysis to the treatment of industrial wastes, including waste scrap rubber, waste raw material used in making the slipper bottom and waste PVC pipe, and the effectiveness of pyrolysis in resource recovery from these wastes were investigated. Batches of wastes were pyrolysed by external heating to a temperature of 400-800$\circ$C in a 32 mm diameter x 0.9 m long silica tube to produce combustible gases, oils and chars. Before the start of pyrolysis runs, the entire system was purged with nitrogen gas to exclude the air. The temperature inside the retort was controlled by the thermocouple in the gas stream, and referred to as the pyrolysis temperature. Under these conditions three products were separately collected and further analyzed. The results were summarized as follows. 1. More gases and less chars were produced with higher pyrolyzing temperature and with higher rates of heating, but the yields of oils tended downwards at temperatures above 700$\circ$C. Accordingly, operating conditions of pyrolysis should be varied with desired material. 2. Calorific values and sulfur contents of produced oils were sufficient and suitable for fuel use. Chars from waste rubber had high heating values with low sulfur contents, but calorific values of chars from waste PVC and waste slipper were as low as 3, 065-4, 273 kcal/kg and 942-2, 545 kcal/kg, respectively. Therefore, char from these wastes are inappropriate for fuel. 3. Soluble contents of Pb, Cd, Cu and Zn in chars from waste rubber and waste slipper were below the Specific Hazardous Waste Treatment Standards. However soluble contents of Pb and Cd in chars from waste PVC were one or two times and five or seven times exceedingly the Specific Hazardous Waste Treatment Standards, respectively. 4. Post high heating is desirable for treatment method of waste PVC which generates toxic hydrogen chloride. 5. The proportions of hydrogen, methane and ethane in produced gases were in the range of 3.99-35.61% V/V, 18.22-32.50% V/V and 5.17-5.87% V/V, respectively. 6. Pyrolysis is a useful disposal method in case of waste slipper, which was hardly combustible, and thus investigations of this kind of materials are required for effective management of industrial waste. 7. Based upon the possible market development for products, overall pyroly economics to take account of treatment values of noncombustible or hazardous materials should be evaluated.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.137-142
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• 2010

Previous studies report that organo-sulfur compounds derived from garlic inhibited smooth muscle cell (SMC) proliferation and induced apoptosis of cancer cells. Recently, lipid-soluble compounds such as diallyl sulfides (DAS) and diallyl disulfides (DADS) have been reported to more effectively suppress tumor cell proliferation. However, there were few studies on the suppressive effects of lipid-soluble garlic sulfur compounds on the proliferation and migration of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC). Therefore, this study investigated the effect of DAS and DADS on VSMC proliferation/migration induced by oleic acid (OA), a principal fatty acid in circulating triglyceride of blood stream. Assays performed include a tetrazole (MTT) assay, a wound healing assay and a Western blots. VSMC proliferations were enhanced by OA in a dose-dependent manner at concentrations of $10{\sim}50\;{\mu}M$ and inhibited by DAS and DADS compared to non-treated control. OA-induced proliferations were also attenuated by DAS and DADS. OA-induced cell migrations were 2.5 times higher than non-treated control, and they were significantly attenuated by DAS (32% at $150\;{\mu}M$ and 50% at $200\;{\mu}M$) and DADS (40% at $150\;{\mu}M$ and 46% at $200\;{\mu}M$). OA-induced cell migration was also attenuated by PD98059 (ERK inhibitor), SB203580 (P38 inhibitor) and particularly by LY204002 (PI3K inhibitor) and SP600125 (JNK2 inhibitor). Additionally, Western blot assays showed that OA-induced JNK1/2-phosphorylation was down-regulated after treatment with DAS and DADS. In conclusion, the findings of our study support the idea that DAS and DADS may have a suppressive effect on the proliferation and migration of OA-induced VSMC and that this effect may be partly associated with PI3K and JNK2 pathways.

• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• v.34 no.1
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• pp.183-188
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• 2017

This study deals with $de-SO_X$ and $de-NO_X$ process of a wet scrubber for small size ship engines. The experiment was conducted according to the E3 mode of the $NO_X$ technical code. In order to discharge the sulfur containing flue gas, ditertiarybutyldusulfide was added to the diesel fuel to increase the sulfur content. NO gas, which occupies most of the nitrogen oxides in the exhaust gas, was oxidized into $NO_2$ and absorbed by a wet scrubber. The developed equipment of this work achieved 100% of removal efficiency for highly soluble $SO_2$ gas in an aqueous solution.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.34 no.4
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• pp.549-556
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• 2016

In this study, we analyzed and compared the constituents of Southern ecotype garlic cultivars, Namdo and Daeseo garlic, cultivated in volcanic and non-volcanic ash soil in Jeju Island and compared the soil properties in these regions. The volcanic ash soil in which Namdo garlic grew had higher electrical conductivity and more available sulfur, whereas the volcanic ash soil in which Daeseo garlic was cultivated had a higher amount of organic matter and total nitrogen. Also, non-volcanic ash soil in which Namdo garlic was cultivated had higher levels of available phosphorous. Namdo garlic cultivated in volcanic ash soil had high levels of total soluble solids and a high allicin content and Daeseo garlic exhibited a higher reducing sugar content. Furthermore, amongst the macroelements found in garlic grown on Jeju Island, potassium was highest, followed by sulfur, magnesium, calcium, and sodium. Iron was the most abundant micronutrient, followed by zinc, manganese, and copper. These results will be of interest to farmers aiming to cultivate high-quality garlic.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.289-298
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• 1984

Uraniferous black slates of the Okchon sequence occur in Koesan (northeast) through Miwon-Boun (middle) to the southwest off Taejon (southwest) within the Okchon fold belt. The Uraniferous balck slates in the southwest off Taejon are particularly well developed in Chubu (northeast) and Moksso-ri (middle) areas whereas they are less developed in Jinsan (southwest) area. The uraniferous beds range from less than a meter to 40 meters in thickness and range from less than 0.02% $U_3O_8$ (cut-off-grade) to 0.05% $U_3O_8$ in the southwestern district off Taejon. Electron microprobe analysis of uranium-minerals found in graphitic slate samples enables to estimate their major compositions semi-quantitatively so that uraninite, ferro-uranophane and chlopinite are tentatively identified. Uranium-minerals are closely associated with carbon and metal sulfides. Correlation analysis of trace element concentrations revealed that U and F.C., and U and Mo are lineary correlative respectively and their correlation coefficients are positively high whereas those of U and V, U and Mn, and U and Zr are negatively low, implying that uranium mineralization has been closely related with concentrations of carbon and molybdenum. Stable isotope analyses of pyrite sulfur range widely from +11.5% to -23.3% in ${\delta}^{34}S$ values whereas those of graphite carbon fall within a narrow range between -23.3% and -28.9% in ${\delta}^{13}C$ values. The wide range of ${\delta}^{34}S$ values suggests that the sulfur could be of meteoric origin rather than of igneous source. The narrow range of ${\delta}^{13}C$ values, which are close to those of coal, indicates that the graphite is organic carbon in origin. Therefore, it is concluded that the uranium mineralization in the Okchon sequence took place primarily in sedimentary environment rich in organic matter and sulfide ion, both of which served as the reducing agents to convert soluble uranyl complex to insoluble uranium dioxide.

• Polymer(Korea)
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• v.39 no.2
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• pp.225-234
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• 2015

In this study, we proposed to synthesize thermally stable, soluble and conjugated Schiff base polymer (SbP). For this reason, a specific molecule namely 4,4'-thiodiphenol which has sulfur and oxygen bridge in its structure was used to synthesize bi-functional monomers. Bi-functional amino and carbonyl monomers namely 4,4'-[thio-bis(4,1-phenyleneoxy)] dianiline (DIA) and 4,4'-[thiobis(4,1-phenyleneoxy)]dibenzaldehyde (DIB) were prepared from the elimination reaction of 4,4'-thiodiphenol with 4-iodonitrobenzene and 4-iodobenzaldehyde, respectively. The structures of products were confirmed by elemental analysis, FTIR, $^1H$ NMR and $^{13}C$ NMR techniques. The molecular weight distribution parameters of SbP were determined by size exclusion chromatography (SEC). The synthesized SbP was characterized by solubility tests, TG-DTA and DSC. Also, conductivity values of SbP and SbP-iodine complex were determined from their solid conductivity measurements. The conductivity measurements of doped and undoped SbP were carried out by Keithley 2400 electrometer at room temperature and atmospheric pressure, which were calculated via four-point probe technique. When iodine was used as a doping agent, the conductivity of SbP was observed to be increased. Optical band gap ($E_g$) of SbP was also calculated by using UV-Vis spectroscopy. It should be stressed that SbP was a semiconductor which had a potential in electronic and optoelectronic applications, with fairly low band gap. SbP was found to be thermally stable up to $300^{\circ}C$. The char of SbP was observed 29.86% at $1000^{\circ}C$.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• v.7 no.3
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• pp.238-244
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• 2002

Protective effect of skin by antioxidative dietary buchu (Chinese chives, Allium tuberosum Router), was evaluated in ICR mice fed diets containing 2% or 5% buchu for 12 months. Lipid peroxidation and protein oxidation in skin, with or without ultraviolet B (UVB) irradiation, activities of antioxidative enzymes, total glutathione concentrations, and non-soluble collagen contents were measured. Dietary buchu decreased significantly in TBARS and protein carbonyl levels in skin compared to the control group, and were lower in those fed 5% than 2% buchu diet group. ICR mice exhibited an age-dependent decrease in antioxidative enzyme activities and total glutathione concentrations on the control diet, but in the groups fed buchu diet the enzyme activities and glu-tathione concentrations remained at youthful levels for most of the study. SOD, glutathione peroxidase, and catalase activities as well as total glutathione concentrations increased with time in the skins of the mice fed buchu diets. Lipid peroxidation and protein oxidation provoked by UVB irradiation on ICR mice skin homogenates were also significantly inhibited by dietary buchu. The buchu diets also decreased the formation of non-soluble collagen in mice skin, compared to the control group. These results suggest that antioxidative components and sulfur-compounds in buchu may confer protective effect against oxidative stress resulting from aging and exposure to ultraviolet irradiation.