• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.13 no.6
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• pp.521-528
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• 2000

Conditions for processing dried condiments with powdered sea tangle were investigated. The most appropriate method for sea tangle extraction was two-stage extraction, that extracted with addition of 70% ethyl alcohol at $25^{\circ}C$ for 1 hour and residue was re-extracted with water(1:15, w/w) at 7$0^{\circ}C$ for 3 hours. The yield of soluble solids under above-mentioned conditions was 14.9%. As a result of omission tests, free amino acids were predominated in the taste compounds of sea tangle extracts rather than nucleotides, and the contribution of free amino acids and nucleotides to the taste of sea tangle extracts was remarkable. The major flavoring components of sea tangle extracts were matters of low molecular weight such as free amino acids and oligopeptides below 5,700 dalton. Contents of carbohydrate, total nitrogen and amino nitrogen in dried condiments prepared with sea tangle extracts were 64.9%, 3.7% and 2.1%, respectively. And drying yield, solubility and absorption rates at Aw 0.88 were 14.7%, 98.3% and 8.4%, respectively.

• Polymer(Korea)
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.168-173
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• 2002

Poly (vinyl butyral) (PVB) was synthesized by acetalization of poly (vinyl alcohol) (PVA) PVB was prepared in particulate forms in water, and chemical and physical properties of the products were characterized using various techniques. The prepared PVB had size distribution from 100 to 700 $\mu\textrm{m}$ with mean diameter of about 380 $\mu\textrm{m}$. The chemical structure of PVB was characterized using FT/IR and NMR, and the average degree of acetalization was determined to be 77% from the titration measurement. DSC data showed that the crystalline structure of PVA vanished as acetalization reaction proceeded to produce PVB, and the glass transition temperature emerged at about $70^{\circ}C$. TGA data showed that PVB was much more thermally stable than PVA, and showed no degradation up to $300^{\circ}C$. Solubility test showed that PVB was soluble in alcohols but Insoluble in water, being totally different from PVA.

• Korean Journal of Materials Research
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• v.9 no.5
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• pp.452-459
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• 1999

To develop advanced cladding materials, the effect of Nb addition on the microstructure and corrosion characteristics of Zr-0.8Sn-xNb alloys was investigated. As the Nb content increased, the grain size decreased and the volume fraction of precipitates increased. It was observed from the corrosion test at $360^{\circ}C$ that the corrosion resistance increased with decreasing Nb content. The best corrosion resistance was obtained in Zr-0.8Sn-0.2Nb alloy with high volume fraction of tetra-$ZrO_2$in the oxide. Therefore, it is suggested that Nb in theZr-0.85Sn-xNb system should be added within the solubility limit of Nb from the viewpoint of alloy design.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.20 no.12
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• pp.555-562
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• 2019

This study was undertaken to develop a stable self-microemulsifying drug delivery system (SMEDDS) for trans-cinnamaldehyde, a known antibacterial and antifungal agent. A simultaneous analytical method was established for quantification of trans-cinnamaldehyde and its degradant, cinnamic acid. Various surfactants were applied to assess their effect on the aqueous solubility of trans-cinnamaldehyde, and pseudo-ternary phase diagrams were plotted. Of the various formulations tested, the liquid SMEDDS composed of trans-cinnamaldehyde (oil), Cremophor EL (surfactant) and Transcutol P (cosurfactant) at a volume ratio of 10/70/20, produced the smallest emulsion droplet size (around 23 nm). The stability test determined the superior stability of the trans-cinnamaldehyde SMEDDS with constant trans-cinnamaldehyde content and z-average diameter of emulsion, under accelerated and heat stressed condition. Thus, we believe that this novel trans-cinnamaldehyde SMEDDS formulation has the potential to be applied for the development of trans-cinnamaldehyde medicines in the pharmaceutical industry.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.31 no.8
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• pp.1252-1258
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• 2018

Objective: This study was carried out to determine the effects of cumin essential oil on the silage fermentation, aerobic stability and in vitro digestibility of alfalfa silages. Methods: Alfalfa was harvested at early bloom (5th cutting) stage in October and wilted for about 3 hours. The research was carried out at three groups which were the control group where no additive control was done (CON), cumin essential oil (CMN3) with 300 mg/kg and CMN5 with 500 mg/kg cumin essential oil addition. Alfalfa was ensiled in plastic bags. The packages were stored at $8^{\circ}C{\pm}2^{\circ}C$ under laboratory conditions. All groups were sampled for physical, chemical and microbiological analysis 120th day after ensiling. At the end of the ensiling period, all silages were subjected to an aerobic stability test for 7 days. In addition, enzimatic solubility of organic matter (ESOM), metabolizable energy (ME), and relative feed value (RFV) of these silages were determined. Results: pH level decreased in the cumin groups compared to CON (p<0.05), thus inhibiting proteolytic enzymes from breaking down proteins into ammonia. In addition, it increased ESOM amount, and concordantly provided an increase of ME contents. Similarly, dry matter intake and RFV ratio increased. After opening the silage, it kept its aerobic stability for three days. Conclusion: Cumin essential oil improved fermentation, and affected chemical and microbiological characteristics of silages. Especially the addition of 300 mg/kg cumin provided cell wall fractionation through stimulating the activities of enzymes responsible. It also increased the number and activity of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) through providing a development of LAB.

• Polymer(Korea)
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• v.35 no.1
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• pp.87-93
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• 2011

We developed a fluorene-containing multifunctional binder polymer for LCD color filter resist, and employing the binder polymer, carbon black based black photoresist (CBR) was prepared in order to apply it to the black matrix (BM). To obtain the multifunction of the binder polymer, we synthesized bisphenol fluorene epoxy acrylate-containing unsaturated polyester and identified the binder polymer structure with $^1H$ NMR, GPC and FTIR. The corresponding BFEA-polyester binder polymer was compared with the commercially available acryl binder toward the application to the CBR. From the BM lithography test, we found that the synthesized BFEA-polyester binder had better photocrosslinking capability and alkali solubility. In addition, the newly developed binder gave a good process margin, good resolution and adhesion property on a glass substrate.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.55 no.1
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• pp.1-10
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• 2011

Mastic is a bleed resin formed in pistacia lentiscus tree extract form the anacatdiaceae family. Mastic is used as a food ingredient in the Mediteraanean resin, and has been used by local inhabitants as a traditional medicine for relief of upper abdominal discomfort, dyspepsiaand peptic ulcer. Clinically, mastic has been effective in the treatment of benign gastric and duodenal, ulcers, giving symptomatic relief and endoscopically proven healing. In this study, to enhance activiteies of poorly water soluble Mastic with oils, surfactants and cosurfactants and then the mixure was microemulsified in aqueous media under condition of gentle agitation and digestive motility that would be encountered in the gastrointestinal tract. Formulation development and screening were based on phase diagrams and characteristics of resultant microemulsion. For optimum mastic formulation, microemulsions with various ratio (w/w%) of mastics, oils, surfactants and cosurfactants were prepared and their solubility was evaluated by monitoring particles size in their buffer through visual asessment and electrophoretic light scattering spectrophotomerter (ELS). In vitro activity of self microemulsified mastic (SME mastic) was determined by minimum ingibition concentration (MIC) test against a panel of Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) clinical strains. Additionally, in vivo activity of SME masitc was investigated us mouse infected by CH275 of H. pylori. The mean diameter of SME mastic was less then 100 nm in water and SME mastic was showed similar antiboisis effect compared to tometronidazole, clarithromycin and omeproazole. Consequently, SME mastic would be effective system to exterminate H. pylori. If mastic were dose with combined treatment, mastic might augur well for effect of H. pylori eradication as good remedy.

• Polymer(Korea)
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• v.38 no.5
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• pp.580-587
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• 2014

Composite films of zinc calcium alginate were prepared by a film maker from 7 wt% sodium alginate solution and then they solidified into 3, 5 wt% content $ZnCl_2$, $CaCl_2$ solution followed by washing and drying at room temperature. The characteristics were measured with several methods (antimicrobial activity, water solubility, swelling ratio and viscosity, SEM, EDS) and the film properties were investigated. Composite films of zinc calcium alginate showed an increase in the water resistance by increasing $ZnCl_2$ and $CaCl_2$ content and the antimicrobial test showed that the calcium alginate as well as zinc alginate films result in excellent antimicrobial activity in the two strains, Staphylococcus and Escherichia coli. The results show the possible improvement of the physical properties of composite films.

• Korean journal of food and cookery science
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• v.33 no.3
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• pp.256-263
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• 2017

Purpose: Essential oils are secondary metabolites of herbs and have antibacterial activities against foodborne pathogens. However, their applications for food protection are limited due to the hydrophobic and volatile natures of essential oils. Methods: In this study, essential oil nanoemulsions of rosemary and lavender were formulated with non-ionic surfactant Tween 80 and water using ultrasonic emulsification, and their antibacterial effects were determined. Results: The antibacterial activities of nanoemulsions were evaluated against 12 strains of 10 bacterial species, and significant antibacterial effects were observed against four Gram-positive and four Gram-negative bacteria but not against Streptococcus mutans and Shigella sonnei. In the disc diffusion test, the diameter of the inhibition zone proportionally increased with the concentration of nanoemulsions. Using cell turbidity measurement, minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of the nanoemulsions, which is the lowest concentration reducing viability of the initial bacterial inoculum by ${\geq}99.9%$, was significantly higher than the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the nanoemulsions. The largest bactericidal effects of lavender and rosemary essential oil nanoemulsions were observed against S. enterica and S. aureus, respectively. Conclusion: Nanoemulsion technique could improve antibacterial activity of essential oil nanoemulsions by increasing the solubility and stability of essential oils. Our findings shed light on the potential use of essential oil nanoemulsions as an alternative to chemical sanitizers in food protection.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.26 no.6
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• pp.999-1010
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• 2016

Ganoderma lucidum BCCM 31549 has a long established role for its therapeutic activities. In this context, much interest has focused on the possible functions of the (1,3)-β-D-glucan (G) produced by these cultures in a stirred-tank bioreactor and extracted from their underutilized mycelium. In the existing study, we report on the systematic production of G, and its sulfated derivative (GS). The aim of this study was to investigate G and its GS from G. lucidum in terms of their antibacterial properties and cytotoxicity spectrum against human prostate cells (PN2TA) and human caucasian histiocytic lymphoma cells (U937). ¹H NMR for both G and GS compounds showed β-glycosidic linkages and structural similarities when compared with two standards (laminarin and fucoidan). The existence of characteristic absorptions at 1,170 and 867 cm^-1 in the FTIR (Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy) for GS demonstrated the successful sulfation of G. Only GS exhibited antimicrobial activity against a varied range of test bacteria of relevance to foodstuffs and human health. Moreover, both G and GS did not show any cytotoxic effects on PN2TA cells, thus helping demonstrate the safety of these polymers. Moreover, GS showed 40% antiproliferation against cancerous U937 cells at the low concentration (60 μg/ ml) applied in this study compared with G (10%). Together, this demonstrates that sulfation clearly improved the solubility and therapeutic activities of G. The water-soluble GS demonstrates the potential multifunctional effects of these materials in foodstuffs.