• 기술사
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• 제33권1호
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• pp.106-115
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• 2000

The effect of puffing treatments on the sensory qualities improving of Ginseng Extract were investigated in the good products for rejecting soil flavor as Ginseng foreign bad taste, through chemical analysis and actual manufacturing practice, the following results were obtained. Puffing treated<15kg / ㎠psi> ginseng has produced a marked increase in soluble solid, crude saponin yield to the extent of 10% and without soil taste as compared with control Ginseng. Optimum Ginseng ethanol extraction condition were 90$\^{C}$ for 8 hours, which was cheap operating cost and color, apperance, total solid yield of Ginseng extracted products. For 70% ethanol extraction in temperature range of 60∼90$\^{C}$ for 8 hours, the higher temperature resulted higher yields in solids and Ginsenoside Especially, GinsenosideRgl as most effective physiological function component yield was increased in 18% by puffed Ginseng than control Cinseng products. The Hunter's color, L. a and b values of Ginseng extract were 31.09, 21.9 and 49.5 and increase brown and red color value and total Δ Evalue.

• 유기물자원화
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• 제11권3호
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• pp.42-50
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• 2003

본 연구는 bench-규모의 반자동식 로타리 킬른식 열분해로를 이용하여 실험하였다. 운전매개변수는 온도를 $450-800^{\circ}C$로 변화시켜 실험을 실행하였고, 고형물의 열분해 공정의 체류시간은 7~20min내외로 변화하여 실험을 하였다. 본 연구에서 중요한 실험매개변수는 운전시간, 슬러지 수분함량, 고형물량에 따라 온도를 변화시켜 열분해특성을 연구하였다. 운전시간 9분의 일정한 상태에서 $670^{\circ}C$ 조건은 탄소쇄 $C_1-C_3$의 물질의 생성은 증가하였지만, $C_4-C_6$를 함유한 오일성분은 감소하는 것으로 나타났다. 본 연구결과에서 온도변화에 따른 열분해 온도에 의해서는 미치는 영향은 크지만, 최적의 온도상태의 운전시간의 변화에 따라 발생량의 차이가 무시할 정도로 나타났다.

• 유기물자원화
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• 제12권2호
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• pp.52-60
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• 2004

본 연구는 슬러지처분을 위해서 유기성페기물 감량화, 에너지 회수기술 공정시도, 자연순환형 슬러지 처분을 위한 최종 시스템개발의 기초연구이다. 본 연구는 full-규모의 건조시스템과 반자동식 로타리 킬른식 열분해로를 이용하여 실험하였다. 운전매개변수는 온도를 건조는 $160{\sim}175^{\circ}C$와 열분해온도는$450{\sim}800^{\circ}C$로 변화시켜 실험을 실행하였고, 고형물의 열분해 공정의 체류시간은 9min으로 실험을 t실행하였다. 본 연구에서 중요한 실험매개변수는 운전시간, 슬러지 수분함량, 고형물량에 따라 온도를 변화시켜 열분해특성을 연구하였다. 운전시간 9분의 일정한 상태에서 $670^{\circ}C$조건은 탄소쇄 $C_1{\sim}C_3$의 물질의 생성은 증가하였지만, $C_4{\sim}C_6$를 함유한 오일성분은 감소하는 것으로 나타났다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제17권5호
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• pp.670-677
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• 2004

Sixteen multiparous Holstein-Friesian crossbred cows in mid-lactation were blocked according to days in milk (DIM) and previous lactation and randomly assigned according to a Randomized Complete Block (RCB) design with four replications to receive four dietary treatments. The dietary treatments consisted of T1: No cassava hay (CH) or stylo 184 hay (SH) supplementation, supplementation of concentrate to milk yield at 1:2 (control), T2: Supplementation of 1 kg of CH/hd/d, supplementation of concentrate to milk yield at 1:2, T3: Supplementation of 1 kg of CH+SH/hd/d, supplementation of concentrate to milk yield at 1:2, T4: Supplementation of 2 kg of CH+SH/hd/d, supplementation of concentrate to milk yield at 1:3. All animals received Ruzi grass from a cut-and-carry system as roughage source. The feeding trial lasted for 9 weeks. The results revealed that DMI of concentrate of supplemented treatments were significantly lower (p<0.05) than those in the control, but there was no significant difference between T2 and T3. There was no significant difference in forage DM intake between the control and supplemented treatments. CP and NDF digestibility of supplemented treatments were significantly (p<0.05) greater than the control and there were no significant differences among supplemented treatments. Milk yield and 3.5% FCM (14.3, 14.5, 14.7 and 14.8; 13.9, 14.3, 14.3 and 14.6 kg/hd/d, respectively) were not significantly different among treatments. Milk protein percentage of supplemented treatments was significantly (p<0.05) higher than the control, but there were no significant differences among supplemented treatments. There was no significant difference in milk fat percentage between the control and supplemented treatments. However, milk fat percentage tended to be higher for supplemented animals as compared to the control group. There were also no significant differences in lactose, solids-not-fat and total solids percentages among treatments. Cows in supplemented treatments gave incomes over supplement cost (IOSC) of 2.72, 2.74 and 2.93 US$/hd/d, respectively which were greater than for cows on control treatment. Furthermore, IOSC were greatest for cows in T4 as compared to other treatments. Based on this study it was concluded that, feeding cassava hay solely or in combination with stylo 184 hay as a supplemental protein source could be a potential valuable strategy in small-holder dairy farming systems in the tropics. This strategic supplementation significantly reduced concentrate use, which resulted in improved milk yields and milk quality for the supplemented cows. Moreover, it resulted in higher economical returns through increased productivity and lower ratios of concentrate to milk yield, from 1:2 to 1:3.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제12권5호
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• pp.758-765
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• 1999

Comparative studies of the effects of rates and frequency of application of dairy slurry on herbage yield and stand persistence of alfalfa and various forage grasses have not previously been conducted. The results being reported here are part of a larger study having a primary objective of comparing the effectiveness of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.), various grasses and alfalfa-grass mixtures for utilizing nutrients from applied dairy slurry. The objectives of this part of the study were to evaluate the effects of various rates and frequencies of application of slurry on herbage yield and stand persistence of orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata L.), reed canarygrass (Phalaris arundinacea L.), and alfalfa-orchanrdgreass and alfalfa-reed canarygrass mixtures managed as a 4-cutting management system. A randomized complete block design with treatments in a split plot arrangement with four replicates was used. The main plots consisted of 9 fertility treatments: 7 slurry rate and time of application treatments, one inorganic fertilizer treatment, and an unfertilized control. The sub-plots consisted of the two grasses and two alfalfa-grass mixture mentioned above. Slurry was composed from stored solids scraped from the alleyways of a free-stall housing barn and water added to form a slurry having about 8% solids. Manure was pumped from a liquid spreader tank into 10.4 L garden water cans for manual application to the plots. Herbage yields within species were generally unaffected by various rates of application in the first production year. Herbage yields of grasses and alfalfa-grass mixtures the second year were generally not affected by frequency of application for the same rate of slurry applied. Slurry application resulted in greater herbage yield increases in grasses than alfalfa-grass mixtures in the 4-cutting management system. In general, herbage dry matter yields of grasses from the dairy slurry treatments equaled or exceeded yields from the inorganic fertilizer treatment. Stand ratings of grasses and alfalfa-grass mixtures were not changed by manure application rates. In this study, the highest rate of slurry ($967kg\;total\;N\;ha^{-1}$ in 1995 plus $2,014kg\;N\;ha^{-1}$ in 1996) was not detrimental to herbage yields or stand persistence of any of the species. It was concluded that applying dairy slurry to these cool-season grasses and alfalfa-grass mixtures managed in a 4-cutting system is an acceptable practice from the standpoint of herbage yield and satnd persistence and by doing so the utilization of inorganic fertilizers can be reduced.

• Korea-Australia Rheology Journal
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• 제15권1호
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• pp.9-17
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• 2003

The rheological behaviour of anatase $TiO_2$ with organic coating has been investigated extensively in this study. The yield stress was measured over a wide range of solids concentration and pH using stress-controlled and speed-controlled rheometers. The organic treatment leads to a shift of the isoelectric point (IEP) from around pH 5.5 to pH 2.4. A maximum yield stress occurs in the vicinity of the isoelectric point determined by electrokinetic measurements. The transition of rheological behaviour between elastic solid and viscous liquid is represented by a stress plateau in a plot of stress against strain. It is hypothesised that the slope of the stress plateau reflects the uniformity of the structure, and hence the distribution of bond strength. Altering the concentration and the surface chemistry can vary the bond strength and its distribution. therefore, resulting in different type of failure: "ductile-type" or "brittle-type". pH and volume fraction dependence of yield stress could be described quantitatively using existing models with reasonable agreement.easonable agreement.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제30권8호
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• pp.1116-1123
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• 2020

Velvet antler (VA) is a historically traditional medicinal supplement and is well known in Asian countries for its pharmaceutical and health benefits. The objectives for this study were to optimize the hot water extraction (HWE) of VA for the Korean VA industry, and to determine the most effective pretreatment method among microwave (MW), ultrasonication (US), and enzymatic (EZ) techniques. Using response surface methodology, optimum extraction temperatures and times were determined by central composite design configuration based on extraction yield and sialic acid content. Various quality parameters of VA extract including yield, soluble solid, protein, and sialic acid contents were also compared with the conjunction of HWE and pretreatment. The yield and sialic acid content of VA extract were determined to be 40% and 0.73 mg/g, respectively, under an optimum temperature of 100℃ at 24 h of extraction time. The yields from VA extracts pretreated with MW, US, and EZ were 17.42%, 19.73%, and 29.15%, respectively. Among the tested commercial enzymes, pepsin was the most effective proteolytic enzyme and led to the highest yield (47.65%), soluble solids (4.03 °brix), protein (1.12 mg/ml), and sialic acid (3.04 mg/ml) contents from VA extract.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제13권9호
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• pp.1235-1238
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• 2000

Thirty-six Holstein dairy cows were used to evaluate the effect of a rumen protected methionine supplement (RPMet). The cows were divided into two groups of 18 each (control/experimental). The experimental group was given 15 g/d of RPMet (Mepron $^{(R)}$M85, Degussa) from the 4th to the 26th week postpartum. All cows were fed a similar amount of forage including alfalfa silage, corn silage and timothy silage. Concentrate mixture was offered in proportion to the milk yield of each cow. Sufficiency of major metabolizable AAs was checked. Milk yield and milk composition was monitored for each individual cow. A metabolic profile test (MPT) was carried out at the 7th, 11th and 21st week postpartum. Without supplement, both methionine and leucine fell short of the daily requirement. Supplementation with 15 g/d RPMet was calculated to be within a sufficient margin of safety. Milk yield tended to remain higher in the supplemented group than in the controls during supplementation with RPMet. The differences in weekly milk production at the 17th, 18th, 19th and 22nd weeks postpartum were significantly high in the RPMet group (p<0.05). The average 305-d milk yield and the percentages of milk fat, milk protein and solids-not-fat were not affected by the treatment. No differences were observed in either the somatic cell count in the milk or the reproductive status. Judging from MPT, all the cows were in good health during lactation.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제32권4호
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• pp.459-466
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• 2019

Objective: This study assessed the possible existence of genotype by environment interactions for milk, fat and protein yields in Holstein cattle raised in one of the most important milk production basins in Brazil. Methods: Changes in the genetic parameters and breeding values were evaluated for 57,967 animals from three distinct regions of southern Brazil, divided according to differences in climate. The genotype by environment interaction was determined by genetic correlations between regions, estimated by the restricted maximum likelihood, considering the animal model. Bull rankings were investigated to verify the ratio of coincident selected animals between regions for each trait. Results: The estimates of heritability coefficients were similar between two regions, but were lower in the third evaluated area, for all traits. Genetic correlations between regions were high, ranging from 0.91 to 0.99 for milk, fat and protein yields, representing the absence of a genotype by environment interaction for productive traits. The percentage of selection error between regions for the top 10% of animals ranged from 0.88% to 2.07% for milk yield, 0.99% to 2.46% for fat yield and 0.59% to 3.15% for protein yield. Conclusion: A slight change in genotype between areas was expected since no significant genotype by environment interactions were identified, facilitating the process of selecting Holstein cattle in southern Brazil.

• Animal Bioscience
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• 제36권5호
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• pp.818-828
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• 2023

Objective: The purpose of this study was to analyze the effect of the hydrothermal pretreatment of anaerobic digestion sludge cake (ADSC) of cattle manure on the solubilization of organic matter and the methane yield to improve the anaerobic digestion efficiency of cattle manure collected from the sawdust pens of cattle. Methods: Anaerobic digestion sludge cake of cattle manure was thermally pretreated at 160℃, 180℃, 200℃, and 220℃ by a hydrothermal pressure reactor, and the biochemical methane potential of ADSC hydrolysate was analyzed. Methane yield recovered by the hydrothermal pretreatment of ADCS was estimated based on mass balance. Results: The chemical oxygen demand solubilization degree (COD_s) of the hydrothermal hydrolysate increased to 63.56%, 67.13%, 70.07%, and 66.14% at the hydrothermal reaction temperatures of 160℃, 180℃, 200℃, and 220℃, respectively. Considering the volatile solids content obtained after the hydrothermal pretreatment, the methane of 10.2 Nm³/ton-ADSC was recovered from ADSC of 1.0 ton, and methane yields of ADSC hydrolysate increased to 15.6, 18.0, 17.4, and 17.2 Nm³/ton-ADSC. Conclusion: Therefore, the optimal hydrothermal reaction temperature that yielded the maximum methane yield was 180℃ based on mass balance, and the methane yield from cattle manure containing sawdust was improved by the hydrothermal pretreatment of ADSC.